花生四烯酸代谢物对呼吸道感受器的作用

迷走神经与神经．免疫交互作用密切相关。在呼吸道中,迷走神经传入纤维末梢上的伤害性感受器能被多种细胞因子、炎性介质和免疫调质激活。在炎症过程中,细胞膜磷脂在磷脂酶A2作用下释放花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,AA）,后者再经不同的酶促反应产生多种脂类代谢物。与其它的炎性介质一样,这些代谢物在炎症反应中可以激活呼吸道感受器并发挥重要作用。有些AA代谢物直接与感觉神经末梢上的受体结合,产生神经冲动并传向中枢,引起反射性效应;有些作用于感觉末梢周围的组织,改变肺的机械特性,从而刺激感觉传入神经;有些提高感觉神经末梢对机械或化学刺激的敏感性,从而增强其反应;还有些可以产生其它介质或调质而触发反射效应,或者引起炎症细胞的聚集而产生局部效应。总之,AA代谢产物有多种来源,并通过多种途径刺激呼吸道中的伤害性感受器。本综述对此进行了探讨,希望有助于阐明呼吸道炎症反应的机理。     

利用转盘共聚焦显微镜进行快速实验的新方法

转盘共聚焦显微镜是快速激光共聚焦显微镜的一种,与传统的激光共聚焦显微镜相比具有一些相同点,也有其特有的优势。本文主要介绍转盘共聚焦显微镜的基本原理及如何利用转盘共聚焦显微镜进行快速实验及应用实例,并与传统激光共聚焦显微镜进行比较。转盘共聚焦显微镜具有速度快、灵敏度高、对样品光损伤和光淬灭程度低、操作灵活简单,是随着实验技术发展使用越来越广泛的实验仪器。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术中活细胞标本的制备

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜是以单个的、活性的、贴壁的细胞标本为主要的研究对象。为了获得适合共聚焦显微镜分析的组织细胞标本,本文讨论了标本制备存在的一些问题并提出了改进的方法。结果显示：组织细胞外环境中盐溶液、ｐＨ值、温度、氧气等均为影响细胞活性的重要因素;而且细胞的贴壁效果也是观测分析的关键条件之一。本文对激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术中的组织细胞学方法进行了探讨,并为此提供一些有实效的实验方法。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微术在生物医学中的研究

激光扫描共聚焦显微技术的发展,为形态学、分子细胞生物学、神经科学、肿瘤医学、药理学、遗传学等领域的研究提供了新的先进研究方法和手段。本文对激光扫描共聚焦显微术在粘附细胞分选,动态荧光分析测定,显微细胞外科和光陷阱技术,荧光光漂白恢复技术以及三维图像重建功能等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对人类染色体三维结构的观察

为了获得染色体内部结构的多种信息,以及对染色体形态构建提供有益的尝试,本试验利用荧光染料的特异性标记及激光扫描共聚焦显微镜的连续断层扫描和三维重建的特点,对人类染色体的形态结构进行观测,结果显示：本方法不仅能显示染色体的荧光带纹的分布状况,而且能作染色体内部的一系列光学切片和染色体三维结构的观测。     

丝光绿蝇触角鞭节感受器官超显微形态研究

【目的】观察研究重要的医学昆虫丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata触角感受器的形态,以明确不同类型感受器的结构及功能。【方法】采用透射电镜与激光共聚焦显微镜技术相结合的方法。【结果】明确并详细描述了毛型感受器、锥型感受器、腔锥型感受器及感觉囊的形态结构。【结论】毛型感受器和锥型感受器可能为化学感受器,腔锥型感受器可能为温湿度感受器;感觉囊中的无孔锥型感受器可能为温湿度感受器,类锥型感受器及类腔锥型感受器可能为化学感受器,各类型感受器同时行使功能,表明感觉囊为一个功能复合体。蝇类触角的感器类型多样、囊结构复杂,可作为研究昆虫触角感器形态、功能及演化的模式类群。     

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察雪松花粉和花粉管

为更直观地观察和显示花粉和花粉管中细胞结构及其细胞核的状态与行为。雪松花粉和花粉管经卡诺液固定,分别以埃氏苏木精、曙红、Hoechst 33243单染和曙红-Hoechst 33342双染后,用冬青油整体透明,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察。4种染色法观察效果不同;以曙红-Hoechst 33342双染的样品观察效果最佳,在紫外光激发下清晰地显示出细胞核,在488 nm激光激发下不仅能清晰看到花粉和花粉管壁结构,且能分辨管细胞、柄细胞及体细胞的结构特点和空间位置关系。建立了一种快速简便的适于在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察花粉和花粉管中成员细胞结构及其细胞核的状态、行为的制片技术;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜具有独特的共轭成像装置、连续光学扫描、图像三维重组和多通道检测等功能,极好地展示了雪松花粉和花粉管的结构特点,相比于传统的光学显微镜和荧光显微镜,其观察到的图像更清晰、更直观、更具立体感。     

水稻双受精过程的共聚焦显微镜观察

(郑州大学离子束生物工程省重点实验室,郑州450052)摘要:首次利用核特异荧光染色与整体透明技术并利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对水稻双受精过程进行了观察。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜具有\"组织与细胞CT\"的功能,可以对整体组织进行扫描并构建三维结构。经荧光染色及透明处理后,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下经488nm激光激发,胚囊内各细胞的细胞核以及核仁发出明亮荧光,细胞核轮廓比较清晰,层次感强,并能清晰观察到胚囊内各细胞的结构特点和空间位置关系。不论是对开花前较小的成熟胚囊材料还是开花后较大的胚囊材料都取得了较好的观察效果。同传统的光学显微镜和荧光显微镜相比,其观察到的图像更清晰、更直观、更具立体感。     

电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin影响的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

目的： 观察电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin影响,探讨血管内皮细胞电离辐射损伤的机理.方法： 用Co60 γ射线对体外培养的血管内皮细胞进行0、2、4、6、8、10、12 Gy照射,于照射后6小时后用激光共聚焦显微镜对其细胞骨架蛋白F-actin进行观察.结果： 细胞骨架蛋白F-actin随着辐射剂量的增加而解聚增加,这种变化呈剂量依赖性.结论： 电离辐射对血管内皮细胞骨架蛋白F-actin的破坏可能是血管内皮细胞辐射损伤机体机理之一.     

共聚焦激光扫描对呼吸窘迫综合症大鼠肺组织的观察

目的：为了更直观地观察和显示呼吸窘迫综合症(acute respiratory distress syndrom,ARDS)典型的病理变化(肺泡内形成一层蛋白质透明膜)。方法：利用百草枯(Paraqual)染毒SD大鼠复制ARDS实验动物模型,取肺病理组织,切片,试剂Goat—Anti-Rat—FITC IgM IgG染色,共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(confocal laser scarming microscope,CLSM)观察。结果：CLSM能清晰到样品内不同层面的病理变化。结论：共聚焦激光扫描显微镜能清晰观察样品内不同层面的结构,相比于传统的光学显微镜,其观察到的图像更直观、更具立体感,能更好表达ARDS的病理变化特征。     

用荧光标记钠钾ATP酶显示气道感受器结构

由于普通光学和荧光显微镜功能上的限制以及缺乏良好的染色方法,我们对于呼吸道感受器形态方面的认识进展缓慢,缺乏对感受器结构的认识,阻碍了对其基本生理活动的探讨,随着共聚焦显微镜的产生与图像处理技术的进展,不但提高了对荧光结构的分辨率,还可通过三维重组而展现微小物体的整体结构。本文阐述了一种新颖方法,利用上述技术并结合免疫组织化学方法,采用Na^ /K^ -ATPase作为标记,对家兔呼吸道感受器进行了观察。本文中经过处理的气道组织结构,背景清晰,感受器部位着色强,观察到的整个感受器,结构复杂,呈树枝状,感受器末梢膨大,形成叶片状,本文首次以高清晰度展示了呼吸气道中单个感受器的整体结构,改变了需要以手绘来刻画感受器的现状,无疑,这种新方法能促进了解感受器的结构及其生理活动的机理。     

Insight into pollutant bioavailability and toxicity using Raman confocal microscopy

Raman confocal microscopy was used to discriminate between cultures of Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 exposed to four different common environmental pollutants: phenanthrene, dodecane, 3-chlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol. Evidence is presented for the application of Raman spectroscopy as a bioassay for pollutant bioavailability and toxicity.     

Differential distribution of alpha-tubulin isotypes in Euplotes eurystomus determined by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy

Detergent permeabilized Euplotes eurystomus (a fresh water hypotrichous ciliate) was reacted with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for either detyrosinated or tyrosinated alpha-tubulin (Glu- or Tyr-tubulin). The isolated cytoskeleton-nuclear complex was examined by Western immunoblotting and by immunofluorescent and electron microscopic methods. Both Glu- and Tyr-tubulins were detected by immunoblot analysis. Immunofluorescent microscopy indicated that the alpha-tubulin isotypes are concentrated in different regions of permeabilized cells: Glu-tubulin is located primarily in cirri, membranelles, and surrounding the macro- and micronuclei. Tyr-tubulin is principally at the bases of cirri and membranelles. This differential distribution of alpha-tubulin isotypes is discussed in terms of current concepts concerning the correlation of tubulin post-translational modifications to microtubule stability. Confocal immunofluorescent imaging was of critical importance in clearly differentiating the Glu-tubulin isotype surrounding the macro- and micronuclei from a brilliantly fluorescent environment originating from cytoskeletal structures. In conjunction with conventional and stereo-electron microscopy, confocal optical microscopy provided convincing evidence for a "basket" of microtubules surrounding both nuclei.     

Osmotic water permeability measurements using confocal laser scanning microscopy

 We have developed a method for measurement of plasma membrane water permeability (P _f) in intact cells using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The method is based on confocal recording of the fluorescence intensity emitted by calcein-loaded adherent cells during osmotic shock. P _f is calculated as a function of the time constant in the fluorescence intensity change, the cell surface-to-volume ratio and the fractional content of the osmotically active cell volume. The method has been applied to the measurement of water permeability in MDCK cells. The cells behaved as linear osmometers in the interval from 100 to 350 mosM. About 57% of the total cell volume was found to be osmotically inactive. Water movement across the plasma membrane in intact MDCK cells was highly temperature dependent. HgCl₂ had no effect on water permeability, while amphotericin B and DMSO significantly increased P _f values. The water permeability in MDCK cells transfected with aquaporin 2 was an order of magnitude higher than in the intact MDCK cell line. The water permeability of the nuclear membrane in both cell lines was found to be unlimited. Thus the intranuclear fluid belongs to the osmotically active portion of the cell. We conclude that the use of confocal microscopy provides a sensitive and reproducible method for measurement of water permeability in different types of adherent cells and potentially for coverslip-attached tissue preparations. Received: 12 June 1999 / Revised version: 21 February 2000 / Accepted: 25 February 2000     

Quantification of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a biofilm were quantified by measuring the total cell volume from a 3-D image of the biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscope after staining cells with a fluorescent dye specific for nucleic acids. The EPS content was the difference between the volatile solids in the biofilm and the total cell mass, which could be quantified from the measured cell volume.     

Anatomical pathways connecting lip sensory structures and central nervous system in hirudinid leeches visualized by carbocyanine dyes and laser scanning confocal microscopy

Chemoreception inHirudo medicinalis is thought to be mediated by ciliated cells grouped in sensory structures, the sensilla, arranged in bands on the animal's dorsal lip (Elliott, 1986; Zipseret al., 1994). Furthermore, chemical and/or thermal stimulation of the dorsal lip in reduced preparations evokes changes in the electrical activity of the cephalic nerves that connect the head with the central nervous system. However, the complete trajectory by which the sensory afferents teach the cerebral ganglia has not been demonstrated anatomically. In this study, we traced these pathways following retrograde and/or anterograde transport of carbocyanine dyes (DiI, DiA and DiD) in the cephalic nerves ofHirudo medicinalis and a closely related species,Macrobdella decora. While information regardingMacrobdella's chemoreception is scarce, the two species show some differences with regard to their chemical preferences. Dyes were applied to the sensillar structures along the dorsal lip, or to the cut ends of individual cephalic nerves in fixed preparations that included the lip and attached nerves with or without the head ganglia. After a two week incubation, specimens were mounted and imaged using a confocal microscope.The results show that the axons of the sensory neurons in the sensilla project through the four pairs of cephalic nerves. The sensillar projections are however more numerous in the dorsal nerves than they are in the ventral ones. In addition, the organization of the sensillar bands, the morphology of the pathways and the sensory structures themselves appear to be identical forHirudo andMacrobdella and therefore the behavioral differences in response to appetitive stimuli cannot be readily explained by differences in morphology.     

呼吸道迷走神经感受器概述

肺以及气道与外界环境之间存在着巨大的界面,因此需要有效的防御反射机制。呼吸道感受器是肺部神经反射的起始点,其重要性不言而喻,采用组织,解剖与电生理学方法,经过一个世纪的研究,我们对于呼吸道感受器的认识,特别对其结构的认识,仍然有限,据电生理实验结果,肺部感受器至少可被分为三大类;慢适应感受器,快适应感受器以及C纤维感受器,按血供来源,后者又可分为气道（体循环）与肺（肺循环）两类,近来发现呼吸道中存在着第四类感受器,它们由迷走神经的Aδ传入纤维传递冲动,其放电活动不同于上述各类,对肺充气反应阈值高,故称之为高阈值Aδ感受器,功能上前两类基本属于机械性感受器,而后两类可归为化学敏感性感受器,另外,用组织学方法,观察到气道内有一些神经内分泌细胞,它们可以散在分布,亦可集聚成小体。这些神经上皮小体受多种神经支配,其结构复杂,形态酪似感受器,虽然我们对其形态了解颇深,但对其放电形式一无所知,本文对以上各类感受器进行了评述与探讨。     

Multidrug resistance evaluation by confocal microscopy in primary urothelial cancer explant colonies

Assessing functional multidrug resistance (MDR) status in clinical biopsy material using drug autofluorescence has potential applications to clinical management. The small size of many cystoscopy specimens has led us to develop, as an alternative to flow cytometry, a protocol for studying epirubicin accumulation in adherent colonies of primary bladder cancer cells viewed live andin situ by confocal microscopy. The limitations to quantitation inherent in this technique are compensated for by preservation of cellular organisation and the elimination of non-malignant cells. Biopsy material is disaggregated and explanted into culture-grade petri dishes. After incubation for three to seven days plaques of epithelial cells have developed. Classical patterns of sensitive and resistant drug distribution are observed. Cells of the rolled edges of the colony accumulate more drug than those of the inner epithelial monolayer. Some central areas of larger colonies give the appearance of drug arrested at the intercellular junctions to give a fenestrated pattern. These observations contribute to the understanding of mechanisms in MDR as well as forming the basis for a clinical urological MDR evaluation protocol.     

In vivo imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing cells in transgenic animals using fibred confocal fluorescence microscopy

Animal imaging requires the use of reliable long-term fluorescence methods and technology. The application of confocal imaging to in vivo monitoring of transgene expression within internal organs and tissues has been limited by the accessibility to these sites. We aimed to test the feasibility of fibred confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM) to image in situ green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cells of living animals. We used transgenic rabbits expressing the enhanced GFP (eGFP) gene. Detailed tissue architecture and cell morphology were visualised and identified in situ by FCFM. Imaging of vasculature by using FCFM revealed a single blood vessel or vasculature network. We also used non-transgenic female rabbits mated with transgenic males to visualise eGFP expression in extra-foetal membranes and the placenta. Expression of the eGFP gene was confirmed by FCFM. This new imaging technology offers specific characteristics: a way to gain access to organs and tissues in vivo, sensitive detection of fluorescent signals, and cellular observations with rapid acquisition at near real time. It allows an accurate visualisation of tissue anatomical structure and cell morphology. FCFM is a promising technology to study biological processes in the natural physiological environment of living animals.     

Colocalization of dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors in neonate rabbit heart using confocal microscopy

Because of undeveloped T tubules and sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) may not be the major mechanism providing contractile Ca(2+) in the neonatal heart. Spatial association of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), a key factor for CICR, was examined in isolated neonatal rabbit ventricular myocytes aged 3-20 days by double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. We found a significant increase (P < 0.0005) in the degree of colocalization of DHPR and RyR during development. The number of voxels containing DHPR that also contained RyR in the 3-day-old group (62 +/- 1.8%) was significantly lower than in the other age groups (76 +/- 1.3 in 6-day old, 75 +/- 1.2 in 10-day old, and 79 +/- 0.9% in 20-day old). The number of voxels containing RyR that also contained DHPR was significantly higher in the 20-day-old group (17 +/- 0.5%) compared with the other age groups (10 +/- 0.7 in 3-day old, 11 +/- 0.6 in 6-day old, and 11 +/- 0.5% in 10-day old). During this period, the pattern of colocalization changed from mostly peripheral to mostly internal couplings. Our results provide a structural basis for the diminished prominence of CICR in neonatal heart.