SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS (BUTOMACEAE) AND LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (LIMNOCHARITACEAE)

The prostrate rhizome of Butomus umbellatus produces branch primordia of two sorts, inflorescence primordia and nonprecocious vegetative lateral buds. The inflorescence primordia form precociously by the bifurcation of the apical meristem of the rhizome, whereas the non-precocious vegetative buds are formed away from the apical meristem. The rhizome normally produces a branch in the axial of each foliage leaf. However, it is unclear whether the rhizome is a monopodial or a sympodial structure. Lateral buds are produced on the inflorescence of B. umbellatus either by the bifurcation or trifurcation of apical meristems. The inflorescence consists of monochasial units as well as units of greater complexity, and certain of the flower buds lack subtending bracts. The upright vegetative axis of Limnocharis flava has sympodial growth and produces evicted branch primordia solely by meristematic bifurcation. Only certain leaves of the axis are associated with evicted branch primordia and each such primordium gives rise to an inflorescence. The flowers of L. flava are borne in a cincinnus and, although the inflorescence is simpler than that of Butomus umbellatus, the two inflorescences appear to conform to a fundamental body plan. The ultimate bud on the inflorescence of Limnocharis flava always forms a vegetative shoot, and the inflorescence may also produce supernumerary vegetative buds. Butomus umbellatus and Limnocharis flava exhibit a high degree of mirror image symmetry.     

COPPER SORPTION AND RELEASE BY CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Initial Cu⁺⁺ sorption by Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. (Cu⁺⁺-sensitive) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard (Cu⁺⁺-resistant) was rapid in the first 5 min of Cu⁺⁺ incubation with little sorption after 2 h. On a cell to cell basis, Cyclotella sorbed ca. five times more Cu⁺⁺ from the medium than Chlamydomonas. In MBL medium with EDTA Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 21.0 and 4.41 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells respectively in 6 h with 0.3 mg Cu⁺⁺/l in the medium. Proportionally similar quantities of Cu⁺⁺ were sorbed when the cells were Cu⁺⁺ incubated in MBL + citrate or filtered lake water. Cleaned cell walls of Cyclotella sorbed little Cu⁺⁺ (1.7 nM/10⁶ cells) as compared to living cells (17.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells) in 3 h. Therefore, in living Cyclotella most of the Cu⁺⁺ taken up must be absorbed by the protoplasm or perhaps by the organic layer surrounding the silica wall. Cleaned cell walls of Chlamydomonas sorbed 3.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells and living Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 2.6 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells. This indicates that most of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed by Chlamydomonas cells remained bound to the cell wall and probably did not readily enter into the protoplasm: When placed in Cu⁺⁺ free medium after Cu⁺⁺ incubation, Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells released 46 and 59% respectively of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed.     

SENSORY PROFILING AND PRODUCT POSITIONING OF ROASTED AND GROUND (BREW) COFFEE AND SOLUBLE (INSTANT) COFFEE WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FLAVOR

Coffee powders available commercially are of different qualities. The quality variations may be due to inherent quality of coffee beans, storage time and packaging materials used. Sensory profiles of brewed and soluble coffees were studied through profiling. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) used for positioning the different coffee samples showed that freshly made coffee from plantation arabica (PA), Pea berry (PB), PA with chicory (PAC), PB with chicory (PBC) and their blends viz. PA + PB and PAC + PBC occupied the quadrant where coffee aroma and overall quality rated higher. Other roasted & ground (R&G) coffee (market) samples were positioned where oily, fermented, musty, stale and caramelized notes dominated. In case of soluble coffee, the flavored coffee procured from the western market (S3, S6, S9 and S8) dominated the quadrant where other added flavor and oily notes dominated. The typical soluble (instant) coffee without any added flavor S10, S12 and S13 occupied another quadrant. The soluble coffee powder with spice incorporation took a separate quadrant where other added flavor and bitter taste dominated. The dominant quality attributes for the groups are different and are discussed in relation to the directional vectors.     

AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH AND PHOTOACCLIMATION IN KARLODINIUM MICRUM (DINOPHYCEAE) AND STOREATULA MAJOR (CRYPTOPHYCEAE)1

We compared autotrophic growth of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater et Dodge) and the cryptophyte Storeatula major (Butcher ex Hill) at a range of growth irradiances (E_g). Our goal was to determine the physiological bases for differences in growth–irradiance relationships between these species. Maximum autotrophic growth rates of K. micrum and S. major were 0.5 and 1.5 div.·d^?1, respectively. Growth rates were positively correlated with C‐specific photosynthetic performance (PP^C, g C·g C^?1·h^?1) (r²=0.72). Cultures were grouped as light‐limited (LL) and high‐light (HL) treatments to allow interspecific comparisons of physiological properties that underlie the growth–irradiance relationships. Interspecific differences in the C‐specific light absorption rate (E_a^C, mol photons·g C^?1·h^?1) were observed only among HL acclimated cultures, and the realized quantum yield of C fixation (φ_C(real.), mol C·mol photons^?1) did not differ significantly between species in either LL or HL treatments. The proportion of fixed C that was incorporated into new biomass was lower in K. micrum than S. major at each E_g, reflecting lower growth efficiency in K. micrum. Photoacclimation to HL in K. micrum involved a significant loss of cellular photosynthetic capacity (P_max^cell), whereas in S. major, P_max^cell was significantly higher in HL acclimated cells. We conclude that growth rate differences between K. micrum and S. major under LL conditions relate primarily to cell metabolism processes (i.e. growth efficiency) and that reduced chloroplast function, reflected in PP^C and photosynthesis–irradiance curve acclimation in K. micrum, is also important under HL conditions.     

美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别(鳞翅目,灯蛾科)

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫--美国白蛾侄幼虫形态及危害方式方而都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆.并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰.本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究.     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SHELL SHAPE AND GROWTH OF VILLOSA VILLOSA (WRIGHT) AND ELLIPTIO ICTERINA (CONRAD) (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE)

Shell shape and growth of two unionacean species, Villosa villosaand Elliptio icterina, are analyzed with univariate and multivariatetechniques. The relationship of shape variables to size variablesis examined. Under the lognormal assumption, parametric testsof these allometric relationships are valid. Variables describingthe ventro-posterior region of the shell are shown to be thebest of those tested for discriminating between the sexes ofboth species regardless of statistical method. Neither speciesexhibits size sexual dimorphism. Shape sexual dimorphism ofV. villosa is constant during adult growth, but the more subtledimorphism of E. icterina changes as adults continue to grow. (Received 20 January 1986;     

PARASITISM AND THE UNIONACEA (BIVALVIA)

It is proposed that the incorporation of a unique parasitic stage in the life-cycle of unionaceans which involves an obligate relationship between a vertebrate host, usually a fish, and a highly modified larval stage, the glochidium, has had far-reaching consequences with respect to overall morphology, extent of species' geographic ranges, and rate of speciation in the group. Glochidia are separable into three main types with respect to overall shape and attachment features, and are retained in variously modified brood pouches. When mature, glochidia are released in several different ways which reflect various adaptations involved in either attracting the fish host and/or increasing the probability of attachment. Glochidia do not seem capable of host selection, and the reaction of the host to the parasite seems to be the main factor in determining specificity. Release of glochidia is synchronized to correspond to periods of predictable host availability, such as during spawing migrations and nesting behaviour. Other adaptations include modifications of glochidial conglutinates to mimic host food items, and modifications of the unionacean mantle edges to attract hosts. In all cases, a good correlation exists between the type of lure used and host food preferences, but, despite these adaptations, host specificity among unionaceans seems low. Parasitism among unionaceans is postulated to be mainly advantageous in terms of predictability of dispersal by habitat-specific hosts, but parasitism is hypothesized to entail constraints in terms of the degree to which shell shape and life-habit can be diversified among unionaceans. The type of host parasitized is considered to affect the rate of diversification among populations and speciation among unionaceans: those that parasitize strictly freshwater hosts are more likely to exhibit highly individualistic populations in different drainages with respect to molecular genetic and soft-part characters, while those that parasitize anadromous or saltwater-tolerant hosts show little differentiation among widely distributed populations.     

猪B_0L-丙氨酰胰岛素和猪B_1L-亮氨酰胰岛素的制备及性质研究

 猪胰岛素经与MSC·ONsu选择性反应,得到[MSC]A_(21)B_(29)胰岛素,再与BOC-L-Ala·TTT缩合,去保护后得到[L-Ala]B_0胰岛素,将得到的[MSC]A_(21)B_(29)胰岛素经Edman降解,再与BOC-L-Leu·TTT缩合、去保护后得到[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素。样品经N-末端分析,醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳、氨基酸组成分析和紫外吸收光谱鉴定,确定它们分别为均一的[L-Ala]B_0胰岛素和[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素。放射免疫法分析[L-Al_a]B_0肽岛素和[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素的免疫活性分别相当于天然胰岛素的30％和47％,小鼠惊厥法分析表明[L-Ala]B_6胰岛素与[L-Leu]B_1胰岛素的生物活力为19.7国际单位/mg和19.1国际单位/mg,相当于天然胰岛素的76％和73％。     

用反向被动血凝及血凝抑制方法检测流行性出血热病毒抗原和抗体

本文建立了检测流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)液体抗原及抗体的反向被动血凝(RPHA)和血凝抑制(RPHI)方法,RPHA检测EHFV抗原的敏感性与ELISA相近;RPHI检测EHFV抗体与IFA的符合率为97.3％,敏感性略低。     

阿司匹林和复方新诺明对大豆种子萌发及活力的影响

 以大豆(Glycine max)种子为材料,浓度的阿斯匹林和复方新诺明水溶液,在(20±1)℃条件下分种24h和12h, 测定大豆种子萌发过程中的各项生理生化指标以及萌发后的各形态指标实验结果表明：阿斯匹林和复方新诺明水溶液浸种都能有效地提高大豆种子的发芽率和活力指数,还能促进大豆根系的生长。其中以62.5mg·L-1的阿斯匹林和0.5mg·L-1的复方新诺明处理后的效果最为显著。阿斯匹林浸种能使大豆萌芽的相对电导率显著降低,使活性氧清除酶的活性有所提高。复方新诺明浸种则使大豆萌芽的蛋白质含量以及氨基酸总量都有显著的提高。     

GRIESBACHIAN AND DIENERIAN (EARLY TRIASSIC) AMMONOID FAUNAS FROM NORTHWESTERN GUANGXI AND SOUTHERN GUIZHOU (SOUTH CHINA)

Abstract: Intensive sampling of the Luolou (northwestern Guangxi) and the Daye (southern Guizhou) Formations in South China leads to the recognition of a regional Griesbachian and Dienerian ammonoid succession for this key palaeobiogeographical area. The new biostratigraphical sequence comprises the upper Griesbachian ‘Ophiceras beds’ and the lower Dienerian ‘Proptychites candidus beds’, which are separated from the uppermost Dienerian ‘Clypites beds’ by an unfossiliferous interval. These faunas contain some taxa with wide geographic distribution (e.g. Ambites, Pleurambites, Pleurogyronites, Proptychites candidus), thus facilitating correlation with faunal successions from other regions (i.e. British Columbia, Canadian Arctic, Himalayas and South Primorye). Two new genera (Jieshaniceras and Shangganites) and three new species (Anotoceras subtabulatus, Pleurambites radiatus and Shangganites shangganense) are described.     

ON THE PROTONEPHRIDIA AND 'LARVAL KIDNEYS' OF NASSARIUS (HINIA) RETICULATUS (LINNAEUS) (CAENOGASTROPODA)

Protonephridia in marine streptoneuran gastropods are describedfor the first time. The organization of these paired organsof the intracapsular veliger larva of Nassarius reticulatusis described. The ciliary flame is formed by a single terminalcell. The duct is formed by one tubular cell and the aperturalcell, which forms the lips of the excretory pore. In addition,the surface of the apertural cell is covered to a great extentby the post-velar bud cell (usually termed ‘larval kidney’).Protonephridia like these are considered to be widely distributedamong streptoneuran gastropods. The homology of these organswith those of opis-thobranchs and pulmonates is suggested. Thepost-velar buds (= ‘larval kidneys’) are suggestedas a synapomorphous character of Caenogastropoda. The functionof the postvelar buds is discussed taking into considerationthe existence of a protonephridium and a possible functionalconnection between these two structures. (Received 14 June 1990; accepted 1 September 1990)     

菜缢管蚜、棉铃虫对杀虫混剂及其单剂的抗性遗传力分析

采用阈性状分析法,估算了菜缢管蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubuer)对菊马混剂及其单剂、棉铃虫对灭铃威混剂及其单剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对抗性风险和混剂延缓抗性的作用进行了评估。结果表明,菜缢管蚜和棉铃虫对混剂的现实抗性遗传力均明显小于各单剂,依次为：拟除虫菊酯>氨基甲酸酯>有机磷>混剂。混剂的使用寿命大于组成其各个单剂的使用寿命之和,抗性风险依次为：拟除虫菊脂>氨基甲酸酯>有机磷>混剂。菊马混剂对菜缢管蚜和棉铃虫,灭铃威混剂对棉铃虫均有延缓抗性发展的作用。灭铃威对棉铃虫抗性发展的延缓作用最显著。