Molecular evolution of the petal and stamen identity genes, APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, after petal loss in the Piperales

Organ loss is an evolutionary phenomenon commonly observed in all kinds of multicellular organisms. Across the angiosperms, petals have been lost several times over the course of their diversification. We examined the evolution of petal and stamen identity genes in the Piperales, a basal lineage of angiosperms that includes the perianthless (with no petals or sepals) families Piperaceae and Saururaceae as well as the Aristolochiaceae, which exhibit a well-developed perianth. Here, we provide evidence for relaxation of selection on the putative petal and stamen identity genes, homologs of APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, following the loss of petals in the Piperales. Our results are particularly interesting as the B-class genes are not only responsible for the production of petals but are also central to stamen identity, the male reproductive organs that show no modification in these plants. Relaxed purifying selection after the loss of only one of these organs suggests that there has been dissociation of the functional roles of these genes in the Piperales.     

Isolation and characterization of a Brassica napus cDNA corresponding to a B-class floral development gene

B-class floral homeotic genes are required for the proper formation and identity of petals and stamens in dicot flowers. A partial cDNA clone encoding a B-class gene, BnAP3 (Brassica napus APETALA3), was isolated from a B. napus cDNA library derived from young inflorescence meristems. The 5' region of the cDNA was retrieved by RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence of the full-length clone exhibited high similarity to APETALA3 of Arabidopsis thaliana and functionally homologous proteins from other species. 5' RACE and Southern analysis suggests that BnAP3 has multiple alleles in B. napus. Expression analysis assayed by RT-PCR shows that BnAP3 is expressed in floral tissues, as well as non-floral tissues such as root and bract. Transformation of wild-type A. thaliana and B. napus plants with BnAP3 under the control of a promoter specific to reproductive organs converts carpels to stamens, while the expression of this construct in A. thaliana plants mutant for AP3 restores the development of third-whorl stamens in addition to directing a carpel to stamen conversion in the fourth whorl.     

An APETALA3 homolog controls both petal identity and floral meristem patterning in Nigella damascena L. (Ranunculaceae)

Flower architecture mutants provide a unique opportunity to address the genetic origin of flower diversity. Here we study a naturally occurring floral dimorphism in Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae), involving replacement of the petals by numerous sepal‐like and chimeric sepal/stamen organs. We performed a comparative study of floral morphology and floral development, and characterized the expression of APETALA3 and PISTILLATA homologs in both morphs. Segregation analyses and gene silencing were used to determine the involvement of an APETALA3 paralog (NdAP3–3) in the floral dimorphism. We demonstrate that the complex floral dimorphism is controlled by a single locus, which perfectly co‐segregates with the NdAP3–3 gene. This gene is not expressed in the apetalous morph and exhibits a particular expression dynamic during early floral development in the petalous morph. NdAP3–3 silencing in petalous plants perfectly phenocopies the apetalous morph. Our results show that NdAP3–3 is fully responsible for the complex N. damascena floral dimorphism, suggesting that it plays a role not only in petal identity but also in meristem patterning, possibly through regulation of perianth organ number and the perianth/stamen boundary.     

转录因子网络与植物对环境胁迫的响应

转录因子所介导的基因表达调控网络在植物抵御各种环境胁迫的反应中具有重要功能.已鉴定的参与植物环境胁迫响应的转录因子及家族有APETALA2/EREBP、BZIP、WRKY和MYB等.这些转录因子组成调控网络,精细调控植物胁迫反应中各种相关基因的表达.转录因子及其调控网络的遗传修饰已成为从系统水平上探索胁迫生物学和提高植物胁迫耐性和抗性的有效工具.     

植物转录抑制子的结构特征及其作用机理

转录因子依转录调控能力可分为激活子和抑制子。植物 转录抑制蛋白的分类依据很多, 从作用方式上可分为主动抑制子和被动抑制子两大类; 根据与DNA结合的方式则可分为锌指类、MYB类、AP2/EREBP类、bHLH类和bZIP类等。植物主 动抑制子通过其含有的抑制域对转录直接起抑制作用。抑制域又可分很多类, 但多数为含有类似EAR基序的保守性基序, 其上具有几个保守性亮氨酸残基。植物转录抑制子主要通过对激活子或基本转录复合物产生作用及改变染色体结构3种方式来抑制目标基因的转录。有关植物转录抑制子的研究虽很欠缺, 但以拟南芥SUPERMAN等抑制子的EAR基序为代表的研究表明, 抑制域是阐明植物转录抑制子功能和下游基因表达调控机理的核心对象, 而融合抑制子沉默技术(CRES-T)也为人为调控基因沉默带来了新的技术手段。