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1.
Simone Nessi Lucia Rigamonti Mario Grosso 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(7):1358-1373
Purpose
Waste prevention has been assigned increasing attention worldwide during recent years, and it is expected to become one of the core elements of waste management planning in the near future. In this framework, this paper presents and discusses two possible LCA approaches for the evaluation of the environmental and energetic performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems which include the effects of waste prevention activities.Methods
The two approaches are conceived for the comparison of waste management scenarios including waste prevention activities with baseline scenarios without waste prevention. For both of them, the functional unit is defined and the system boundaries are described with reference to different typologies of waste prevention activities identified in an extensive review. The procedure for the calculation of the LCA impacts of scenarios is also reported and an example illustrating the processes to be included in system boundaries for a specific waste prevention activity is provided.Results and discussion
The presented approaches lead to the same result in terms of difference between the LCA impacts of a waste prevention scenario and of a baseline one. However, because of the partially different upstream system boundaries, different values of the impacts of single scenarios are obtained and the application of the two approaches is more suitable in different situations and in analyses with different purposes. The methodological aspects that can complicate the applicability of the two approaches are discussed lastly.Conclusions
The environmental and energetic performance of MSW management scenarios including waste prevention activities can be evaluated with the two LCA approaches presented in this paper. They can be used for many purposes such as, among the most general, evaluating the upstream and downstream environmental consequences of implementing particular waste prevention activities in a given waste management system, complementing waste reduction indicators with LCA-based indicators and supporting with quantitative evidence the strategic and policy relevance of waste prevention. 相似文献2.
Julian Cleary 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(9):1607-1622
Purpose
The oft-cited waste hierarchy is considered an important rule of thumb to identify preferential waste management options and places waste prevention at the top. Nevertheless, it has been claimed that waste prevention can sometimes be less favorable than recycling because (1) recycling decreases only the primary production of materials, whereas waste prevention may reduce a combination of both primary and low-impact secondary production, and (2) waste prevention decreases the quantity of material recycled downstream and the avoided impacts associated with recycling. In response to this claim, this study evaluates the life cycle effects of waste prevention activities (WPAs) on a residential waste management system.Methods
This life cycle assessment (LCA) contrasts the net impacts of a large residential solid waste management system (including sanitary landfilling, anaerobic digestion, composting, and recycling) with a system that incorporates five WPAs, implemented at plausible levels (preventing a total of 3.6 % of waste generation tonnage) without diminishing product service consumption. WPAs addressed in this LCA reduce the collected tonnage of addressed advertising mail, disposable plastic shopping bags, newspapers, wine and spirit packaging, and yard waste (grass).Results and discussion
In all cases, the WPAs reduce the net midpoint and endpoint level impacts of the residential waste management system. If WPAs are incorporated, the lower impacts from waste collection, transportation, sorting, and disposal as well as from the avoided upstream production of goods, more than compensate for the diminished net benefits associated with recycling and the displaced electricity from landfill gas utilization.Conclusions
The results substantiate the uppermost placement of waste prevention within the waste hierarchy. Moreover, further environmental benefits from waste prevention can be realized by targeting WPAs at goods that will be landfilled and at those with low recycled content. 相似文献3.
Adriana Del Borghi Michela Gallo Marco Del Borghi 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(7):597-610
Background, aim, and scope
Life-cycle thinking and life-cycle approaches are concepts that are getting increased attention worldwide and in particular in EU Policies related to sustainability. The European Commission is launching a number of activities to strengthen life-cycle thinking in policy and business. EU policies aim to decrease waste generation through new waste prevention initiatives, better use of resources and shift to more sustainable consumption patterns. The approach to waste management is based on three principles: waste prevention, recycling and reuse and improving the final disposal and monitoring. In particular, concerning the prevention and recycling of waste, the definition of a waste hierarchy should be the basis for the prioritisation of waste management options. The benefit of using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in analysing waste management systems is the provision of a comprehensive view of the processes and impacts involved. However, it is also clear that the studies will always be open for criticism as they are simplifications of reality. Moreover, in order to become the LCA, a leading tool within businesses and government to understand and manage risks or opportunities related to waste management and treatment technologies, there are methodological choices required and a number of aspects that still need to be worked out. It is therefore important to review open and grey literatures, EU guidelines, relevant environmental indicators and databases for the waste sector and data easily usable in waste policy decision-making, with an agreed approach and methodology based on life-cycle thinking. The following survey gathers and describes the existing guidelines and methodologies based on life-cycle thinking and applicable in waste policy decision-making. 相似文献4.
Simone Manfredi Rana Pant David W. Pennington Andreas Versmann 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(9):937-939
Introduction
The amount of waste generated in Europe and, beyond, by our production and consumption patterns is significant. A proper waste management is essential in order to reduce detrimental environmental impacts. For the European Union, the general principles of good waste management are outlined in the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC). This directive establishes a five-step hierarchy of waste management starting with the preferred option of waste prevention followed by preparing waste for reuse, recycling and other recovery with disposal (such as landfill) as the last resort. 相似文献5.
Takeshi Matsuda Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Shin-ichi Sakai 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(6):743-752
Purpose
Source-separated collection of food waste has been reported to reduce the amount of household waste in several cities including Kyoto, Japan. Food waste can be reduced by various activities including preventing edible food loss, draining moisture, and home composting. These activities have different potentials for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. Therefore, we conducted a life-cycle inventory analysis of household waste management scenarios for Kyoto with a special emphasis on food waste reduction activities.Methods
The primary functional unit of our study was ??annual management of household combustible waste in Kyoto, Japan.?? Although some life-cycle assessment scenarios included food waste reduction measures, all of the scenarios had an identical secondary functional unit, ??annual food ingestion (mass and composition) by the residents of Kyoto, Japan.?? We analyzed a typical incineration scenario (Inc) and two anaerobic digestion (dry thermophilic facilities) scenarios involving either source-separated collection (SepBio) or nonseparated collection followed by mechanical sorting (MecBio). We assumed that the biogas from anaerobic digestion was used for power generation. In addition, to evaluate the effects of waste reduction combined with separate collection, three food waste reduction cases were considered in the SepBio scenario: (1) preventing loss of edible food (PrevLoss); (2) draining moisture contents (ReducDrain); and (3) home composting (ReducHcom). In these three cases, we assumed that the household waste was reduced by 5%.Results and discussion
The GHG emissions from the Inc, MecBio, and SepBio scenarios were 123.3, 119.5, and 118.6 Gg CO2-eq/year, respectively. Compared with the SepBio scenario without food waste reduction, the PrevLoss and ReducDrain cases reduced the GHG emissions by 17.1 and 0.5 Gg CO2-eq/year. In contrast, the ReducHcom case increased the GHG emissions by 2.1 Gg CO2-eq/year. This is because the biogas power production decreased due to the reduction in food waste, while the electricity consumption increased in response to home composting. Sensitivity analyses revealed that a reduction of only 1% of the household waste by food loss prevention has the same GHG reduction effect as a 31-point increase (from 50% to 81%) in the food waste separation rate.Conclusions
We found that prevention of food losses enhanced by separate collection led to a significant reduction in GHG emissions. These findings will be useful in future studies designed to develop strategies for further reductions in GHG emissions. 相似文献6.
Mir Abbas Bozorgirad Hao Zhang Karl R. Haapala Ganti S. Murthy 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(8):1502-1512
Purpose
Municipal solid waste (MSW) can be handled with several traditional management strategies, including landfilling, incineration, and recycling. Ethanol production from MSW is a novel strategy that has been proposed and researched for practical use; however, MSW ethanol plants are not widely applied in practice. Thus, this study has been conducted to analyze and compare the environmental and economic performance of incineration and ethanol production as alternatives to landfilling MSW.Methods
The ISO 14040 life cycle assessment framework is employed to conduct the environmental impact assessment of three different scenarios for the two MSW management strategies based on processing 1 ton of MSW as the functional unit. The first scenario models the process of incinerating MSW and recovering energy in the form of process heat; the second scenario also includes the process of incinerating MSW but yields in the recovery of energy in the form of electricity; and the third scenario models the process of converting MSW into ethanol. The economic impacts of each scenario are then assessed by performing benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) and net present value (NPV) analyses.Results and discussion
The results from the environmental impact assessment of each scenario reveal that scenario 2 has the highest benefits for resource availability while scenario 3 is shown to be the best alternative to avoid human health and ecosystems diversity impacts. Scenario 1 has the worst environmental performance with respect to each of these environmental endpoint indicators and has net environmental impacts. The results of the economic analysis indicate that the third scenario is the best option with respect to BCR and NPV, followed by scenarios 2 and 1, respectively. Furthermore, environmental and economic analysis results are shown to be sensitive to MSW composition.Conclusions
It appears municipalities should prefer MSW incineration with electricity generation or MSW-to-ethanol conversion over MSW incineration with heat recovery as an alternative to landfilling. The contradiction between the environmental impact assessment results and economic analysis results demonstrates that the decision-making process is sensitive to a broad set of variables. Decisions for a specific MSW management system are subject to facility location and size, MSW composition, energy prices, and governmental policies. 相似文献7.
Giorgio Beccali Maurizio Cellura Marina Mistretta 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(4):243-249
Goal
This research aims to assess the environmental effects of integrated strategies in a municipal waste management system. In particular, analysis is focused on a waste stream in Palermo, where landfill involves the prompt disposal of the most waste after collection. The current local management system is compared with two integrated waste management alternatives. Both the options comply with Italian regulations, but each one predicts adopting the available technologies in different ways. 相似文献8.
Surat Sedpho Sate Sampattagul Nattaporn Chaiyat Shabbir H. Gheewala 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(11):1773-1784
Purpose
The critical issue of waste management in Thailand has been rapidly increasing in almost all of the cities due to the economic growth and rising population that could double the amount of solid waste in landfill area. The alternative ways of waste treatment that have more efficiency and effectiveness in terms of energy, ecology, and resources become the key issue for each municipality to replace the old fashioned technology and be able to enhance the ability of solid waste problem management. Waste to energy is one of the favorable approaches to diminish the amount of waste to landfill and utilize waste for electricity. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify the life cycle impacts of the municipal solid waste (MSW) of Mae Hong Son municipality (MHSM), and the case study is the selected waste treatment technology of the Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) hybrid with 20 kW of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC).Methods
The functional unit is defined as 1 t of MSW. The energy, environment, and resource impacts were evaluated by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); ReCipe and Net Energy Consumption were referred to calculate the environmental impacts and the benefits of energy recovery of WtE technology. Exergetic LCA was used to analyze the resource consumption, especially land use change.Results and discussion
The results indicated that the environmental impacts were comparatively high at the operation stage of RDF combustion. On the other hand, the production stage of RDF illustrated the highest energy consumption. The ORC power generation mainly consumed resources from material and energy used. The ORC system demonstrated better results in terms of energy and resource consumption when applied to waste management, especially the land required for landfill. Substitution of electricity production from ORC system was the contributor to the reduction of both energy and resource consumption. Installation of spray dry and fabric filter unit to RDF burner can reduce heavy metals and some pollutants leading to the reduction of most of the impacts such as climate change, human toxicity, and fossil depletion which are much lower than the conventional landfill.Conclusions
LCA results revealed that the environmental impacts and energy consumption can be reduced by applying the RDF and ORC systems. The exergetic LCA is one of the appropriate tools used to evaluate the resource consumption of MSW. It is obviously proven that landfill contributed to higher impacts than WtE for waste management.9.
Sora Yi Kiyo H. Kurisu Keisuke Hanaki 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(7):652-668
Purpose
Few studies have examined differing interpretations of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results between midpoints and endpoints for the same systems. This paper focuses on the LCIA of municipal solid waste (MSW) systems by taking both the midpoint and endpoint approaches and uses LIME (Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method based on Endpoint Modeling, version 2006). With respect to global and site-dependent factors, environmental impact categories were divided into global, regional, and local scales. Results are shown as net emissions consisting of system emissions and avoided emissions. 相似文献10.
Irma T. Mercante María D. Bovea Valeria Ibá?ez-Forés Alejandro P. Arena 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(2):232-241
Purpose
The aim of this study is to develop and analyse a life cycle inventory of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management systems based on primary data collected directly from Spanish enterprises involved in the life cycle of this type of waste material. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the environmental profile of inert waste sorting and treatment (IWST) facilities. 相似文献11.
Ana Pires Ni-Bin Chang Graça Martinho 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(4):316-337
Background, aim, and scope
This paper presents a study related to the application of the reliability-based life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess different alternatives for solid waste management in the Setúbal peninsula, Portugal. The current system includes waste collection, transport, sorting, recycling, and mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) by means of aerobic treatment and landfill. In addition, some future expansion plans are discussed. 相似文献12.
Esra Aleisa Rawa Al-Jarallah 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2018,23(7):1460-1475
Purpose
We extend a life cycle assessment (LCA) embracing both economic and social perspectives to develop an integrated solid waste management system for Kuwait. This study considers the domestic waste generated by households and waste generated commercially. Six municipal solid waste (MSW) scenarios (SR1, SR2, …, SR6) are evaluated using a triple bottom line (TBL) approach that incorporates environmental, financial, and social bottom lines (social BLs).Methods
Within the TBL framework, the environmental BL employs LCA in accordance with ISO 14044. The financial BL is calculated using capital and operational costs as well as the associated recycling revenues. The social BL applies macro-economic indicators that examine the effects of a given MSW scenario (SR) on the inhabitants. To integrate the TBLs, we apply an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) because of its advantage of pairwise unit-free rescaling. The relative importance of each BL is determined by considering the political, legal, socio-cultural, and economic climates of the country. The relative weights are cross-multiplied with indicators from each BL to calculate a composite sustainability index (CSI) for the proposed MSW SR.Results and discussion
The environmental BL (LCA) indicates that global warming, acidification, and human toxicity are the most adversely affected impact categories, considering the local conditions and waste composition. Environmentally, SR1 (landfilling) scored the worst in almost all impact categories and, thus, was labeled the worst-case scenario environmentally. SR6 (composting, recycling, and incineration) performed the best from an environmental perspective. Financially, landfilling (SR1) is the most economical scenario. Any SR that focused on incineration (SR2 and SR5) was financially unfavorable. The scenarios that involved composting were scored as financially reasonable (SR3, SR4, and SR6). From a social acceptability perspective, SR2 (incineration) scored the highest, while SR1 (landfills) scored the lowest. Finally, across the TBL framework, SR4 (composting and incineration) had the highest CSI based on the relative importance scheme adopted for each BL.Conclusions
Although they are often overlooked in most LCA studies, the financial and social aspects are indispensable to proving feasibility and credibility at a strategic level. The complexity of financial and social formulations in LCA is inherited from the difficulty in quantifying emissions and other impacts. In addition, from a social perspective, the contingent risks and associated uncertainty vary widely across cultures, ideologies, and degrees of development and are further complicated because of the scarcity and uncertainty of the data.13.
The conventional landfilling does not promote sustainable waste management due to uncontrolled emissions which potentially
degrade the environment. Pretreatment of municipal solid waste prior to landfilling significantly enhances waste stabilization,
reduces the emissions and provides many advantages. Therefore, pretreatment of municipal solid waste methods were investigated.
The major objectives of biological pretreatment are to degrade most easily degradable organic matters of MSW in a short duration
under controlled conditions so as to produce desired quality for landfill. To investigate the suitable pretreatment method
prior to landfilling for developing countries four pretreatment simulators were developed in the laboratory: (i) anaerobic
simulator (R1), (ii) aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air (R2), (iii) aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air with leachate recirculation (R3) and (iv) forced aeration and leachate recirculation (R4). During the pretreatment organic matter, elemental composition, i.e., carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and settlement were determined
for bench scale experiments. A two-component kinetic model is proposed for the biodegradation of organic matter. Biodegradation
kinetic constants were determined for readily and slowly degradable organic matter. The biodegradation of organic matter efficiency
in terms of kinetic rate constants for the pretreatment simulators was observed as R4 > R3 > R2 > R1. Biodegradation rate constants for readily degradable matter in simulators R4 and R3 were 0.225 and 0.222 per day. R3 and R4 simulators were more effective in reducing methane emissions about 45% and 55%, respectively, as compared to anaerobic simulator
R1. Pretreatment of MSW, by natural convection of air with leachate recirculation R3 is sustainable method to reduce the emissions and to stabilize the waste prior to landfilling. 相似文献
14.
Dominik Saner Tobias Walser Carl O. Vadenbo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(4):504-510
Introduction
Waste management is a key component in society's strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of its economic activities. Through its comprehensive system approach, life cycle assessment (LCA) is frequently put forward as a powerful tool for the assessment of waste management activities. However, many methodological challenges regarding the environmental assessment of waste treatment systems still remain, and consensus is still far from being reached in areas like the definition of (temporal) system boundaries, life cycle inventory generation, selection and use of environmental indicators, and interpretation and communication of the LCA results. 相似文献15.
Hackl H Maurer M Mlecnik B Hartler J Stocker G Miranda-Saavedra D Trajanoski Z 《BMC genomics》2004,5(1):93
Background
The GOLD.db (Genomics of Lipid-Associated Disorders Database) was developed to address the need for integrating disparate information on the function and properties of genes and their products that are particularly relevant to the biology, diagnosis management, treatment, and prevention of lipid-associated disorders. 相似文献16.
Carbon and life cycle implications of thermal recovery from the organic fractions of municipal waste
Stephen Burnley Rhiannon Phillips Terry Coleman 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(8):1015-1027
Purpose
The aim of this research was to determine the optimum way of recovering energy from the biodegradable fractions of municipal waste. A part-life cycle study was carried out on the following wastes: paper, food waste, garden waste, wood, non-recyclable mixed municipal waste and refuse-derived fuel. The energy recovery processes considered were incineration, gasification, combustion in dedicated plant, anaerobic digestion and combustion in a cement kiln.Methods
The life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out using WRATE, an LCA tool designed specifically for waste management studies. Additional information on waste composition, waste collection and the performance of the energy recovery processes was obtained from a number of UK-based sources. The results take account of the energy displaced by the waste to energy processes and also the benefits obtained by the associated recycling of digestates, metals and aggregates as appropriate.Results and discussion
For all the waste types considered the maximum benefits in terms of climate change and non-renewable resource depletion would be achieved by using the waste in a cement kiln as a substitute fuel for coal. When considering the impacts in terms of human toxicity, aquatic ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication, direct combustion with energy recovery was the best option. The results were found to be highly sensitive to the efficiency of the energy recovery process and the conventional fuel displaced by the recovered energy.Conclusions and recommendations
This study has demonstrated that LCA can be used to determine the benefits and burdens associated with recovering energy from municipal waste fractions. However, the findings were restricted by the lack of reliable data on the performance of waste gasification and anaerobic digestion systems and on the burdens arising from collecting the wastes. It is recommended that further work is carried out to address these data gaps. 相似文献17.
Heinz Stichnothe Frank Schuchardt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(9):907-915
Background, aim, and scope
Globally, 45 million metric tonnes of palm oil has been produced in 2009. The production of 1 t crude palm oil requires 5 t of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). On average, processing of 1 t FFB in palm oil mills generates 230 kg empty fruit bunches (EFB) and 650 kg palm oil mill effluent (POME) as residues. These residues cause considerable environmental burdens, particularly greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce those emissions, four waste management options are compared in the present study using 1,000 kg of FFB as functional unit. 相似文献18.
结合城市生活垃圾管理系统特征,系统归纳基于生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment,LCA)方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型的发展现状,并对LCA方法在城市生活垃圾管理中的实践以及在我国开展城市生活垃圾管理LCA研究的应用前景进行评述。分析表明,LCA是城市生活垃圾管理领域的重要工具之一,基于LCA方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型在全生命周期环境影响评价与识别、处置工艺选择与改进、可持续生活垃圾管理决策支持等方面具有十分重要的应用价值。中国在本地化生活垃圾管理系统LCA模型开发、清单数据库和评价指标体系构建以及与其他研究方法集成等方面面临挑战。 相似文献
19.
Goal and Scope The potential environmental impacts associated with two landfill technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW),
the engineered landfill and the bioreactor landfill, were assessed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The system
boundaries were expanded to include an external energy production function since the landfill gas collected from the bioreactor
landfill can be energetically valorized into either electricity or heat; the functional unit was then defined as the stabilization
of 600 000 tonnes of MSW and the production of 2.56x108 MJ of electricity and 7.81x108 MJ of heat.
Methods Only the life cycle stages that presented differences between the two compared options were considered in the study. The four
life cycle stages considered in the study cover the landfill cell construction, the daily and closure operations, the leachate
and landfill gas associated emissions and the external energy production. The temporal boundary corresponded to the stabilization
of the waste and was represented by the time to produce 95% of the calculated landfill gas volume. The potential impacts were
evaluated using the EDIP97 method, stopping after the characterization step.
Results and Discussion The inventory phase of the LCA showed that the engineered landfill uses 26% more natural resources and generates 81% more
solid wastes throughout its life cycle than the bioreactor landfill. The evaluated impacts, essentially associated with the
external energy production and the landfill gas related emissions, are on average 91% higher for the engineered landfill,
since for this option 1) no energy is recovered from the landfill gas and 2) more landfill gas is released untreated after
the end of the post-closure monitoring period. The valorization of the landfill gas to electricity or heat showed similar
environmental profiles (1% more raw materials and 7% more solid waste for the heat option but 13% more impacts for the electricity
option).
Conclusion and Recommendations The methodological choices made during this study, e.g. simplification of the systems by the exclusion of the identical life
cycle stages, limit the use of the results to the comparison of the two considered options. The validity of this comparison
could however be improved if the systems were placed in the larger context of municipal solid waste management and include
activities such as recycling, composting and incineration. 相似文献
20.
Edgil D Stankard P Forsythe S Rech D Chrouser K Adamu T Sakallah S Thomas AG Albertini J Stanton D Dickson KE Njeuhmeli E 《PLoS medicine》2011,8(11):e1001128