The development of Spongilla lacustris from the oocyte to the free larva (Porifera,Spongillidae)

Summary During June and July oocytes appear in well-developed specimens of Spongilla lacustris. These differentiate from archeocytes, and during the first growth phase they reach a diameter of ca. 50 m. At this time each oocyte is enclosed in a single-layered follicle epithelium, which is retained until emergence of the larva.In the second phase the oocytes grow to about 220 m by phagocytosis of trophocytes. When phagocytosis has come to an end, there is a distinct layering of the yolk material that has formed within the cytoplasm of the oocyte. Small yolk granules surround the centrally located nucleus, and peripheral to these is a layer of larger spheres of yolk.Cleavage is totally equal to unequal. Some blastomeres are binucleate. In the 15-cell staged micro- and macromeres appear.The embryo consists of uniform cells with high yolk content; at the periphery they are slightly flattened rather than spherical. In this stage of development the first scleroblasts appear.Further development to the young larva is marked by the appearance of a cavity (the larval cavity) lined with pinacocytes. The cavity expands to occupy about half the volume of the larva at emergence, becoming hemispheric in shape. The cells at the periphery of the larva form a columnar, single-layered, multiseriate ciliated epithelium with teardrop-shaped nuclei.The emerging larva breaks through its follicle and the wall of the excurrent canal system; occasionally larvae can be found in the canals. At this time the larva has developed a few flagellated chambers, which may already be integrated into the primordia of the excurrent canal system. The previously discernible scleroblasts have now formed isolated spicules, which may adhere to form spicule-spongin complexes.     

The metamorphosis of the parenchymula-larva of Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera,Spongillidae)

Summary The sexual development of Ephydatia fluviatilis involves a ciliated parenchymula-larva. The mature larva leaves the body of the mother sponge through the excurrent canal system and arrives eventually in the outside world by way of the osculum. At this stage the types of cells found in the adult sponge are already present in the larva. The released larva swims around for a while and then, after a period of between 3 and 48 hours, it attaches, usually with the anterior, larval cavity-bearing pole, onto the substratum. While it is attaching and spreading itself out, the larva undergoes a metamorphosis. The most notable stages of this metamorphosis are as follows: (a) disintegration of the ciliated epithelium from the anterior pole of the larva and its substitution by a pinacocyte epithelium, (b) splitting of the larval cavity and (c) integration of the remains into the developing canal system together with the creation and further development of the organic features of a functioning sponge.     

Postembryonic development of the ovary in the penicillate diplopod,Eudigraphis nigricans (Miyosi) (Diplopoda,Penicillata)

Postembryonic development of the ovary through the larval stages was studied in a penicillate diplopod, Eudigraphis nigricans. In the first instar larva a single young cell cluster, consisting of about 20 spherical gonial cells and some smaller interstitial cells, exists beneath the alimentary canal in the third body segment. The gonadal epithelium encompasses the upper surface of this young cell cluster by the end of the first instar. The epithelium then extends forward and backward to form a single long sac-like gonad, leaving the young cell cluster on the center of the gonadal floor as a mound-shaped germarium. In an early second-instar larva, very early previtellogenic oocytes accompanied by some interstitial cells appear in the front and rear surfaces of the ovarian germarium. During the period from the third through the seventh (the last) larval instar, some cell clusters containing several previtellogenic oocytes and interstitial cells successively separate forward and backward from the germarium to form a series of paired patch-shaped vitellarial areas on the extending ventral ovarian epithelium. In each vitellarial area, some of the interstitial cells surround the oocytes to form the follicles. In the seventh instar, the ovarian lumen is extremely expanded, and the late previtellogenic oocytes in the vitellarial areas encroach upward into the ovarian lumen. These oocytes floating in the ovarian lumen are still connected with their own vitellarial areas by partial extensions of their follicles. Some phylogenetic implications of the basic characteristics in structure and postembryonic development of the ovary are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The larval morphology of the marine bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis (Ctenostomata: Vesicularioidea)

Summary The larval morphology of the marine bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. The barrel-shaped larva (200 m long and 150 m in diameter) is light yellow without any apparent eyespots, although it is positively phototactic during its brief free-swimming existence. The primary morphological characteristics of the larva are: (1) a large corona that forms most of the larval surface, (2) a small apical disc without blastemas, (3) a deep pallial sinus lined by an extensive pallial epithelium, (4) an internal sac without regional specializations, and (5) a polypide rudiment in the oral hemisphere. This organization is characteristic of larvae of the ctenostome superfamily Vesicularioidea, and differs radically from the organization of all other bryozoan larvae examined. The major morphological differences occur in the size and organization of the apical disc, the pallial epithelium, and the internal sac. In most bryozoans, these regions of the larval epithelium represent rudiments of the polypide and the body wall epidermis of the ancestrula. The oral polypide rudiment, the extensive pallial epithelium, and the reduced internal sac in vesicularioid larvae indicate that their pattern of metamorphosis also differs radically from the metamorphoses of other bryozoans.Figure Abbreviations AB aboral - acr axial ciliary rootlet - ad apical disc - anc aboral nerve cord - ANT anterior - arm apical retractor muscle - b basal body - bf basal foot process - c corona - cc ciliated cleft - ce centriole - ci cilium - cl cupiform layer of the polypide rudiment - cp ciliary pit - cr ciliary rootlet - enr equatorial neural ring - g glandular cells of the pyriform organ - gl glycocalyx - go Golgi complex - gr granule - hcr horizontal ciliary rootlet - ic intercoronal cell - igf inferior glandular field - ip infrapallial cells - is internal sac - jp juxtapapillary cells - l lipid droplets - L lateral - m mesenchyme - m Type I mesenchyme cell - m Type II mesenchyme cell - m Type III mesenchyme cell - mb median band of the polypide rudiment - mc marginal cells of the apical disc - mi mitochondria - mr microridge - mv microvilli - nn nerve nodule - np neural plate - nu nucleus - O oral - oce oral ciliated epithelium - op opening to the internal sac - ovc oral vesicular collarette - p papilla of the pyriform organ - pa pallial cell - pe pallial epithelium - po pyriform organ - POS posterior - pp parasagittal patches of undifferentiated cells - pr polypide rudiment - rer rough endoplasmic reticulum - sc supracoronal cells - sg secretory granules - sgf superior glandular field - sp suprapallial cells - tc terminal cone - tf transitional filaments - u undifferentiated cells - va vacuole - vc vesicular cell - wc wedge-shaped cells of the apical disc - y yolk granule - za zonula adhaerens Caption Abbreviations Gp Glutaraldehyde-phosphate - Os Osmium     

Bau und Funktion des SüßwasserschwammsEphydatia fluviatilis L. (Porifera).

Zusammenfassung Einzelexemplare vonEphydatia fluviatilis können fusionieren, sofern diese miteinander verträglich sind. Wenige Tage alte Jungschwämme verwachsen nach der Kontaktaufnahme vollständig. Haben die jungen Schwämme ihr ausführendes Kanalsystem vor der Berührung bereits angelegt, dann bleibt die Verwachsung unvollständig, d.h., sie erfaßt nur das Pinacoderm, das einführende Kanalsystem und das Mesenchym der Partner, nicht aber das ausführende Kanalsystem. Prinzipiell unterscheidet sich die vollständige Verwachsung jedoch nicht von der unvollständigen.Bei der jahreszeitlich oder durch Gemmulabbildung bedingten Rückbildung größerer Exemplare können autonome Teilschwämme anfallen, die noch eine Zeitlang lebensfähig sind.Alle Anzeichen sprechen dafür, daß die Individuen der SchwammartEphydatia fluviatilis jeweils in einer Vielzahl von Einzelexemplaren in räumlicher Trennung leben, nach zufälligem Kontakt fusionieren, aber auch in autonome Exemplare zerfallen können.Die Individualitätsschranke verschiedener Individuen vonEphydatia fluviatilis ist unüberwindbar und vergleichsweise normal.Setzt man Individuum nicht gleich Exemplar, was ratsam erscheint, dann ist beiEphydatia fluviatilis die Individualität nicht niedrig, sondern extensiv zu veranschlagen.

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Structure and function of the fresh water spongeEphydatia fluviatilis L. (Porifera).VI. The problem of individuality

Summary Specimens ofEphydatia fluviatilis can fuse if they are compatible. Sponges only a few days old fuse completely after contact. If the young sponges have already laid down the excurrent canal system before touching one another, fusion is incomplete; if comprises only the pinacoderm, the incurrent canal system and the mesenchyme of the partner, but not the excurrent system. In principle, however, there is no difference between complete and incomplete fusion.During the seasonal disintegration or period of gemmula formation by larger specimens, parts of the body may form small autonomous sponges capable of living for some time.All the evidence indicates that individuals of the speciesEphydatia fluviatilis live in the form of many spatially distinct single specimens, which can fuse after accidental contact, and can also separate into autonomous specimens.The individuality barrier between different individuals ofEphydatia fluviatilis is insurmountable and comparatively normal.If as appears advisable, one does not equate individual with specimen , then the individuality ofEphydatia fluviatilis should be regarded as extensive rather than the opposite.

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Abkürzungen A Atrium (Abb. 1 u. 2) - A Amöbocyt (Abb. 9) - aK ausführender Kanal - DP Dermalpore - E Egestionsöffnung - eK einführender Kanal - EnP Endopinacocyten - ExP Exopinacocyten - G Gemmulaschale (Abb. 1, 2, 4, 11) - G Gemmulaanlage (Abb. 3, 7, 10) - GK Kragengeißelkammer - M Mesenchym - N Nadel - OR Oskularrohr - PD Pinacoderm - S Schwamm - S Substrat (Abb. 8) - Sp Spongin - SR Subdermalraum - VZ Verwachsungszone Die Arbeit wurde durch Mittel der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert. Für technische Assistenz danke ich Frau M. Geis, Frau U. Müller und Fräulein I. Nüssle.     

Cell division in the olfactory epithelium of the lamprey,Lampetra fluviatilis

Summary The turnover of cells within the olfactory epithelium of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis was investigated using tritiated thymidine followed by autoradiography. It was found that cell division occurred in three distinct regions of the olfactory lamellae. Two of these regions — a distal lamellar region and a proximal lamellar region occurred outside the sensory area proper, but appeared to contribute cells to the sensory area as well as giving rise to secretory or ciliated cells outside the sensory area. A third region of division occurrred at the base of the sensory area. Division of specialised basal or blastema cells in this region gives rise to cells that are confined to the sensory region of the lamellae. These findings are discussed in the light of previous studies on cell replacement within the olfactory epithelium.     

Characterization of dihydropyrimidinase from Pseudomonas stutzeri

Dihydropyrimidinase from Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 was purified 100-fold and characterized. It was found that dihydrouracil, dihydrothymine and hydantoin could serve as substrates for the partially purified enzyme. The K _m values for dihydrouracil, dihydrothymine and hydantoin were determined to be 19.6 M, 21.3 M and 36.4 M, respectively, while their respective V _max values were 0.836 mol/min, 0.666 mol/min and 2.21 mol/min. Between pH 7.5 and 9.0, enzyme activity was shown to be maximal. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 45 °C. Using gel filtration, the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be approximately 115000 Da. Metal ions were found to influence the level of enzyme activity. Dihydropyrimidinase activity was stimulated by magnesium ions and inhibited by either zinc or copper ions.     

The architecture of the canal systems of Petrosia ficiformis and Chondrosia reniformis studied by corrosion casts (Porifera,Demospongiae)

Summary The three-dimensional organization of the canal system in two sponge species, Petrosia ficiformis and Chondrosia reniformis, was studied using corrosion casts. Casts were made of live animals, in situ, and canal replicas were analzyed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In P. ficiformis the incurrent system consists of a superficial canal network giving rise to large radial canals, which ramify and anastomosize forming an internal web. Excurrent canals are arranged into modular ramified systems radiating from atrial cavities opening to the exterior. Main excurrent canals run at various depths within the sponge, even through the superficial incurrent network. Both incurrent and excurrent canal replicas show smooth, blind-ending capillaries. Some large incurrent canals merge with excurrent ones, thus bypassing choanocyte chambers. In C. reniformis there is a cortical collagen layer crossed by three-like incurrent canals, the twigs of which communicate with groups of inhalant pores. The stems of tree-like canals penetrate into the sponge medulla where they ramify and anastomosize to form a web. Main excurrent canals arise from large cloacal ducts leading to the oscular openings. They give rise to a sequence of branches intersecting the incurrent web. Both incurrent and excurrent canals have sharp, blind-ending capillaries. Morphometric data functions show that diameter scaling in canal branches is exponential in Petrosia and linear in Chondrosia. Structural differences and homologies between the two species are discussed.     

Larval development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Guancha arnesenae</Emphasis> (Porifera,Calcispongiae, Calcinea)

Larval development and follicle structure of a representative of the Calcinea (Calcispongiae) Guancha arnesenae from the White Sea have been studied for the first time at the ultrastructural level. The follicle in G. arnesenae has an unusual structure: it consists of trapezoid cells rich in phagosomes and a surrounding dense collagen layer. Follicular cells differentiate from choanocytes. Cleavage results in formation of a hollow, equal, non-polarized coeloblastula. Larval morphogenesis occurs by means of direct hollow blastula formation without any individual cell or cell layer movements. The coeloblastula (calciblastula) larva of G. arnesenae is completely ciliated. The larva also contains rare non-ciliated cells: vacuolar cells, bottle-shaped cells and free cells in a central cavity. The basal ciliary apparatus of larval cells includes the basal body, an accessory centriole oriented perpendicularly to it, the basal foot, and two cross-striated rootlets. A bundle of microtubules emerges from the side of the basal body, opposite to the basal foot, running parallel to the outer surface. All bundles of cells are parallel to each other and oriented towards the posterior larval pole, forming a transverse cytoskeletal system. Specialized intercellular junctions in the apical regions of all ciliated cells are revealed for the first time in a Calcispongiae larva. The central larval cavity contains symbiotic bacteria, which are included inside the embryo at the blastula stage.     

Fine structure of regenerating scales and their associated cells in the cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill)

Summary Scale regeneration has been studied in Hemichromis bimaculatus. The removed scale, which serves as a control, is covered by its surrounding scleroblasts as can be seen with scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, during regeneration, a population of scleroblasts arises in the empty dermal pocket as shown with transmission electron microscopy. At first, an elongated papilla of regeneration forms, probably from the differentiation of dermal fibroblasts. A scale anlage composed of the osseous layer appears in the middle of the papilla, which becomes a regenerating bag. All the surrounding large scleroblasts are involved in scale formation, although later three populations of scleroblasts specialize according to their location around the scale. Superficial scleroblasts flatten when the final thickness of the osseous layer of the scale is attained; the deep scleroblasts are responsible for the formation of the basal plate whereas marginal scleroblasts increase the diameter of the osseous layer of the scale.During scale regeneration, scleroblasts are more numerous and larger than during scale ontogenesis. In particular, deep scleroblasts form a columnar epithelium when the basal plate is laid down, a feature which is not found during scale ontogenesis. Moreover, the regenerated basal plate exhibits an orthogonal plywood arrangement that is never seen in the embryonic scale where the plywood is of the intermediate type.     

Phytoplankton biomass and primary production in semi-enclosed reef lagoons of the central Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Phytoplankton biomass and primary production rates within semi-enclosed reef lagoons of the central Great Barrier Reef were compared with adjacent shelf waters. Chlorophyll concentrations and surface primary production rates were usually higher in lagoons although seasonal differences were only significant during the summer. Nitrate concentrations were higher in lagoons than in shelf waters year-round. Nano- (<20 m size fraction) or pico-phytoplankton (<2 m size fraction) dominated phytoplankton biomass and production within reef lagoons throughout the year. Net phytoplankton (>10–20 m size fraction), however, were relatively more important in both reef lagoons and open shelf waters during the summer. Biomass-specific production within lagoons (range 41–90 mg C mg chl^–1 day^–1) was high, regardless of season. Lagoonal phytoplankton production (range 0.2–1.6 g C m^–2 day^–1) was directly correlated with standing crop and inversely related to lagoon flushing rates. Phytoplankton blooms develop within GBR reef lagoons during intermittent calm periods when water residence times exceed phytoplankton generation times.     

Lecithotrophic development and metamorphosis in the Indo-West Pacific brittle star Ophiomastix venosa (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Summary

The larval development of the ophiocomid ophiuroid Ophiomastix venosais described using SEM. The gastrula transforms into a uniformly ciliated early larva which progressively changes into a lecithotrophic late premetamorphic larva with a continuous bilateral ciliated band. This stage is short-lived and equivalent to a highly reduced ophiopluteus. Comparisons between O. venosa and other ophiuroid species whose development has been investigated suggest that, whatever the developmental mode (lecithotrophic or planktotrophic), a pluteus stage always occurs in ophiuroids with planktonic development. Two metamorphic stages were identified, the late metamorphic larva differing from the early one by the closure of the larval mouth. The appearance of the permanent mouth marks the end of the metamorphosis. The postlarva still possesses remnants of larval features. The transformation of the reduced ophiopluteus into a barrel-shaped metamorphic larva with transverse ciliated bands, a vitellaria larva, is followed. The possible occurrence of a unique type of metamorphic larva in non-brooding ophiuroids is discussed. Verification of this, however, needs further SEM investigations on metamorphic larva from species having “regular” planktotrophic development.     

Heteronuclear relayed E.COSY revisited: Determination of 3J(Hα,Cγ) couplings in Asx and aromatic residues in proteins

Constant-time 3D heteronuclear relayed E.COSY [Schmidt et al. (1996) J. Biomol. NMR, 7, 142–152], as based on generic 2D small-flip-angle HMQC-COSY [Schmidt et al. (1995) J. Biomol. NMR, 6, 95–105], has been modified to allow for quantitative determination of heteronuclear three-bond ³ J(H,C) couplings. The method is applicable to amino acid spin topologies with carbons in the position which lack attached protons, i.e. to asparagine, aspartate, and aromatic residues in uniformly ¹³C-enriched proteins. The pulse sequence critically exploits heteronuclear triple-quantum coherence (HTQC) of CH₂ moieties involving geminal H proton pairs, taking advantage of improved multiple-quantum relaxation properties, at the same time avoiding scalar couplings between those spins involved in multiple-quantum coherence, thus yielding E.COSY-type multiplets with a splitting structure that is simpler than with the original scheme. Numerical least-squares 2D line-shape simulation is used to extract ³ J(H,C) coupling constants which are of relevance to side-chain ₁ dihedral-angle conformations in polypeptides. Methods are demonstrated with recombinant ¹⁵N,¹³C-enriched ribonuclease T1 and Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin with bound oxidized FMN.     

Embryo development of Corticium candelabrum (Demospongiae: Homosclerophorida)

Abstract. Corticium candelabrum is a homosclerophorid sponge widespread along the rocky Mediterranean sublittoral. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to describe the gametes and larval development. The species is hermaphroditic. Oocytes and spermatocytes are clearly differentiated in April. Embryos develop from June to July when the larvae are released spontaneously. Spermatic cysts originate from choanocyte chambers and spermatogonia from choanocytes by choanocyte mitosis. Oocytes have a nucleolate nucleus and a cytoplasm filled with yolk granules and some lipids. Embryos are surrounded by firmly interlaced follicular cells from the parental tissue. A thin collagen layer lies below the follicular cells. The blastocoel is formed by migration of blastomeres to the morula periphery. Collagen is spread through the whole blastocoel in the embryo, but is organized in a dense layer (basal lamina) separating cells from the blastocoel in the larva. The larva is a typical cinctoblastula. The pseudostratified larval epithelium is formed by ciliated cells. The basal zone of the ciliated cells contains lipid inclusions and some yolk granules; the intermediate zone is occupied by the nucleus; and the apical zone contains abundant electron-lucent vesicles and gives rise to cilia with a single cross-striated rootlet. Numerous paracrystalline structures are contained in vacuoles within both apical and basal zones of the ciliated cells. Several slightly differentiated cell types are present in different parts of the larva. Most cells are ciliated, and show ultrastructural particularities depending on their location in the larvae (antero-lateral, intermediate, and posterior regions). A few smaller cells are non-ciliated. Several features of the C. candelabrum larva seem to support the previously proposed paraphyletic position of homoscleromorphs with respect to the other demosponges.     

Structure and occurrence of cyphonautes larvae (bryozoa,ectoprocta)

We have studied larvae of the freshwater ctenostome Hislopia malayensis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and LM of serial sections. Some additional observations on larvae of M. membranacea using SEM and CLSM are also reported. The overall configuration of muscles, nerves, and cilia of the two larvae are identical. However, the larva of H. malayensis is much smaller than that of M. membranacea, which may explain most of the differences observed. Although all major nerves and muscle strands are present in H. malayensis, they are generally composed of fewer fibers. The H. malayensis larva lacks the anterior and posterior intervalve cilia. Its pyriform organ is unciliated with only a small central depression. The adhesive epithelium is not invaginated as an adhesive sac and lacks the large muscles interpreted as adhesive sac muscles in the M. membranacea larva. The velum carries two rows of ciliated cells, though the lower “row” consists of only one or two cells. Both rows of ciliated cells are innervated by nerves, which have not been detected in the M. membranacea larva. The ciliated ridge of H. malayensis lacks the frontal cilia. The planktotrophic cyphonautes larvae in a number of ctenostome clades and in the “basal” cheilostome clade Malacostega (and probably in the earliest cheilostomes) support the idea that the cyphonautes larva is the ancestral larval type of the Eurystomata. It may even represent the ancestral larval type of the bryozoans (= ectoprocts). J. Morphol. 271:1094‐1109, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Nucleotide sequence evidence of the unicentric origin of the βC mutation in Africa

Summary The origin of the ^C mutation was studied by characterizing nucleotide sequence polymorphisms on ^C chromosomes of patients from various African countries. In the majority of cases, the ^C mutation was found in linkage disequilibrium with a single chromosomal structure as defined by classical RFLP haplotypes, intergenic nucleotide sequence polymorphisms immediately upstream of the -globin gene, and intragenic -globin gene polymorphisms (frameworks). In addition, three atypical variant chromosomes carrying the ^C mutation were observed, and are most probably explained either by a meiotic recombination (two cases) or by one nucleotide substitution occurring in an unstable array of tandemly repeated sequences (one case). These data demonstrate the unicentric origin of the ^C mutation in central West Africa, with subsequent mutational modification in a small number of instances. The data also supports gene flow of the ^C chromosome from subsaharan Africa to North Africa.     

Selective feeding by the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Tubificidae,Clitellata)

The particle size distribution of faecal pellets produced by the tubificid worm Tubifex tubifex in laboratory culture, was measured with a Coulter® Multisizer. The faecal material from worms cultured in a range of sediments was composed of particles with a mean diameter of less than 63 m, and only a few isolated larger particles were found by microscopic analysis. This suggests that this species actively selects the silt-clay fraction, avoiding larger sand particles. A more detailed analysis of faeces revealed that about 75%, by volume, was composed of particles with a mean diameter < 25m, and the mode was < 10m. T. tubifex fed selectively on the organic rich particles of the sediment, and this feeding was independent of particle size. Measurement of the organic content of faeces (measured as % loss on ignition) showed that they had a consistently higher organic content than the sediment, considered as whole sediments or the <63 m sieved fraction. On the basis of these results, we hypothesise that this species exhibits two levels of selectivity in its feeding behaviour. Thus selection is primarily based on particle size, avoiding the ingestion of sand particles and also, on the preferential selection of particles associated with organic material, within the fine (silt-clay) fraction of the sediment.     

Bau und Funktion des Süßwasserschwamms Ephydatia fluviatilis L. (Porifera)

Zusammenfassung Die Kragengeißelkammern von Ephydatia fluviatilis entstehen frei im Mesenchym. An den Entstehungsorten trifft man auf Anhäufungen rundlicher Zellen, die allem Anschein nach von Archäocyten stammen, jedoch kleiner sind als diese und einen nukleoluslosen Kern besitzen. Hierbei handelt es sich um Choanoblasten, die zunächst eine Geißel, später den Kragen ausbilden und sich als Choanocyten zu Kragengeißelkammern zusammenfügen.Die im Mesenchym vorläufig fertiggestellten Kragengeißelkammern gelangen an das Endopinacocytenepithel des ausführenden Kanalysystems. Daraufhin bilden sich die tangierten Choanocyten zu Konuszellen um. Das Endopinacocytenepithel antwortet seinerseits mit der Ausbildung einer Poruszelle pro Kragengeißelkammer. Die Porocyten gehen mittels der konfrontierten Konuszellen dauerhafte Verbindungen mit den zugehörigen, nunmehr funktionstüchtigen Kragengeißelkammern ein.

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Structure and function of the fresh-water sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis L. (Porifera)VIII. The origin and development of the flagellated Chambers and their junction with the excurrent canal system

Summary The flagellated chambers of Ephydatia fluviatilis arise at scattered sites within the mesenchyme. Each such site is marked by an accumulation of rounded cells, which appear to be derived from archaeocytes in most respects except that they are smaller than the latter and have no nucleoli in the nucleus. These are choanoblasts, which first develop a flagellum and later a collar; eventually, as choanocytes, they become arranged so as to form a flagellated chamber.Having reached this preliminary stage of completion in the mesenchyme, the flagellated chambers migrate to the endopinacocyte epithelium of the excurrent canal system. Then the choanocytes at the contact point are converted to cone cells. The endopinacocyte epithelium in turn responds by developing one pore cell for each flagellated chamber. The porocytes become permanently joined to the chamber by way of the adjacent cone cells, and from this time on the flagellated chamber is functional.

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Abkürzungen A Archäocyte - aK ausführender Kanal - B Bakterien - Ch Choanocyte - eK einführender Kanal - G Geißel - GK Kragengeißelkammer - GK-A Anlage von Kragengeißelkammern - K Zellkern - Kr Kragen - KZ Konuszelle - M Mesenchym - N SiO₂-Nadel - PC Endopinacocyten - PD Pinacoderm - PV pulsierende Vakuole - PZ Porenzelle - S Gemmulaschale - Sk Skleroblast - Sp Spongin - SR Subdermalraum     

Untersuchungen zur Ultrastruktur der Choanocyte von Ephydatia fluviatilis L.

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund elektronenmikroskopischer Befunde wird die Morphologie der Choanocyten des Süßwasserschwammes Ephydatia fluviatilis beschrieben. Die Choanocyte besteht aus Zelleib, Geißel und Kragen. Der Zelleib ist gekennzeichnet durch einzelne Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums, die der basalen und zum Teil der lateralen Zellmembran parallel anliegen. Die kontraktilen Vakuolen der Choanocyten entleeren ihren Inhalt in das Lumen der Geißelkammer. In einigen Choanocyten kann senkrecht zum Basalkörper ein Procentriol nachgewiesen werden. Die Geißel zeichnet sich durch Plasmaleisten und Fahnen aus. Die den Kragen aufbauenden etwa 35 Fibrillen werden als Mikrovilli gedeutet. Vereinzelt tritt an der Basis des Kragens ein Faltenmuster auf.

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Ultrastructure of choanocytes in Ephydatia fluviatilis L.

Summary The morphology of the choanocytes of the freshwater sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis, is described on the basis of electron microscope studies. The cell body of the choanocytes bears a cilium and a collar. In the cell body characteristic single cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum are found in juxtaposition with the basal and lateral plasmalemmata. The contractile vacuoles extrude their contents into the lumen surrounded by the collar chamber. In some choanocytes a procentriole is found in addition to the typical basal body. The cilium of the choanocytes is characterized by cytoplasmic crests and thread-like extensions. The collar is formed by approximately 35 microvilli which show a peculiar arrangement. Occasionally, the basis of the collar displays cytoplasmic folds.

Die Arbeit wurde teilweise mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose with immobilized beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were synthesized from lactose by immobilized and free -galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Lactozym 3000 L HP-G) using either focused microwave irradiation or conventional heating. Immobilization of the -galactosidase on to Duolite A-568 increased the synthesis of GOS. GOS selectivity (GOS synthesis/lactose hydrolysis ratio) increased when the water activity of the media was reduced, notably with a high initial lactose concentration but also by using co-solvents in the media. The advantage of microwave heating on GOS formation was also examined. Addition of solvent and carrying out the reaction under microwave irradiation resulted an increase in the production of GOS. The selectivity for GOS synthesis can be increased by 217-fold under microwave irradiation, using immobilized -glucosidase and with added co-solvents such as hexanol.