嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌来源β-葡萄糖苷酶的重组表达与酶学性质

【背景】β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.21,β-glucosidase),是纤维素分解酶系中的重要组成部分,目前工业上应用的β-葡萄糖苷酶多数来源于植物和真菌,来源于细菌的较少,且应用中还存在酶活力偏低、热稳定性差、反应条件适用范围窄、酶活力易受产物反馈抑制等问题,增加了经济成本。嗜热微生物具有特殊的遗传信息资源,极有可能从中挖掘到酶学性质优良的新型β-葡萄糖苷酶,从而解决工业难题。【目的】从嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans)基因组中挖掘新型β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,通过基因重组、异源表达和蛋白纯化技术制备新型β-葡萄糖苷酶,并探究其酶学性质,为新型β-葡萄糖苷酶在纤维素水解等领域的应用奠定基础。【方法】人工合成新型β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl52,构建重组表达质粒pET22b-bgl52,并用电脉冲法转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中实现可溶性表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化得到高纯度的β-葡萄糖苷酶Bgl52。【结果】实现重组表达质粒pET22b-bgl52在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的可溶性表达,并获得β-葡萄糖苷酶Bgl52纯蛋白,蛋白分子量...     

嗜热厌氧乙醇杆菌α-葡萄糖苷酶基因的表达及酶学性质的研究

用PCR方法从嗜热厌氧乙醇杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)JW200中扩增出编码a-葡萄糖苷酶的基因,将其克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pTrc99A上并获得表达a-葡萄糖苷酶的大肠杆菌重组菌。重组菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测出蛋白相对分子量约89kDa,经阴离子交换层析和凝胶层析纯化后的a-葡萄糖苷酶最适反应温度为70℃,最适反应pH为5～5.5,且在pH 5.5～6.5之间有较高的稳定性。重组a-葡萄糖苷酶在70℃下105 min后酶活仍达到80%。     

一株β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

【目的】分离获得β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株,确定该菌分类地位,并对其所产β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质进行初步研究。【方法】采用七叶灵显色法从土壤样品中筛选β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌,再用对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)显色法进行复筛;通过形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列相似性分析等方法确定其分类学地位;利用超滤、疏水层析、阴离子层析、分子筛层析法对β-葡萄糖苷酶进行分离纯化;以PNPG为底物,测定β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应pH及最适反应温度,通过双倒数作图法确定β-葡萄糖苷酶催化不同底物水解的米氏常数Km值。【结果】从土壤样品中筛选得到一株β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株ZF-6C,初步鉴定为Bacillus korlensis;芽胞杆菌ZF-6C所产β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子量约为90 kD,最适反应pH和温度分别为7.0和40°C,该酶具有水解β(1,4)糖苷键的活性,最适底物为邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,Km值为0.73 mmol/L。金属离子Ca2+、Pb2+增强酶活,而Cu2+、Fe2+抑制酶活。【结论】首次报道从Bacillus korlensis中分离得到β-葡萄糖苷酶,Bacillus korlensis ZF-6C所产β-葡萄糖苷酶在分子量、最适反应条件及底物特异性等方面均不同于已知酶,可能为一结构新颖且催化效率较高的β-葡萄糖苷酶。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶在工农医领域的应用

β-葡萄糖苷酶能够水解多种β-葡萄糖苷.它与其他纤维素酶共同作用,可以将自然界中含量丰富的纤维素水解成人类可以直接利用的能源物质--葡萄糖;β-葡萄糖苷酶在医学上也有重要的应用,它可用于一些肿瘤疾病的诊断和治疗.人缺乏β-葡萄糖苷酶,可以引起葡萄糖苷-N-脂酰鞘氨醇在巨噬细胞溶酶体内积累,引发戈谢病(Gaucher disease).     

β-葡萄糖苷酶在酿酒酵母表面的表达

应用表面表达技术对来自Trichodermareesei的β-葡萄糖苷酶在酿酒酵母表面的表达及后期性质进行了研究。实验结果表明酵母表面表达酶有活性,该酶的最佳诱导时间为24h,最适温度是70℃,而酶活的最适pH是5．5。使异源表面表达了Bgl1的酵母在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,发酵结果表明纤维二糖被明显利用了,但在培养186h后,发酵液中仍残留一定量的纤维二糖。这种技术对纤维素发酵系统中纤维二糖酶活性低的现状有所帮助。     

烟曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

探索获得优良的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,对实现其工业化生产具有重要意义。烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus基因组中含有一个bgl基因(1 752 bp),编码的蛋白约65 kDa,推测为属于糖苷水解酶家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶。将bgl基因克隆并构建了重组表达载体pGEX-bgl,转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导获得表达。重组蛋白经亲和层析纯化后,以七叶苷为底物进行了酶学分析,结果表明该酶的最适温度是45℃,最适pH在5.5~6.0之间,对七叶苷的Km值为17.7 mmol/L。该酶在pH 4~7范围内稳定;70℃保温2 h后仍能保持60%的活性。金属离子和化学试剂对酶活性有不同程度的影响,Ca2+对重组酶有轻微的激活作用,而SDS可强烈抑制其活性。由于其相对于真菌来源的其他葡萄糖苷酶稳定性较高,为进一步的研究与应用奠定了基础。     

黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学特性研究

研究黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学特性,采用酶学研究方法,通过硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-25脱盐和Sephadex G-100纯化了β-葡萄糖苷酶,并进行了黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应温度、最适pH、热稳定性、pH稳定性及米氏常数等特性研究,采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳测定了分子量。研究表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应温度为70℃、最适反应pH为4.5;在40、50和60℃下较稳定,80℃以上稳定性差;β-葡萄糖苷酶在pH为3、7、8、9的缓冲液中的稳定性很差,在pH为4、5、6的缓冲液中稳定性较好,其中在pH为5时,稳定性最好;酶的Km=41.67 mmol/L,Vmax=23.81 U/L;其分子量为65.2 ku。β-葡萄糖苷酶在饲料工业具有良好的应用前景。     

差异柠檬酸杆菌GXW-1 β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质及分子改造

【目的】筛选鉴定1株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株,克隆、表达该菌株中的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,研究重组酶的酶学性质并进行分子改造。【方法】在自然界中采集土样,筛选到1株具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的菌株,对野生菌进行16S rDNA鉴定,比对分析Gen Bank数据库中与野生菌同属的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因序列,设计简并引物PCR扩增基因保守区;设计引物扩增目的基因,以pQE30为表达载体构建重组质粒,转化至大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达;采用镍亲和层析对重组酶进行纯化,研究其酶学性质;采用易错PCR和定点随机突变相结合的方法对野生型β-葡萄糖苷酶进行分子改造。【结果】一个来自于差异柠檬酸杆菌GXW-1的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因被克隆并在大肠杆菌中表达。酶学性质研究结果表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶CBGL的最适温度为45°C,最适p H为6.0,V_(max)值是(0.1704±0.0073)μmol/(mg·min),K_(cat)值为(0.2380±0.0102)/s。CBGL能水解α-pNPG、甜菊苷、黄豆苷和染料木苷。对野生酶进行分子改造,获得V_(max)是野生酶2.54倍的突变体W147F。【结论】CBGL不仅具有β-1,4-糖苷键水解能力,还可能具有一定的α-糖苷键水解酶活性。此外,CBGL还能够水解天然底物甜菊苷、黄豆苷和染料木苷。这些特性表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶在理论研究及在工业中有一定的应用价值。     

嗜热古菌Infirmifilum uzonense来源的双功能高温β-葡萄糖苷酶IuBgl3的原核表达及酶学性质分析

β-葡萄糖苷酶在食品、医药、生物质转化等领域具有重要的应用价值,因此发掘适应性强、性质优良的β-葡萄糖苷酶是国内外研究热点。本研究从嗜热古菌Infirmifilum uzonense中成功克隆出一个GH3家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,命名为Iubgl3。基因序列分析显示Iubgl3全长为2109bp,编码702个氨基酸,理论分子量为77.0kDa。将该基因在大肠杆菌中进行克隆表达并对纯化后的IuBgl3进行酶学性质研究。结果显示,重组酶IuBgl3最适pH5.0,最适温度85℃。该酶具有良好的热稳定性,80℃处理2h后仍能保持85%以上的酶活力。其具有优良的pH稳定性,在pH4.0−11.0范围内处理1h,仍维持85%以上的酶活力。通过底物特异性测定发现,该酶对对硝基苯-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷(p-nitrophenylβ-d-glucoside,pNPG)和对硝基苯-β-d-吡喃木糖苷(p-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside,pNPX)均有很高的水解能力,是典型的双功能酶。以pNPG为底物时的动力学参数K_m和V_max分别为0.38mmol和248.55μmol/(mg·min),催化效率k_cat/K_m=6149.20s⁻¹mmol⁻¹。大多数金属离子对IuBgl3的酶活力没有显著影响,SDS可导致酶完全失活,而EDTA却能提高30%的酶活力。本研究丰富了高温古菌GH3家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,获得了一个稳定性优良的高温酸性双功能酶,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的提纯与性质

从黑曲霉Aspergillus niger,发酵液中分离提纯了β-葡萄糖苷酶。提纯步骤通过(NH₄)₂SO₄分级沉淀,DEAE-Sephadex A-50和Sephadex G-100等三步纯化,得到凝胶电泳均一的β-葡萄糖苷酶。该酶的最适pH4.5,最适温度60℃,Km为0.44(pNPG),并有较好的热稳定性。用SDS-凝胶电泳法和凝胶色谱法测得该酶的分子量为120 000。     

The efficacy of two immunostimulants against Flavobacterium columnare infection in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Bacterium Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in many wild and farmed fish species. Immunostimulants are used with success in aquaculture against many pathogens, but the ability to improve innate resistance to columnaris disease has not been studied. Fingerling rainbow trout were treated with two immunostimulants, yeast β-glucan and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Selected innate immune function parameters, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by whole blood and by isolated head kidney leukocytes, plasma lysozyme activity and complement bacteriolytic activity, were determined to assess the immune status of fish. The fish were then bath challenged with virulent F. columnare bacteria, and the mortality of fish was recorded. Given orally both stimulants raised the levels of immune function parameters, but did not improve survival in challenge at any concentration of the stimulants used. Intra peritoneal injection of β-glucan increased parameter values several fold, but no beneficial effect of injected glucan on survival was noted. As a control, antibiotic medication administered prior to and during the challenge infection prevented the mortality. Innate immune mechanisms, even when induced to high levels with immunostimulants, as evidenced here, were not able to increase resistance against F. columnare. This may be connected to the external character of the infection. The results from the treatments with β-glucan and HMB suggest that there is little prospect of preventing columnaris disease by means of immunostimulants in early life stage of rainbow trout. However, the efficacy of other immune stimulants remains open.     

Cloning and characterization of femA and femB from Staphylococcus epidermidis

A DNA fragment was identified and cloned from Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) using femA from S. aureus (Sa) as a heterologous hybridization probe. DNA sequence analysis of a portion of this clone revealed two complete ORFs highly related to femA and femB of Sa. The genomic arrangement of the Se femA/B complex was nearly identical to that observed in Sa. Intra- and interspecies relatedness of these genes and conservation of genomic organization were consistent with gene duplication of one of these genes in an ancestral organism. Recombinant FEMA, produced in Escherichia coli (Ec), was purified to near homogeneity. Identity of the purified protein was verified by N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence analysis.     

类芽孢杆菌来源D-甘露醇氧化酶的性质及制备D-甘露糖的应用

D-甘露糖具有多种功能活性,在食品、医药、农业等行业应用广泛。D-甘露醇氧化酶可以高效地将D-甘露醇转化为D-甘露糖,在D-甘露糖的酶法制备中具有应用潜力。从类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.) HGF5中发掘出一个D-甘露醇氧化酶(PsOX),与天蓝链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)来源的D-甘露醇氧化酶(AldO)氨基酸序列相似性为50.94%,分子量约为47.4 kDa,构建了重组表达质粒pET-28a-PsOX并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,PsOX对D-甘露醇的K_m、k_cat/K_m值分别为5.6 mmol/L、0.68 L/(s∙mmol),最适pH和温度分别为7.0和35 ℃,在60 ℃以下保持稳定。PsOX对400 mmol/L D-甘露醇的摩尔转化率为95.2%。利用PsOX与AldO全细胞分别催化73 g/L D-甘露醇,PsOX反应9 h后反应完全,生成70 g/L D-甘露糖,相较于AldO具有更高的催化效率。PsOX作为新型D-甘露糖氧化酶为D-甘露糖的酶法制备提供了依据。     

Heterologous expression and characterization of man gene from Bacillus Subtilis in Pichia Pastoris

β-Mannanase catalyzes endo-wise hydrolysis of the backbone of mannan and heteromannan, which are abundant in the cell wall structure of ungerminated leguminous seeds. The mature β-mannanase originated from Bacillus subtilis was expressed in Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast, using the leader peptide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor. The cultivation of β-mannanase expressing Pichia pastoris yields up to 1.8 g/L protein. In the supernatant the activity of the 40 kDa—total mannanase attained a level of 1102.0 IU/mL. The properties of the β-mannanase were characterized. Optimum pH and temperature for the recombinant enzyme were 5.5 and 50°C respectively. The enzyme was stable at pH 5.0–10.0 and maintained over 30% original activity after incubating at 70°C for 30 min. __________ Translated from China Biotechnology, 2005, 26(7): 52–56 [译自: 中国生物工程杂志]     

Extremophile extracts and enhancement techniques show promise for the development of a live vaccine against Flavobacterium columnare

The effects of temperature, ionic strength, and new cryopreservatives derived from polar ice bacteria were investigated to help accelerate the development of economical, live attenuated vaccines for aquaculture. Extracts of the extremophile Gelidibacter algens functioned very well as part of a lyophilization cryoprotectant formulation in a 15-week storage trial. The bacterial extract and trehalose additives resulted in significantly higher colony counts of columnaris bacteria (Flavobacterium columnare) compared to nonfat milk or physiological saline at all time points measured. The bacterial extract combined with trehalose appeared to enhance the relative efficiency of recovery and growth potential of columnaris in flask culture compared to saline, nonfat milk, or trehalose-only controls. Pre-lyophilization temperature treatments significantly affected F. columnare survival following rehydration. A 30-min exposure at 0 °C resulted in a 10-fold increase in bacterial survival following rehydration compared to mid-range temperature treatments. The brief 30 and 35 °C pre-lyophilization exposures appeared to be detrimental to the rehydration survival of the bacteria. The survival of F. columnare through the lyophilization process was also strongly affected by changes in ionic strength of the bacterial suspension. Changes in rehydration constituents were also found to be important in promoting increased survival and growth. As the sodium chloride concentration increased, the viability of rehydrated F. columnare decreased.     

双孢蘑菇酪氨酸酶基因在酿酒酵母中的异源表达及其酶学特性

【目的】在酿酒酵母中异源表达双孢蘑菇来源的酪氨酸酶基因PPO2,并研究酪氨酸酶在酿酒酵母胞内及胞外的酶学特性。【方法】提取双孢蘑菇总RNA,通过RT-PCR克隆酪氨酸酶基因PPO2,构建表达载体pSP-G1-PPO2,并转化至酿酒酵母进行表达,采用镍亲和层析纯化蛋白并研究其酶学性质。【结果】在酿酒酵母中正确表达了大小为65 kDa的酪氨酸酶蛋白。重组酶能催化底物酪氨酸产生黑色素。体外活性测定表明,酪氨酸酶催化最适温度为45°C,以酪氨酸和多巴为底物时最适pH分别为7.0和8.0。在酿酒酵母中测得底物酪氨酸浓度低于2.5 mg/mL时,黑色素的产量与底物浓度呈现正相关性。【结论】来源于双孢蘑菇的酪氨酸酶基因PPO2在酿酒酵母中成功表达,重组酶具有良好的酶学特性。利用酪氨酸酶产物黑色素的产量与底物浓度呈现正相关性这一特性,可将其作为细胞酪氨酸产量的传感器,为高通量筛选酪氨酸高产菌株提供了思路。     

Cloning and characterization of a secY homolog from Chlamydia trachomatis

Characterization of the genes involved in the process of protein translocation is important in understanding their structure-function relationships. However, little is known about the signals that govern chlamydial gene expression and translocation. We have cloned a 1.7 kb HindIII-PstI fragment containing the secY gene of Chlamydia trachomatis. The complete nucleotide sequence reveals three open reading frames. The amino acid sequence shows highest homology with Escherichia coli proteins L15, SecY and S13, corresponding to the spc- ribosomal protein operons. The product of the C. trachomatis secY gene is composed of 457 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 50 195 Daltons. Its amino acid sequence shows 27.4% and 35.7% identity to E. coli and Bacillus subtilis SecY proteins, respectively. The distribution of hydrophobic amino acids in the C. trachomatis secY gene product is suggestive of it being an integral membrane protein with ten transmembrane segments, the second, third and seventh membrane segments sharing > 45% identity with E. coli SceY. Our results suggest that despite evolutionary differences, eubacteria share a similar protein export apparatus.     

Structure of chondroitin sulfates analyses of the products formed from chondroitin sulfates A and C by the action of the chondroitinases C and AC from Flavobacterium heparinum

The structures of chondroitin sulfate A from whale cartilage and chondroitin sulfate C from shark cartilage have been examined with the aid of the chondroitinases AC and C from Flavobacterium heparinum. The analyses of the products formed from the chondroitin sulfates by the action of the chondroitinases have shown that three types of oligosaccharides compose the structure of chondroitin sulfate A, namely, a dodeca-, hexa- and a tetra-saccharide, containing five, two and one 4-sulfated disaccharides per 6-sulfated disaccharide residue, respectively. The polymer contains an average of 3 mol of each oligosaccharide per mol of chondroitin sulfate A. Each mol of chondroitin sulfate C contains an average of 5 mol of 4-sulfated disaccharide units. A tetra-saccharide containing one 4-sulfated disaccharide and one 6-sulfated disaccharide was isolated from this mucopolysaccharide by the action of the chondroitinase C, indicating that the 4-sulfated disaccharides are not linked together in one specific region but spaced in the molecule.     

Glucosidases specific for the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin. Purification and characterization of beta-glucosidases from Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott]

beta-Glucosidases have been isolated from Alocasia macrorrhiza plants. The enzymes are highly specific for the hydrolysis of the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin endogenous to this plant. Upon chromatography of protein extracts on cation exchange resins and Sephadex G-200, separation into various enzymatically active bands was observed. The main fractions possess molecular weights of approximately 310000 and 105 000, as shown by preparative ultracentrifugation in a linear saccharose gradient. The beta-glucosidases are composed of subunits (molecular weight 55 000 to 60 000), as revealed by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. The result of alkaline disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel suggest that the beta-glucosidase fraction with molecular weight 105 000 is a dissociation product of the 310 000 molecular-weight species. The isoelectric points of the various beta-glocusidase bands, obtained by isoelectric focusing, vary between pH 4.5 and 5.0. The beta-glucosidases show a pronounced specificity for triglochinin. The Km for this substrate (3 times 10(-5) M) is 50 to 100-fold lower than for all other substrates hydrolyzed. Of the other cyanogenic glycosides, only those with an aromatic aglycone, (S)-configuration at the asymmetric carbon atom of the aglycone and glucose as sugar moiety were hydrolyzed to a measurable extent. The pH optimum of the enzyme reaction is 5.5, the temperature optimum around 50 degrees C. Cu2 ions and glucono-1,5-lactone inhibit beta-glucosidase activity approximately 50% at a concentration of 5 times 10(-4) M, while Hg2,Ag and p-chloromercuribenzoate show the same percent inhibition at 5 times 10(-7) M. Lipophilic solvents (ethanol, ethylene glycol monomethylether) activate the beta-glucosidase activity, preferentially by influencing the V values of the enzymes.