几种耐热戴氏霉对秸秆的降解效果

【目的】测定6株戴氏霉(Taifanglania)的生长温度特性及其对秸秆的降解效果。【方法】通过定时测定不同培养温度下的菌落直径绘制6株戴氏霉菌株的生长曲线;采用苯胺蓝法、愈创木酚法和木质素磺酸钙降解试验测定其木质素降解能力;用羧甲基纤维素钠水解圈测定法和胞外酶活测定法判定其对纤维素的降解能力;以失重法和范氏洗涤剂法检测其对水稻秸秆的降解效果。【结果】所试的耐热戴氏霉菌株均能耐受50 °C的高温,并能产生纤维素酶,但不同菌株产生的木质素降解酶有所差异;均具有降解秸秆的能力,其中合川戴氏霉(T. hechuanensis) H08.1菌株降解能力最强,其次是灰戴氏霉(T. cinerea) H57.1菌株,其秸秆降解率分别为50.2%和42.2%。【结论】合川戴氏霉H08.1菌株和灰戴氏霉H57.1菌株在秸秆的降解利用上具有潜在开发价值。     

三株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌的筛选及其降解效果

【目的】利用多种筛选方法,获得高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌,并研究其秸秆纤维素的降解能力。【方法】采用滤纸片孔洞法、滤纸条降解法、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、秸秆失重法、纤维素分解率测定法、胞外酶活测定法等常规秸秆纤维素降解菌的筛选方法。【结果】筛选到3株具有较强纤维素降解能力的真菌菌株,经初步鉴定菌株98MJ为草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)、菌株W3为木霉(Trichoderma sp.)、菌株W4为扩张青霉(Penicillium expansum)。菌株W4具有非常强的秸秆纤维素降解能力,10d内对秸秆的降解率可达56.3%,对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的分解率分别为59.06%、78.75%和33.79%。菌株W4的胞外纤维素酶活力在14.25-49.75U/mL之间。【结论】筛选获得3株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌菌株,其中菌株W4的纤维素酶活高于已报道的菌株,是一株十分具有研究开发潜力的纤维素酶生产菌株。     

一株培菌白蚁后肠木聚糖降解细菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁肠道微生物菌群中分离能降解木聚糖的细菌。【方法】以木聚糖为唯一碳源,利用刚果红染色,根据透明圈大小进行筛选。通过显微形态,革兰氏染色及16S r RNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定。二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定细菌生长过程中木聚糖酶酶活变化,比较酶活与菌株生长状况的关系。【结果】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中筛选到一株具有较高木聚糖降解活性的革兰氏阳性菌Mb1,16S r RNA基因序列分析表明为类芽孢杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.Mb1。该菌培养72 h后菌体浓度达到最高,木聚糖酶酶活主要存在于培养液上清中,酶活在对数期增长快,在培养96 h时达到最高值,之后趋于稳定。【结论】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中分离出一株具有较高木聚糖酶活的类芽孢杆菌,可作为产细菌木聚糖酶的潜在优良菌株。     

解糖热解纤维素菌F32降解未预处理秸秆及产纤维素酶特性分析

【目的】明确极端嗜热厌氧木质纤维素降解菌解糖热解纤维素菌F32代谢特征,并分析其产酶特性。【方法】使用细胞计数法绘制菌株的生长曲线,使用离子色谱及气相色谱进行产物和残糖量分析,以DNS法及对硝基苯酚法检测菌株胞外蛋白的酶活性。【结果】解糖热解纤维素菌F32在以葡萄糖、微晶纤维素和未经预处理小麦秸秆为碳源时生长状况优于解糖热解纤维素菌DSM 8903。在以葡萄糖为碳源进行培养时,与菌株DSM 8903相比,菌株F32具有产乳酸较多,而产氢气较少的特点。在以微晶纤维素和未经预处理小麦秸秆为碳源进行培养时,与菌株DSM 8903相比,菌株F32胞外蛋白具有较高的内切纤维素酶活性和木聚糖酶活性。【结论】解糖热解纤维素菌F32表现出较强的木质纤维素降解能力,其与DSM 8903的产物组成及胞外蛋白的酶活性具有明显差异。     

一株低温玉米秸秆降解真菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【背景】在我国北方地区玉米秸秆还田时期地温低、秸秆降解慢,如何加速玉米秸秆低温腐解成为研究热点。【目的】从冷凉地区土壤中筛选具有高效降解纤维素能力的低温菌株,为秸秆的有效利用奠定基础。【方法】在低温培养条件下,采用稀释涂布平板法、羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、胞外酶活测定法、秸秆失重法进行低温秸秆降解菌株的初筛、复筛和秸秆降解性能的测定;根据菌株形态学特征及ITSrDNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定;利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)法和秸秆失重法对菌株在不同接种量、培养基初始pH、温度情况下的纤维素酶活力和玉米秸秆降解能力进行研究。【结果】以16°C为筛选温度,获得一株在刚果红-羧甲基纤维素钠平板上D/d值为2.17、CMC酶活力为703 U/mL的高产纤维素酶低温真菌SDF-25;该菌株在4°C可以生长,10-16°C为最适生长温度,37°C条件下仍能生长;综合菌株的形态学和分子生物学测定结果,菌株SDF-25为草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum);该菌株最佳产纤维素酶的培养条件为接种量2%、初始pH为7.0、培养温度为10°C,在该培养条件下菌株SDF-25的CMC酶活为993.3 U/mL。失重法测定接种SDF-25于10°C培养15 d时秸秆降解率为39.5%,16°C时为44.9%。【结论】草酸青霉菌SDF-25可在低温条件下生长并具有较强的纤维素酶生产能力,在秸秆还田方面具有良好的应用前景。     

里氏木霉VPS13基因缺失对菌丝分支、生孢和纤维素酶产量的影响

【目的】丝状真菌里氏木霉是纤维素酶生产的主要工业真菌。纤维素酶分泌过程中的蛋白运输途径是控制大量纤维素酶成功输出的重要环节,因此,研究蛋白分泌途径的特定靶标基因功能将有助于鉴定纤维素酶运输分泌过程的关键调控因子。本研究借助基因敲除方法将里氏木霉液泡蛋白分选相关基因VPS13缺失,分析了该基因缺失对菌株生长、生孢尤其是纤维素酶分泌的影响。【方法】利用Double-joint PCR技术和同源重组策略构建里氏木霉VPS13基因缺失突变株,通过菌丝培养、显微观察、生孢检测、蛋白与酶活测定,系统比较VPS13基因敲除前后菌株的生长特征、菌丝形态、孢子形成、蛋白分泌以及纤维素酶活等。【结果】成功获得两株VPS13基因缺失株。与出发菌株相比,该基因突变后菌丝蔓延速率明显减慢,但菌体生物量在对数生长期后显著增多。通过显微观察,发现该基因缺失株菌丝更加密集,分支明显增多。此外,该基因缺失也导致菌株生孢延迟。纤维素底物平板分析发现VPS13基因缺失株菌落周围透明圈更加清晰,且透明圈圈径比是出发菌株的4倍,说明降解纤维素的能力有明显提高。进一步的液体发酵实验结果显示,该基因缺失导致蛋白产量及纤维素酶活力分别提高16.4%和21.9%。【结论】里氏木霉VPS13基因在菌丝生长、生孢、蛋白分泌等不同生物学过程中具有功能多样性,且该基因在菌种改良上可以作为提高纤维素酶产量的重要靶点。     

几株解纤维素生防芽孢杆菌的分子鉴定及其抗逆促生特性分析

【目的】探究青藏高原解纤维素生防芽孢杆菌资源。【方法】采用BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析、gyr B基因及16S r RNA基因序列分析,对分离自青海互助北山桦树根围的5株芽孢杆菌进行分子鉴定;通过CMC法检测菌株降解纤维素活性;平板对峙法检测菌株拮抗病原真菌及病原细菌活性;检测菌株的耐盐性、低温适生性;测定菌株促种子萌发及幼苗生长特性。【结果】5株菌均鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;具有显著降解纤维素的特性,在CMC平板上形成纤维素降解透明圈直径≥20 mm;对油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、瓜类枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)及植物梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora)均有显著拮抗活性;菌株可在含Na Cl浓度为11%的LB平板上正常生长,在10°C低温条件下生长良好;菌株BS11、BS12菌悬液(细胞浓度106 CFU/m L)可促进水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长。【结论】5株B.amyloliquefaciens菌株为抗逆性强的、具有降解纤维素活性的生防芽孢杆菌,在青藏高原生态农业及畜牧产业中具有应用潜力。     

大庆地区玉米秸秆分解微生物的筛选及初步研究

目的从大庆地区土壤样品中分离能够降解玉米秸秆的菌株。方法采用刚果红染色法和滤纸片失重法筛选得到具有较高降解纤维素能力的菌株,进一步测定菌株对玉米秸秆中纤维素的降解能力,最后测定温度和p H对菌株生长的影响。结果得到能够降解玉米秸秆的菌株4株,其中4#菌株的纤维素降解能力为23.32%,秸秆失重率为28.86%,相对适宜的培养温度为37℃,p H为6.0-7.0。结论得到一株具有较高秸秆分解能力的大庆地区土壤本源菌。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素分解菌的分离、鉴定及其酶学特性

【目的】分离高效降解纤维素的嗜热厌氧菌,通过与嗜热产乙醇菌株联合培养的方式,为生产纤维素乙醇提供微生物资源。【方法】利用厌氧分离技术从降解纤维素的马粪富集物中分离到一株嗜热厌氧细菌HCp。采用形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、结合16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定该菌株的分类地位,利用DNS酶活分析方法测定此分离菌株的酶学性质。【结果】分离菌株HCp革兰氏染色阴性,直杆,细胞单个或成对出现,菌体大小为(0.35-0.50)μm×(2.42-6.40)μm,严格厌氧,形成芽胞,能运动,对新霉素有一定的抗性。此菌能利用滤纸纤维素、纤维素粉、微晶纤维素、脱脂棉和水稻秸秆、明胶等,还可以利用葡萄糖、纤维二糖、木糖、木聚糖、果糖、蔗糖、核糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、山梨糖、海藻糖、蜜二糖、甘露糖等。该菌株在pH6.5-8.5、温度35-70℃、盐浓度0%-1.0%范围内利用纤维素生长,最适pH为6.85,最适温度为60℃,最适NaCl浓度为0.2%,最佳生长条件下,在10 d内滤纸纤维素降解率可达90.40%。在HCp的纤维小体中,滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶的最适作用温度分别为70℃、70℃、70℃、60℃,并且羧甲基纤维素酶具有较高的热稳定性。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株HCp与Acetivibrio cellulolyticus、A.cellulosolvens相似性为97.5%。【结论】分离菌株HCp是从马粪富集物中分离到的一株嗜热厌氧细菌,该菌具有较强的降解纤维素能力,生长温度范围广,酶的热稳定性好,纤维素底物利用广泛等特性,为纤维素降解产乙醇提供了良好的材料。     

一组降解纤维素细菌的分离筛选及产酶特性研究

用稀释法从腐殖泥中分离菌株,根据它们在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)-刚果红培养基上的透明圈直径及对滤纸的崩解能力,获得7株纤维素分解细菌(编号:B-37、B-35、B-31、B-25、B-17、Z-a和Z-b),其中菌株Z-b的纤维素崩解能力最强,分子鉴定结果表明它与Stenotrophomonas maltophilia的16S rDNA序列有99.8%的同源性,初步确定为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。适合7个菌株生长的C源为马铃薯浸出液,无机盐组分为:CaCl_2 0.20、MgSO_4 1.25、NaCl 5.00、(NH_4)_2SO_4 1.30、KH_2PO_4 1.35、FeSO_4·7H_2O 0.015、Na-EDTA 0.02g/L。在滤纸为唯一碳源的培养基中,菌株Z-b的滤纸酶(FPase)和CMC酶(CMCase)活性最大,为0.099 U/mL和0.075 U/mL,而在固体PSA上,菌株B-31和B-37的FPase和CMCase活性最高,为0.131 U/mL和0.175 U/mL。7个细菌单独发酵,Z-b对滤纸的崩解能力最强,滤纸块完全崩解成粉未状;与真菌34混合发酵,菌株组合Z-a+34、Z-b+34、B-31+34、B-25+34将滤纸完全水解为水溶性物质。可见,各菌株的纤维素酶活与培养条件密切相关,某些真菌、细菌间存在协同作用,它们混合发酵可大大提高纤维素的水解效率。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.