森林生态系统服务价值及其补偿校准——以马尾松林为例

森林补偿资金分配与生态系统服务脱钩,是长期以来制约森林生态保护制度发挥作用的关键因素。建立森林生态保护成效与资金分配挂钩的激励约束机制,对于完善生态补偿制度、保障国家生态安全具有重要意义。以马尾松林为例,运用野外调查、实验室实验等方法,精准计量评价马尾松林的固碳、水源涵养、固土保肥、生物多样性等4种主要生态系统服务;以皮尔(R.Pearl)生长曲线为基础构建生态补偿算法,测算基于生态系统服务价值的马尾松林补偿标准。第一,马尾松林生态系统服务价值为10335.86—16358.06元hm~(-2)a~(-1),固碳价值为165.93—521.03元hm~(-2)a~(-1),水源涵养价值为5024.47—11788.30元hm~(-2)a~(-1),固土保肥价值为3597.84—6405.04元hm~(-2)a~(-1),生物多样性价值为178.57—1346.15元hm~(-2)a~(-1)。第二,固碳价值、固土保肥价值在空间上呈现出随纬度增加而减小的格局,水源涵养价值、生物多样性价值与前两者分布格局相反。植被类型、经营方式影响马尾松林生态系统服务价值,混交林生态系统服务价值大于纯林,间伐补植的马尾松林生态系统服务价值高于皆伐后营造的林分。第三,马尾松林生态系统服务补偿标准为0.15×10~3—1.43×10~3元hm~(-2)a~(-1),大小主要受生态系统服务单价影响。本研究为森林生态系统服务精确计量评价、森林生态系统服务补偿标准的确定提供科学量化的依据。     

石羊河流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系研究

生态系统服务权衡与协同研究是国际生态学、地理学等学科研究的热点。以石羊河流域为研究区,借助In VEST模型,对流域2005、2010和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存和生物多样性五项服务进行精准测度,分析服务的时空格局及演变特征,并利用相关系数法逐像元定量计算5种服务之间的权衡与协同关系,从不同尺度分析权衡与协同关系的空间格局特征。结果表明:(1)各项服务具有空间异质性:水源涵养、土壤保持、碳储存、生物多样性呈"西南高-东北低"的空间格局,且水质净化、碳储存服务的高值区沿河流分布。(2) 10年期间,水源涵养、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性服务呈现"整体增加-局部减少"的变化趋势,而土壤保持呈"整体减少-局部增加"的变化特征。(3)多种服务之间权衡与协同关系具有区域依赖特征:水源涵养与土壤保持、水源涵养与水质净化、水质净化与碳储存、水质净化与生物多样性、土壤保持与碳储存、土壤保持与生物多样性以权衡关系为主;水源涵养与碳储存、水源涵养与生物多样性、土壤保持与水质净化、碳储存与生物多样性以协同关系为主。定量可视化评估生态系统服务及权衡关系,为制定区域发展与生态保护双赢政策提供依据,同时也为其他流域的相关研究提供可靠参考。     

Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests

In many parts of the world forest disturbance regimes have intensified recently, and future climatic changes are expected to amplify this development further in the coming decades. These changes are increasingly challenging the main objectives of forest ecosystem management, which are to provide ecosystem services sustainably to society and maintain the biological diversity of forests. Yet a comprehensive understanding of how disturbances affect these primary goals of ecosystem management is still lacking. We conducted a global literature review on the impact of three of the most important disturbance agents (fire, wind, and bark beetles) on 13 different ecosystem services and three indicators of biodiversity in forests of the boreal, cool‐ and warm‐temperate biomes. Our objectives were to (i) synthesize the effect of natural disturbances on a wide range of possible objectives of forest management, and (ii) investigate standardized effect sizes of disturbance for selected indicators via a quantitative meta‐analysis. We screened a total of 1958 disturbance studies published between 1981 and 2013, and reviewed 478 in detail. We first investigated the overall effect of disturbances on individual ecosystem services and indicators of biodiversity by means of independence tests, and subsequently examined the effect size of disturbances on indicators of carbon storage and biodiversity by means of regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated the effect of commonly used approaches of disturbance management, i.e. salvage logging and prescribed burning. We found that disturbance impacts on ecosystem services are generally negative, an effect that was supported for all categories of ecosystem services, i.e. supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (P < 0.001). Indicators of biodiversity, i.e. species richness, habitat quality and diversity indices, on the other hand were found to be influenced positively by disturbance (P < 0.001). Our analyses thus reveal a ‘disturbance paradox’, documenting that disturbances can put ecosystem services at risk while simultaneously facilitating biodiversity. A detailed investigation of disturbance effect sizes on carbon storage and biodiversity further underlined these divergent effects of disturbance. While a disturbance event on average causes a decrease in total ecosystem carbon by 38.5% (standardized coefficient for stand‐replacing disturbance), it on average increases overall species richness by 35.6%. Disturbance‐management approaches such as salvage logging and prescribed burning were neither found significantly to mitigate negative effects on ecosystem services nor to enhance positive effects on biodiversity, and thus were not found to alleviate the disturbance paradox. Considering that climate change is expected to intensify natural disturbance regimes, our results indicate that biodiversity will generally benefit from such changes while a sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services might come increasingly under pressure. This underlines that disturbance risk and resilience require increased attention in ecosystem management in the future, and that new approaches to addressing the disturbance paradox in management are needed.     

基于服务簇的东北地区生态系统服务权衡与协同

生态系统服务簇是多种生态系统服务的组合,能够表征生态系统服务间权衡与协同关系,可为制定有效的区域社会-生态系统管理方案提供科学依据。研究采用全局Moran′s I指数、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法,系统阐明了东北地区6种生态系统服务的组成、权衡与协同、作用机制和区域差异。结果表明:(1)6种生态系统服务均表现出显著的正空间自相关(Moran′s I0),即各生态系统服务存在空间聚类分布,而非随机分布;(2)聚类分析将东北地区划分为南部经济-生态协调区、东北部森林生态平衡区、西部防风固沙区和中部粮食生产区四个生态功能区;(3)水源涵养、固碳和土壤保持服务之间具有极显著的协同关系(r=0.73,r=0.70,r=0.80),而防风固沙和土壤保持服务之间存在极显著的权衡关系(r=-0.22);(4)东北部森林生态平衡区和南部经济-生态协调区的固碳能力显著高于西部防风固沙区和中部粮食生产区,中部粮食生产区的食物供给服务和生物多样性服务则较高。开展基于服务簇的生态系统服务权衡与协同的研究,有助于针对每种生态功能服务簇制定相应的管理方案,促进各个生态功能区经济、社会、资源与生态环境的全面协调可持续发展。     

城市郊区小尺度森林生态系统服务功能评估

该研究以沙塘林场为例,筛选出沙塘林场森林生态系统服务功能评估指标体系,包括7项功能13个指标,并制定具体评价方法。利用广西柳州市沙塘林场2009年森林资源二类调查数据、连续观测数据和社会公共数据,采用?森林生态系统服务功能评估规范?( LY/T1721-2008),评估柳州市郊区小尺度森林生态系统服务功能的总物质量及其价值量。结果表明：沙塘林场每年每公顷涵养水源量为5051.04 m3,固土29.30 t,林分年保肥量1.09 t,固碳5.27 t,释氧11.49 t。沙塘林场森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为78077001元.a-1,每公顷提供的生态服务价值为79630元. hm-2. a-1,沙塘林场各功能项价值量从大到小顺序为涵养水源(52.02％)>固碳释氧(22.36％)>生物多样性保护(12.61％)>净化大气环境(5.06％)>保育土壤(3.84％)>森林游憩(3.09％)>积累营养物质(1.03％)。不同林分类型单位面积生态系统服务功能价值由大到小的顺序为桉类(104673.43元.hm-2.a-1)>其他阔叶林(95538.66元.hm-2.a-1)>经济林(69537.58元.hm-2.a-1)>松类(69433.52元.hm-2.a-1)>杉木类(58820.11元.hm-2.a-1)。沙塘林场单位面积涵养水源量(5051.04 m3.hm-2.a-1)大于广西区单位面积涵养水源量(3368.32m3.hm-2.a-1);沙塘林场的固碳量(5.27 t.hm-2. a-1)大于广西森林的平均固碳量(3.52 t.hm-2.a-1),森林游憩的单位面积价值量也大于广西全区的平均价值量。这说明城市郊区小尺度森林在涵养水源、固碳释氧、森林游憩等方面的生态功能价值在当地生态系统服务功能中起到关键作用。该研究结果可为城市郊区小尺度森林生态功能的评估提供理论参考,为柳州市生态文明建设提供科学依据。     

中国西南地区不同类型生态系统服务的关系

明晰不同类型生态系统服务之间关系是优化生态保护策略和实现可持续生态管理的基础。在明确中国西南地区各类生态系统服务功能和空间格局的基础上,运用统计分析原理、ArcGIS技术和GeoDa软件分析了水源涵养、土壤保持、固碳、生物多样性保护、水质净化5项调节服务,以及水稻生产、小麦生产、玉米生产、蔬菜生产、水果生产5项供给服务之间的权衡和协同关系,并通过叠置分析识别生态系统服务共赢区域,探讨生态系统类型对共赢格局的影响。结果表明: 西南地区各类调节服务之间、各类供给服务之间主要呈协同关系,而调节服务与供给服务之间既有协同关系也有权衡关系;西南地区生态系统服务总共赢格局的高共赢区域主要分布在邛崃山、哀牢山和大瑶山以及怒江、澜沧江流域等地区;森林和农田面积比例对各类共赢趋势均有显著影响。     

Using assessment of net ecosystem services to promote sustainability of golf course in China

Golf courses have been shown to have a positive impact on local biodiversity, quality of life and the economy. However, the impacts of golf courses on local environment, including ecosystem services and dis-services are not clearly understood. To explore this relationship, we took two golf courses in Beijing (a links course and a parkland course) to develop an assessment framework and present estimates of economic values of net ecosystem services, in aspects of ecosystem goods, carbon fixation, soil retention, flood storage, recreation, water consumption and nonpoint-source pollution. The results showed that the two golf courses have provided remarkable net ecosystem services values (links 51.58 × 10⁴ yuan/ha/yr, parkland 42.60 × 10⁴ yuan/ha/yr, 6.19 yuan = 1 US$ in 2013). Over 95% of this value is generated by three services: recreation, ecosystem goods and flood storage. Our results indicate that the parkland course has better performance in sustainable supply of ecosystem services than the links course. In addition, this study provides useful improvements for golf course design and management concerning positive environmental externalities optimizing, including the scaling of non-playing areas to maximize golf course ecosystem services supply capacity, appropriate grass species selecting and irrigation with recycled water. Moreover, a policy analysis suggests that the development of public golf course in China is a necessary complement to resolve the mismatch between private and public benefits and let more people enjoy the ecosystem services.     

Quantifying ecosystem service trade‐offs for plantation forest management to benefit provisioning and regulating services

There is increasing interest worldwide regarding managing plantation forests in a manner that maintains or improves timber production, enhances ecosystem services, and promotes long‐term sustainability of forest resources. We selected the Gan River Basin, the largest catchment of Poyang Lake and a region with a typical plantation distribution in South China, as the study region. We evaluated and mapped four important forest ecosystem services, including wood volume, carbon storage, water yield, and soil retention at a 30 × 30 m resolution, then quantified their trade‐offs and synergies at the county and subwatershed scales. We found that the wood volume and carbon storage services, as well as the soil retention and water yield, exhibited synergistic relationships. However, the carbon storage displayed a trade‐off relationship with the water yield. Additionally, we compared the beneficial spatial characteristics among dominant species in the study region. The results showed that the Chinese fir forest and the pine forest exhibited lower overall benefits than natural forests including the broad‐leaved forest and the bamboo forest. To propose a suitable management strategy for the study region, method of spatial cluster analysis was used based on the four eco‐services at the subwatershed scale. The basin was divided into four management groups instead of treating the region as a homogenous management region. Finally, we proposed more specific and diverse management strategies to optimize forest benefits throughout the entire region.     

Forest biodiversity,ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services

Forests are critical habitats for biodiversity and they are also essential for the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services that are important to human well-being. There is increasing evidence that biodiversity contributes to forest ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Here we provide a review of forest ecosystem services including biomass production, habitat provisioning services, pollination, seed dispersal, resistance to wind storms, fire regulation and mitigation, pest regulation of native and invading insects, carbon sequestration, and cultural ecosystem services, in relation to forest type, structure and diversity. We also consider relationships between forest biodiversity and multifunctionality, and trade-offs among ecosystem services. We compare the concepts of ecosystem processes, functions and services to clarify their definitions. Our review of published studies indicates a lack of empirical studies that establish quantitative and causal relationships between forest biodiversity and many important ecosystem services. The literature is highly skewed; studies on provisioning of nutrition and energy, and on cultural services, delivered by mixed-species forests are under-represented. Planted forests offer ample opportunity for optimising their composition and diversity because replanting after harvesting is a recurring process. Planting mixed-species forests should be given more consideration as they are likely to provide a wider range of ecosystem services within the forest and for adjacent land uses. This review also serves as the introduction to this special issue of Biodiversity and Conservation on various aspects of forest biodiversity and ecosystem services.     

Biodiversity and ecosystem services: lessons from nature to improve management of planted forests for REDD-plus

Planted forests are increasingly contributing wood products and other ecosystem services at a global scale. These forests will be even more important as carbon markets develop and REDD-plus forest programs (forests used specifically to reduce atmospheric emissions of CO₂ through deforestation and forest degradation) become common. Restoring degraded and deforested areas with long-rotation planted forests can be accomplished in a manner that enhances carbon storage and other key ecosystem services. Knowledge from natural systems and understanding the functioning novel of ecosystems can be instructive for planning and restoring future forests. Here we summarize information pertaining to the mechanisms by which biodiversity functions to provide ecosystem services including: production, pest control, pollination, resilience, nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, and water quality and quantity and suggest options to improve planted forest management, especially for REDD-plus.     

济南市森林生态系统服务功能空间格局研究

森林生态系统服务同人类福祉密不可分,日益成为全球经济的重要组成部分。依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T1721-2008）,以济南市森林生态系统为研究对象,对济南市森林生态系统服务功能进行量化评估,得出济南市年森林生态系统涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护、生物多样性保护、森林游憩的价值为264.41亿元,其中涵养水源、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护排在前3位;各区/县年森林生态系统服务功能价值量排序为：历城区 > 长清区 > 章丘市 > 平阴县 > 商河县 > 济阳县 > 市中区 > 天桥区 > 历下区 > 槐荫区;除森林防护功能以外,其他各项森林生态系统服务功能价值量的空间格局分布大体上均呈现南部 > 北部 > 中部的趋势。     

中国经济林生态系统服务价值评估

基于中国经济林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用第6次全国森林资源清查数据和国内外权威部门公布的价格参数数据,利用市场价值法、费用代替法、替代工程法等方法定量评价了2003年我国不同省份经济林生态系统的服务价值.结果表明：2003年,我国经济林生态系统服务总价值为11763.39×10⁸元,经济林产品总价值占总生态价值的19.93%,经济林除为社会提供直接产品外,还具有巨大的生态经济价值;各项功能的价值量依次为涵养水源＞固碳制氧＞生物多样性保护＞保育土壤＞净化环境＞营养积累;我国各省区经济林生态系统服务价值的空间格局与水热条件和生物多样性的分布具有趋同性.了解各省区经济林生态系统服务价值的差异,对改变目前我国经济林生产布局的不合理与经营上的弊端以及引导经济林向优质、高效、现代化方向健康发展具有重要意义.     

Aquatic biodiversity in forests: a weak link in ecosystem services resilience

The diversity of aquatic ecosystems is being quickly reduced on many continents, warranting a closer examination of the consequences for ecological integrity and ecosystem services. Here we describe intermediate and final ecosystem services derived from aquatic biodiversity in forests. We include a summary of the factors framing the assembly of aquatic biodiversity in forests in natural systems and how they change with a variety of natural disturbances and human-derived stressors. We consider forested aquatic ecosystems as a multi-state portfolio, with diverse assemblages and life-history strategies occurring at local scales as a consequence of a mosaic of habitat conditions and past disturbances and stressors. Maintaining this multi-state portfolio of assemblages requires a broad perspective of ecosystem structure, various functions, services, and management implications relative to contemporary stressors. Because aquatic biodiversity provides multiple ecosystem services to forests, activities that compromise aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity could be an issue for maintaining forest ecosystem integrity. We illustrate these concepts with examples of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services in forests of northwestern North America, also known as Northeast Pacific Rim. Encouraging management planning at broad as well as local spatial scales to recognize multi-state ecosystem management goals has promise for maintaining valuable ecosystem services. Ultimately, integration of information from socio-ecological ecosystems will be needed to maintain ecosystem services derived directly and indirectly from forest aquatic biota.     

面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营:现状、挑战与展望

森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,它具有很高的生物生产力和生物量以及丰富的生物多样性,对全球生态系统和人类经济社会发展起着至关重要和无可替代的作用。伴随着人口的不断增长和经济社会的迅猛发展,对森林资源和森林生态系统服务的需求不断高涨,而且人类对森林资源价值的认识也发生了很大程度的改变。推进森林资源可持续经营,增加森林总量、提高森林质量、增强生态功能,已成为中国林业可持续发展乃至推进中国生态文明建设和建设美丽中国的战略任务。本文全面综述了森林生态系统经营发展历程,分析了森林生态系统经营的现状和存在问题,在此基础上,提出整合基于生态系统管理与满足现代人类福祉对森林多重需求的新的森林生态系统经营理念,面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营理念是未来的发展趋势。森林经营发展战略表现为:1)从单纯的森林面积数量扩张,转变到提高单位面积的森林生产力和森林质量;2)从单一追求木材生产逐步转变为多目标经营,将森林林产品单一的经营目标转变为广泛的生态、经济和社会等多目标经营;3)森林经营重点从林分水平转变为森林景观的经营,强调森林景观的时空异质性和动态变化,权衡和协同多种生态系统的服务功能,倡导森林景观的多样性和连通性,提高森林与其它土地利用模式镶嵌构成的复合景观的可持续性和稳定性,增强森林生态系统对气候变化影响的适应能力;4)森林生态系统经营将从依赖传统经验的主观决策转变为信息化、数字化和智能化的决策,发展森林生态系统经营决策支持系统和森林景观恢复与空间经营规划系统。     

集成生态系统服务与生物多样性的系统保护规划

生物多样性和生态系统服务的保护与可持续管理是当今世界面临的重大挑战之一,但如何判识与优化集成生态系统服务与生物多样性保护对象的保护优先区网络,相关研究还很有限。针对“三江并流”区,选取珍稀濒危与特有动植物物种和自然植被类型作为生物多样性保护对象,以调节服务(碳存储、固碳和土壤保持)、文化服务(自然游憩)和供给服务(水源供给)为生态系统服务保护对象。应用系统保护规划方法,首先判识出单一生物多样性和生态系统服务保护优先区;然后,分析这些保护优先区间的相关关系,并选择与生物多样性正相关的生态系统服务类型,判识集成生态系统服务与生物多样性的保护优先区;最后,评估了集成生态系统服务与生物多样性保护优先区在六类已建保护地中的保护状况。结果表明：(1)“三江并流”区多情景规划得到的生物多样性与生态系统服务保护优先区之间均呈正相关关系;(2)与分别针对生态系统服务和生物多样性的规划情景相比,集成生态系统服务与生物多样性保护优先区能够同时对两类保护对象提供最高的保护覆盖率;(3)集成生态系统服务和生物多样性保护优先区占研究区总面积的48.9%,其已建保护地覆盖率为32.5%,说明现有保护地体系仍存在保护...     

森林管理的生态效应研究进展

森林管理是实现森林生产效益最大化的主要措施,是增加碳吸收以减缓气候变暖的关键手段,是调节区域水文循环的有效途径,是保护地以外实现生物多样性保护目标的重要补充。然而,追求单一生产功能的传统森林管理弱化了其他生态功能,并对森林景观结构和生物多样性产生负面影响。全球80%以上森林由于人类活动呈现不同程度退化进而影响人类福祉,森林管理需要优化以追求多维生态功能的协同共赢。当前,对于森林管理的生态效应仍有较多争论或未形成明确认识,可持续森林管理能否取得额外的气候效益仍有待确认,森林管理如何影响不同区域的水文生态功能仍未形成明确认识,不同类型森林管理或多或少、或正面或负面影响栖息地及不同种类生物多样性的强度和方向不明确。因此,森林管理的生态效应是一个值得深入探索的问题,未来需要深入量化不同管理措施对气候变化缓解、水文循环调节、生物多样性保护乃至提供其他生态功能的作用,将维持或提升生态功能及生物多样性作为可持续森林管理的一个重要目标,通过优化森林管理策略开展森林提质增效以获得最大收益。     

Land management implications for ecosystem services in a South African rangeland

In South Africa, restoration and sustainable management of historically overgrazed and degraded rangelands are promoted to increase biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. This study evaluates different land management scenarios in terms of ecosystem services in a South African rangeland, the Baviaanskloof catchment. As measured data were limited, we used simple models to quantify and map the effect of the different combination of agricultural, nature conservation and restoration practices on multiple ecosystem services. The land management scenarios were evaluated against management targets set for individual ecosystem services. Results highlight how the provision of ecosystem services is related to land management as unmanaged, pristine ecosystems provide a different mix of ecosystem services than ecosystems recently restored or managed as grazing lands. Results also indicate that historically overgrazed lands provide no forage, may retain 40% less sediment and have 38% lower biodiversity, while providing 60% more fuel wood and supplying two and half times more water (i.e. retaining less water), than pristine or restored lands. We conclude that a combination of light grazing, low input agriculture, nature conservation and restoration is the best for the sufficient provision of multiple ecosystem services. Applying such mixed management would improve biodiversity, ecotourism and maintain forage production and regulating services on farmers’ land. This management option also fits into and further optimizes local decision-makers’ vision regarding the future management of the area.     

四川省生物多样性与生态系统多功能性分析

生态系统服务与人类福祉和可持续发展息息相关,近年来生物多样性丧失极大影响了生态系统服务。探究生物多样性与生态系统服务之间的关系成为当前生态学领域内的一个重大科学问题。以四川省各乡镇为单元,计算了景观尺度上的多样性指数,评估了四川省水土保持功能、水源涵养功能、固碳功能,并研究了两者之间关系。结果表明：在景观尺度上,Shannon''s多样性指数、修正Simpson''s多样性指数、景观丰度三种多样性指数可以较好表征四川省生物多样性空间分布格局。由景观丰度、欧式最近邻距离的标准差、景观丰度密度构成解释变量矩阵,RDA模型矫正解释率42.25%（P<0.001）,可更好解释由土壤保持功能、水源涵养功能、固碳功能构成的响应变量矩阵。四川省生物多样性及生态系统服务关系的模式有以下几种：（1）成都平原区区县空间距离较近,在生态系统服务和生物多样性梯度均差异较小;（2）盆周山地区、盆地丘陵区各区县在水土保持功能梯度上差异较大,与多样性关系较弱;（3）川西高原区区县在固碳、水源涵养梯度上差异较大,并有协同关系,多样性梯度差异较大;（4）川西高山峡谷区、西南山地区区县之间生态系统服务和多样性差异较大,生态系统服务可能存在强烈权衡关系,需进一步引入解释因子。     

农业景观异质性对生物多样性与生态系统服务的影响研究进展

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地,农业景观及其提供的生物多样性和生态系统服务是影响人类福祉的最主要因素之一。系统梳理了景观异质性变化对生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的相关研究,总结指出:(1)农业景观格局变化会强烈的影响着区域生物多样性和生态系统服务,但总体上更关注了空间异质性,对于时间和功能异质性的研究仍需加强;(2)尺度效应、大尺度上景观背景的差异、种间差异、营养级联效应等会对景观异质性和生物多样性、生态系统服务间的关系产生显著的、综合的、交互的影响效应。未来区域农业景观中如何通过景观构建和管理措施的施行来确保生物多样性与生态系统服务供给的持续稳定仍需进一步加强以下内容的研究:景观异质性变化在时间上和功能上的影响效应及其阈值的探讨;跨尺度、多因素、多物种类群与多生态系统服务的综合及其交互作用;不同生物类群和不同生态系统服务间的权衡;景观异质性提高与有效生境面积下降及其引起的生物随机丧失间的权衡等问题。     

湟水流域生态系统服务供需匹配关系

生态系统服务供需可以反映出区域生态经济发展协调水平,在空间上量化生态系统服务的供给和需求,识别生态系统服务的供需匹配关系,对区域生态系统可持续管理具有重要意义。湟水流域是西北生态屏障建设的重要组成部分,其生态系统服务供需平衡直接关系到青海东部地区的生态安全,为了识别流域生态系统服务供需匹配状况,综合集成多源数据,运用多种生物物理模型定量评估湟水流域食物生产、产水、土壤保持和碳固定服务,刻画流域内生态系统服务供需格局的空间特征,揭示各项生态系统服务供需的空间聚集模式,生成具有高度连通性的区域,为生态优先保护区划分提供参考。研究表明：（1）湟水流域生态系统服务供给和需求在空间分布上具有高度异质性,除去产水服务,其他三项生态系统服务整体上能够满足流域内部需求,但局部区域仍然呈现明显的赤字特征;（2）不同生态系统服务的供需比差异明显,由高到低依次为是碳固存（0.188）、食物生产（0.114）、土壤保持（0.026）和产水服务（-0.021）,各项服务的供需比都具有显著的空间差异;（3）流域内生态系统服务供需的空间错配现象突出,除产水服务外,各项生态系统服务都有"高供给低需求"地区和"低供给高需求"地区,"高供给低需求"区主要分布在流域上游生态基底条件好的区域,"低供给高需求"区集中在流域中下游的河湟谷地;（4）土地利用类型影响生态系统服务供需平衡,流域实现供需平衡需要适度增加林草地比例,控制耕地和城市用地的扩张。研究系统分析了湟水流域生态系统服务供需盈亏状况,可为流域生态系统可持续管理与土地资源配置决策提供科学支撑。