疱疹病毒与内质网应激

内质网是分泌型蛋白和膜蛋白折叠及翻译后修饰的主要场所.病毒感染所引起的宿主细胞内环境的改变可使细胞或病毒的未折叠和/或错误折叠蛋白在内质网中大量聚集,使内质网处于生理功能紊乱的应激状态.为了缓解这种应激压力,细胞会启动未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),并通过一系列分子的信号转导维持内质网稳态;同时病毒也会通过对UPR的精密调控...     

Acetylcholine ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation via M3 AChR-AMPK signaling

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. However, its pathophysiological relevance and the underlying mechanisms in the context of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in endothelial cells are not fully understood. Previous findings have suggested that acetylcholine (ACh), the major vagal nerve neurotransmitter, protected against cardiomyocyte injury by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This study investigated the role of ER stress in endothelial cells during H/R and explored the beneficial effects of ACh. Our results showed that H/R triggered ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells, evidenced by the elevation of glucose-regulated protein 78, cleaved caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein expression. ACh significantly decreased ER stress and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling positive cells and restored ER ultrastructural changes induced by H/R, possibly via protein kinase-like ER kinase and inositol-requiring kinase 1 pathways. Additionally, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, a type-3 muscarinic ACh receptor (M3 AChR) inhibitor, abolished ACh-mediated increase in AMPK phosphorylation during H/R. Furthermore, M3 AChR or AMPK siRNA abrogated the ACh-elicited the attenuation of ER stress in endothelial cells, indicating that the salutary effects of ACh were likely mediated by M3 AChR-AMPK signaling. Overall, ACh activated AMPK through M3 AChR, thereby inhibited H/R-induced ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells. We have suggested for the first time that AMPK may function as an essential intermediate step between M3 AChR stimulation and inhibition of ER stress-associated apoptotic pathway during H/R, which may help to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting ER stress to prevent or alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

氧化应激对原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞中内质网应激及凋亡因子的影响

目的：研究氧化应激对原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激及凋亡因子的影响。方法：实验分2组：对照组、氧化应激组。原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞,氧化应激组在培养的原代心房肌细胞中加入终浓度为100μmol/L的H₂O₂培养2 h,检测氧化和抗氧化指标超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、丙二醛（MDA）及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量;检测细胞凋亡、细胞GRP78、GRP94及chop、bax、bcl-2 mRNA表达。结果：与对照组相比较,氧化应激组心房肌细胞SOD活力和GSH含量下降、MDA含量增加（P < 0.01）,细胞凋亡增加（P < 0.01）,细胞GRP78、GRP94、chop、bax mRNA表达增加、bcl-2 mRNA表达减少（P < 0.01）。结论：氧化应激反应可能介导内质网应激反应并激活促凋亡因子表达,抑制抗凋亡因子表达,引起心房肌细胞凋亡增加。这可能与心房纤颤的发生有一定关联性。     

内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制

内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs）是内质网腔内错误折叠蛋白聚积的一种适应性反应,适度ERs通过激活未折叠蛋白反应起适应性的细胞保护作用,而过高和持久的ERs则通过诱导转录因子CHOP表达、激活caspase-12和c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）等导致细胞凋亡。近年来,越来越多的研究提示内质网应激是神经退行性病变、2型糖尿病以及肥胖等疾病发生过程中的重要环节。对内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制进行综述。随着对ERs机制理解的深入,有可能会发现新的分子标志物或新的诊疗策略。     

内质网应激与心血管疾病研究概述

内质网应激是继死亡受体信号途径和线粒体途径之后新近发现的一条细胞凋亡通路,适度的应激可通过未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)产生细胞保护作用,但当应激过强或长时间不缓解时则会触发CHOP、ASK1/JNK及Caspases等通路诱导细胞凋亡。近年来研究发现内质网应激参与多种心血管疾病的发生发展,通过对相关通路的干预可以产生心肌细胞的保护作用,这有望成为防治心脏疾病的新靶点。     

Salinomycin induces cell death with autophagy through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells

Salinomycin is perhaps the first promising compound that was discovered through high throughput screening in cancer stem cells. This novel agent can selectively eliminate breast and other cancer stem cells, though the mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we found that salinomycin induced autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that salinomycin stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated autophagy via the ATF4-DDIT3/CHOP-TRIB3-AKT1-MTOR axis. Moreover, we found that the autophagy induced by salinomycin played a prosurvival role in human NSCLC cells and attenuated the apoptotic cascade. We also showed that salinomycin triggered more apoptosis and less autophagy in A549 cells in which CDH1 expression was inhibited, suggesting that the inhibition of autophagy might represent a promising strategy to target cancer stem cells. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that combination treatment with salinomycin and pharmacological autophagy inhibitors will be an effective therapeutic strategy for eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells.     

Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and alters lysosomal morphology and distribution

Disturbances in proteostasis are observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. This leads to activation of protein quality control to restore proteostasis, with a key role for the removal of aberrant proteins by proteolysis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a protein quality control mechanism of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is activated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Recently we showed that the major proteolytic pathway during UPR activation is via the autophagy/lysosomal system. Here we investigate UPR induction if the other major proteolytic pathway of the ER -ER associated degradation (ERAD)-is inhibited. Surprisingly, impairment of ERAD results in decreased UPR activation and protects against ER stress toxicity. Autophagy induction is not affected under these conditions, however, a striking relocalization of the lysosomes is observed. Our data suggest that a protective UPR-modulating mechanism is activated if ERAD is inhibited, which involves lysosomes. Our data provide insight in the cross-talk between proteolytic pathways involved in ER proteostasis. This has implications for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease where disturbed ER proteostasis and proteolytic impairment are early phenomena in the pathology.     

内质网过度应激在肺缺血/再灌注小鼠心肌损伤中的作用

目的：探讨内质网过度应激与肺缺血/再灌注小鼠心肌损伤的关系。方法：雄性健康SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠40只,随机将其分为4组（n=10）：假手术组（Sham组）、肺缺血/再灌注组（I/R组）、ERS通路激动剂衣霉素（TM）组、ERS通路抑制剂4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）组。采用夹闭左侧肺门30 min再灌注180 min的方法制备肺缺血/再灌注损伤模型。Sham组仅行开胸处理,不夹闭肺门,机械通气210 min;TM组、4-PBA组分别于造模前30 min腹腔注射衣霉素1 mg/kg和4-苯基丁酸400 mg/kg。于再灌注180 min时眼眶取血行心肌酶检测,处死后取心肌组织,行光镜、TUNEL Caspase 3酶活性、RT-PCR和Western blot检测。结果：与Sham组比较,光镜下I/R组、TM组和4-PBA组心肌细胞均有损伤性变化,肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性及心肌细胞凋亡指数、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶3（Caspase 3）酶活性升高,p-Jun氨基末端激酶（p-JNK）、Caspase 12、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）及其mRNA表达上调（P<0.01）;与I/R组比较,TM组光镜下心肌细胞损伤加重,血清CK-MB、LDH活性及心肌细胞凋亡指数、Caspase 3酶活性升高,p-JNK、Caspase 12、CHOP和GRP78蛋白及mRNA表达增加（P<0.01）,4-PBA组以上指标均下降,光镜下心肌细胞损伤减轻（P<0.01）;与TM组比较,4-PBA组光镜下心肌细胞损伤减轻,血清CK-MB、LDH活性及心肌细胞凋亡指数、Caspase 3酶活性降低,p-JNK、Caspase 12、CHOP和GRP78蛋白及mRNA表达下降（P<0.01）。结论：内质网过度应激参与肺I/R诱发的心肌损伤,抑制内质网过度应激能减轻心脏损伤。     

内质网应激及其特有凋亡途径Caspase-12与糖尿病大鼠肾组织固有细胞凋亡之间的关系

目的：检测内质网应激（ERS）标志蛋白在糖尿病大鼠肾组织的表达及其与细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法：单侧肾切除大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病,于8周应用免疫组织化学检测GRP78、Caspase-12、PCNA的表达与定位,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡部位,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡程度,并对GRP78、Caspase-12表达水平进行半定量分析,同时观察尿蛋白、BUN、尿肌酐等反应肾功能的相关指标。结果：建模8周,糖尿病组大鼠较对照组肾小球、肾小管凋亡细胞数明显增多,GRP78、Caspase-12表达显著增强。PCNA表达与对照组无明显差异。结论：糖尿病肾损害过程中,ERS被诱导并可能通过激活其特有的凋亡途径Caspase-12引起肾脏细胞过多丢失在糖尿病肾病的发病机制中起重要作用。     

Inhibition of microRNA-103 attenuates inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerosis through disrupting the PTEN-mediated MAPK signaling

Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic disorder of large arteries, is the underlying pathological process of heart disease and stroke. Former researchers have found that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in the several key processes of AS. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) to establish AS model. The expression of miR-103 was characterized in the mice model. The effects of miR-103 on inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) were analyzed when the expression of miR-103 was inhibited in ApoE ^−/− mice fed an HFD and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The relationship between miR-103 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was identified by luciferase activity detection and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Gain- and loss-function approaches were further applied for investigating the regulatory effects of miR-103 and PTEN on ERS. Role of MAPK signaling was then analyzed using PD98059 to block this pathway. miR-103 was highly expressed in the ApoEApoE ^−/− mice fed an HFD. Downregulation of miR-103 suppressed inflammation and ERS in endothelial cells isolated from ApoE ^−/− mice fed a HFD and ox-LDL-exposed HAECs. In addition, miR-103 can target PTEN and downregulate its expression. Overexpression of PTEN reversed the miR-103-induced activation of MAPK signaling. Moreover, PTEN upregulation or MAPK signaling inhibition ease miR-103-induced inflammation and ERS in vivo and in vitro. Thus, miR-103 depletion restrains the progression of AS through blocking PTEN-mediated MAPK signaling.     

Changes in endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins and aldolase A in cells exposed to dopamine

In Parkinson's disease, oxidative stress is implicated in protein misfolding and aggregation, which may activate the unfolded protein response by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Dopamine (DA) can initiate oxidative stress via H₂O₂ formation by DA metabolism and by oxidation into DA quinone. We have previously shown that DA quinone induces oxidative protein modification, mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, and dopaminergic cell toxicity in vivo and in vitro . In this study, we used cysteine- and lysine-reactive fluorescent dyes with 2D difference in-gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and peptide mass fingerprint analysis to identify proteins in PC12 cell mitochondrial-enriched fractions that were altered in abundance following DA exposure (150 μM, 16 h). Quantitative changes in proteins labeled with fluorescent dyes indicated increases in a subset of proteins after DA exposure: calreticulin, ERp29, ERp99, Grp58, Grp78, Grp94 and Orp150 (149–260%), and decreased levels of aldolase A (39–42%). Changes in levels of several proteins detected by 2D difference in-gel electrophoresis were confirmed by western blot. Using this unbiased proteomics approach, our findings demonstrated that in PC12 cells, DA exposure leads to a cellular response indicative of ER stress prior to the onset of cell death, providing a potential link between DA and the unfolded protein response in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.     

Suppressive effects of 4-phenylbutyrate on the aggregation of Pael receptors and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is defined as an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) has been demonstrated to promote the normal trafficking of the DeltaF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutant from the ER to the plasma membrane and to restore activity. We have reported that 4-PBA protected against cerebral ischemic injury and ER stress-induced neuronal cell death. In this study, we revealed that 4-PBA possesses chemical chaperone activity in vitro, which prevents the aggregation of denatured alpha-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of 4-PBA on the accumulation of Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor (Pael-R) pathologically relevant to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). Interestingly, 4-PBA restored the normal expression of Pael-R protein and suppressed ER stress induced by the overexpression of Pael-R. In addition, we showed that 4-PBA attenuated the activation of ER stress-induced signal transduction pathways and subsequent neuronal cell death. Moreover, 4-PBA restored the viability of yeasts that fail to induce an ER stress response under ER stress conditions. These results suggest that 4-PBA suppresses ER stress by directly reducing the amount of misfolded protein, including Pael-R accumulated in the ER.