土壤中高产蛋白酶菌株产酶条件及酶学性质

【背景】微生物蛋白酶已经成为工业用蛋白酶的主要来源,筛选具有特殊环境适应性的微生物成为生物酶资源的开发热点。【目的】通过对青藏高原土壤微生物产蛋白酶菌株的筛选、优化及相关特性研究,寻找新的蛋白酶资源,为高原菌种资源利用提供科学依据。【方法】采用形态学和分子生物学对筛选菌株进行菌种鉴定,利用单因素试验和正交试验对菌株进行发酵条件优化及酶学性质的探究。【结果】筛选出一株高产蛋白酶菌株XC2,经鉴定菌株XC2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。XC2最优产酶条件:可溶性淀粉4.0%,牛肉膏1.0%,K~+0.6%,培养温度34°C、初始pH 7.0、接种量2.0%的条件下200 r/min振荡培养13 h,所产蛋白酶活力最高为638.5 U/mL。XC2所产蛋白酶最适反应温度60°C,最适pH9.0;40-50°C、pH8.0-10.0条件下酶活稳定性较高;Mn~(2+)对酶活力有明显激活作用,而Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Fe3+对酶活力有明显抑制作用。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌XC2有较强的产碱性蛋白酶的能力,具有较好的应用前景。     

分解玉米赤霉烯酮菌株的分离、鉴定及其产酶特征

【目的】从发酵食品材料中筛选出对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)有分解作用的微生物,研究其分解效率及产酶特征并进行菌种鉴定。【方法】利用添加ZEN毒素类似物(PL)的固体培养基对25种发酵食品材料进行初筛,获得毒素类似物耐受菌株,经过用ZEN复筛,得到高效分解ZEN的细菌。用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析培养物残留ZEN,评价菌株对ZEN的分解效率。初步分析该菌株产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶的特性。通过微生物形态学、分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定,确定该菌的系统分类学地位。【结果】从发酵食品材料中筛选出一株分解ZEN的菌株BF-B-3,经初步鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。其ZEN分解率达62.48%,测定该菌产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活力分别为160.38、84.51和4.14 U/mL。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌属于饲用微生物,生物安全性高,所分离到的枯草芽孢杆菌疑似株(Bacillus subtilis)BF-B-3菌株,可作为具有分解ZEN功能的益生菌使用,具有较好的应用前景。     

细菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的诱导型异源表达

【目的】实现地衣芽孢杆菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效异源表达,并研究该重组酶的酶学性质。【方法】克隆巨大芽孢杆菌木糖异构酶基因的启动子区域及其调控蛋白,构建一个大肠杆菌/芽孢杆菌穿梭型诱导表达质粒,使用该诱导型启动子介导麦芽糖淀粉酶编码基因,实现其在枯草芽孢杆菌中的功能表达。对重组枯草芽孢杆菌的诱导条件进行优化,提高麦芽糖淀粉酶的产量。【结果】获得了诱导表达麦芽糖淀粉酶基因的重组枯草芽孢杆菌菌株。最适诱导温度为45°C,最适诱导剂添加浓度为1%,最适添加诱导剂时间为接种培养9 h后。重组酶蛋白分子量大小为67 k D,对该酶的酶学性质研究发现,以可溶性淀粉为底物,反应生成麦芽糖和葡萄糖,其中麦芽糖含量为60.42%。重组酶最适作用温度为45°C,最适作用p H为6.5,Ca2+、Co2+、EDTA对该重组麦芽糖淀粉酶具有激活作用。【结论】通过木糖诱导表达系统可以实现麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效诱导型表达,酶活最高可达296.64 U/m L发酵液,在工业上有着较好的应用前景。     

碱性蛋白酶SubC在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效异源表达

【背景】碱性蛋白酶是工业用酶中占比最大的酶类,广泛应用于清洁、食品、医疗等行业。近期研究发现碱性蛋白酶在生产生物活性肽方面有巨大潜力,这将进一步拓宽其在保健食品领域中的应用。【目的】利用枯草芽孢杆菌异源表达地衣芽孢杆菌来源的碱性蛋白酶SubC。【方法】通过筛选3种枯草芽孢杆菌宿主菌株(Bacillus subtilis 1A751、MA07、MA08)和6种信号肽(AmyE、AprE、NprE、Pel、YddT、YoqM),同时优化诱导剂浓度、发酵培养基和发酵时长,最终得到最优重组菌株MA08-AmyE-subCopt。【结果】重组菌株MA08-AmyE-subCopt的胞外酶活力为3.33×103 AU/mL,胞外蛋白分泌量为胞内可溶蛋白表达量的4倍,与携带野生型信号肽的对照组菌株WT相比,酶活提高了73.4%。【结论】异源碱性蛋白酶SubC在枯草芽孢杆菌中成功表达,为碱性蛋白酶SubC的表达和在保健食品领域的工业化应用提供了理论基础。     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道可培养芽孢杆菌的多样性及部分功能特性分析

【背景】大熊猫的肠道内微生物类群丰富,种群结构与宿主的年龄、生存环境、季节变化等因素有关,其中年龄是影响肠道菌群组成的重要因素之一。【目的】以不同年龄阶段的大熊猫粪便为研究对象,旨在了解不同年龄大熊猫肠道内芽孢杆菌的多样性,探究大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种类与年龄段之间的关系,并为优良益生菌剂的开发提供菌种资源。【方法】用稀释涂布法分离大熊猫粪便中的芽孢杆菌,对分离的菌株进行BOXA1R-PCR、16S rRNA基因系统发育及主成分分析,揭示大熊猫肠道中可培养芽孢杆菌的多样性;采用对峙生长法和药敏纸片琼脂扩散法分别检测菌株的抗菌能力和药敏性。【结果】从大熊猫粪便中共分离出90株芽孢杆菌,基于BOXA1R-PCR分析菌株的遗传多样性并从中选取41株代表菌株,经16Sr RNA基因测序分析后,结果显示归属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmethylotrophicus)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)6个种;主成分分析结果表明大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种群组成与年龄存在一定的相关性。所有的供试菌株都具有纤维素降解潜力,大部分菌株对病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用;除对青霉素具有耐药性外,供试菌株对常见的抗生素耐受性低。【结论】年龄是影响大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌分布的重要因素,成年大熊猫肠道芽孢杆菌种类多样性最丰富,这为大熊猫益生菌制剂的开发提供了菌种资源。     

家蚕肠道枯草杆菌产蛋白酶的发酵条件与酶学性质

肠道微生物分泌的蛋白酶可促进家蚕对桑叶养分的消化吸收,枯草芽孢杆菌是家蚕肠道内一种重要的产蛋白酶菌株。为提高枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白酶的高效利用,对该菌株适宜发酵条件及酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明：各因素对枯草芽孢杆菌产酶活性影响的大小顺序依次为：pH值〉培养温度〉培养时间〉装液量;最适的产酶条件为：pH=7,培养温度：30 ℃,培养时间：36 h;对枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶进行初步提纯后并研究得出该酶反应的最适pH 10.0,最适反应温度为：60 ℃;该酶为碱性蛋白酶、不耐高温、不耐酸,但在35 ℃条件下热稳定性较好。     

五株乳酸菌和三株芽孢杆菌的生物学特性和功能

【背景】乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌是应用于生产最多的益生菌,但不同菌株间的生长特性均不相同,因此了解菌株的生物学特性具有重要意义。【目的】研究菌株的生物学特性,能合理地开发和利用菌株,以保证菌株生产应用的安全性。【方法】活化后鉴定5株乳酸菌和3株芽孢杆菌并对其形态进行观察,探究菌株的生长曲线、产酸能力及最适生长条件,测定菌株的抑菌活性和产酶性能,同时探究菌株的益生性和安全性。【结果】五株乳酸菌分别编号鉴定为干酪乳杆菌R1、副干酪乳杆菌R2、香肠乳杆菌R3、福莱乳杆菌R4和唾液乳杆菌R5;3株芽孢杆菌分别编号命名为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y1、枯草芽孢杆菌Y2和地衣芽孢杆菌Y3。八株菌形态结构均不相同但都为杆状,均在2–10 h为对数生长期,18–24 h为稳定期,培养24 h时乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌的活菌数均保持在10⁹和10⁸ CFU/mL,最适生长温度为37.0℃。乳酸菌具有较强的产酸能力和抑菌活性,芽孢杆菌有较强的产酶性,在人工胃液中都有较强的耐受性。八株菌都无溶血活性、无毒力基因、对抗生素都保持中度敏感以上;其中唾液乳杆菌有四环素耐药基因,但对四环素抗性为中度敏感。【结论】八株菌生长繁殖速度快,乳酸菌产酸能力和抑菌活性较强,芽孢杆菌具有较强的产酶性能,在体外具有较好的益生性和安全性,可应用于生产实践。     

红树林微生物DH-2胞外蛋白酶的性质及产酶条件优化

从大亚湾红树林土壤样品中分离得到产蛋白酶菌株,鉴定所产胞外蛋白酶的酶学性质以及菌株的最佳发酵培养条件。采用平板透明圈法筛选菌株,福林酚显色法测定蛋白酶的酶活,通过单因素和正交试验确定其最佳发酵培养基以及发酵条件。从壤样品中分离得到一株产蛋白酶的枯草芽孢杆菌DH-2,该菌株分泌的蛋白酶最适反应pH和温度分别为8.0和65℃,50℃保温处理60 min后,剩余酶活仍保留80%以上。该蛋白酶对多种金属离子、有机溶剂及表面活性剂均有较好的耐受性。确定该菌株产蛋白酶的最适条件:1%(m/V,下同)可溶性淀粉,1%胰蛋白胨、1%NaCl,初始pH 5.5及7%的接种量,40℃培养36 h。在最适条件下测得其发酵液的酶活为236.30 U/mL,约为初筛时的酶活的8倍。该蛋白酶具有较为广阔的作用温度和pH范围,金属离子、有机溶剂及表面活性剂耐受性好,酶的性质比较稳定。     

一株产蛋白酶嗜碱菌株的分离、鉴定及酶学特性

【目的】筛选产蛋白酶嗜碱菌并对其进行鉴定和特性分析。【方法】利用碱性脱脂牛奶培养基分离纯化产蛋白酶嗜碱菌,通过形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及DNA-DNA杂交实验确定菌株的分类地位,利用酪蛋白水解法分析所产蛋白酶的pH和温度作用范围、稳定性和耐氧化剂能力。【结果】从我国西藏盐碱湖样品中分离到一株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株ZL223,该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,最适生长温度为37℃,最适生长pH9.0,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,菌株ZL223与假强芽孢杆菌Bacillus pseudo firmus OF4亲缘关系最近,16S rRNA基因序列相似性为98.6%,DNA-DNA杂交结果显示与B.pseudofirmus OF4同源性为86%。菌株ZL223产生的蛋白酶作用的最适pH为12.0,最适温度为40℃。【结论】结合生理生化指标测定的结果,鉴定菌株为假强芽孢杆菌ZL223(B.pseudofirmus ZL223)。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶具有较高的pH适应性,值得进一步研究。     

一株产高温蛋白酶嗜热菌A-2的筛选鉴定及酶学特性分析

本研究为从云南腾冲热泉中分离纯化得到一株产高温蛋白酶的菌株并对其进行驯化培养,用以探究该菌株的生长条件及酶学特性,通过选择培养基筛选能够分解脱脂奶粉产蛋白酶的菌株,应用常规方法液体培养菌体,探究温度、pH、碳源、氮源对菌株生长情况的影响,并采用福林酚法测蛋白酶活性。并提取蛋白酶液对酶的最适pH、温度以及热稳定性、pH稳定性进行研究。结果发现通过含脱脂奶粉的固体培养基筛选得到一株产蛋白酶菌株A-2,经过生理生化试验和16S rDNA鉴定知该菌种属于Aneurinibacillus属。酵母粉、葡萄糖、55℃、pH值7.5分别为菌株生长的最适氮源、碳源、温度和pH。此外该菌株所产的蛋白酶最适温度为60℃,在pH值7~9具有较好的酶活性。因此,该菌株为嗜热芽孢杆菌,所产的碱性蛋白酶具有较高的耐受温度和pH稳定性,为进一步开发利用提供参考的价值。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Introduction,distribution, spread,and impacts of exotic freshwater gastropods in Texas

We examined the patterns of distribution, vectors of introduction, and potential ecological impacts of freshwater exotic species in Texas over the last 45 years. Currently, five species of exotic gastropods are established: channeled-type applesnail (Pomacea insularum), red-rim melania (Melanoides tuberculatus), quilted melania (Tarebia granifera), giant rams-horn snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and Chinese mysterysnail (Cipangopaludina chinensis). In contrast to the northern part of the US, where shipping appears to be the most important vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species, aquarium and ornamental trade dominated among unintentional vectors of introduction of all freshwater exotics in Texas, resulting in different patterns of distribution, spread, and ecological impacts. The rate of spread of exotic gastropods in Texas varied from 39 waterbodies colonized over 18 years for P. insularum to only three waterbodies during last 45 years for C. chinensis. Four of five exotic gastropods were found in highly vulnerable aquifer-fed springs and rivers, which contain numerous endemic and endangered species. The fifth species, Pomacea insularum, is an agricultural pest. Potential negative ecological effects of exotic gastropods include impacts on wetlands and wetland restoration, competitive exclusion of native snails, and the introduction of exotic parasites, trematodes, which could infect fish and waterfowl, including federally protected species. Aquifer springs with stable temperature regimes are refuges for both cold and warm intolerant species. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

Triads Synthesized from Deuteroporphyrin IX,Naphthoquinone, and Aromatic Amino Acids

Two triad systems were synthesized from deuteroporphyrin IX by tethering 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative and aromatic amino acids to its propionic groups using the method of mixed anhydrides. Physicochemical characteristics of the triads were studied, and the -electron systems of their chromophores were shown to interact.