长白山露水河林业局森林景观格局动态

基于1987、1995、2003年长白山露水河林业局森林资源二类调查资料,利用ArcGIS和FRAGSTATS等软件,在景观水平和斑块水平上分析了1987-2003年该区景观格局变化及其与森林经营机制之间的关系.结果表明：研究期间,研究区森林景观破碎化程度加剧、景观异质性程度加大;1987-2003年,研究区斑块数增加979块,最大斑块面积比例逐渐下降,由1987年的28.7%降至2003年的12.7%;由于经营方式的转变,该区景观基质由1987年的阔叶混交林转变为1995年后的混合景观基质;景观破碎化程度在1995-2003年的变化趋势较1987-1995年有所减缓;期间,该区阔叶混交林的平均斑块面积下降最多、边界分割程度最高,表明天然次生林受人类干扰最大.     

Avian responses to forest fragmentation during the breeding and non-breeding seasons

Forest fragmentation represents a threat to several bird species worldwide. Several factors can change across seasons (e.g. bird perception of the landscape, weather conditions, biotic interactions), which can modify the response of bird populations to forest fragmentation. However, most studies have been conducted only during the breeding season. Here we assessed the relationship between forest fragmentation (patch area and patch isolation) with population abundances of resident species during both the breeding and the non-breeding seasons. Bird population abundances (all species in the community, subsets of forest and habitat generalist species and for individual species) were estimated across a gradient of area-isolation in a semi-arid forest in Cordoba, Argentina. Population abundance of the overall avian community and of the subset of forest species declined with patch area reduction independently of the season. By contrast, the subset of habitat generalist species was not affected by patch area reduction or by the increase in patch isolation, either during the breeding or during the non-breeding season. When the analyses were carried out for individual species, we found four forest species and one habitat generalist species whose responses (the relationship between population abundance and patch area or with isolation) were different between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The negative effects of forest fragmentation were found mainly during the breeding season. Our results suggest that reduction of patch area may lead to a reduction of more than 65% of the population abundance of forest bird species, during both the breeding and the non-breeding season. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve large forest patches within the region as irreplaceable elements for the conservation of populations of several species.     

区域城市扩张对森林景观破碎化的影响——以粤港澳大湾区为例

森林生境丧失与景观破碎化是引起生物多样性下降,生态系统功能降低的重要原因。量化森林景观破碎化的时空特征及其与城市扩张格局的关系是开展区域生态修复与功能提升的重要基础。本文以快速城市化的典型区域——粤港澳大湾区为研究对象,基于遥感解译的1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年土地覆盖/利用专题图,通过多尺度的景观格局分析和统计分析,定量解析森林景观破碎化的时空演变特征及其与城市扩张格局间的关系。研究结果显示：1）1980-2018年,大湾区林地覆盖面积缩减1,274 km²,林地转变为建设用地的面积占林地丧失总面积的比例从1980-1990年的11%增长至2010-2018年的42%,表明城市扩张已成为林地丧失的主导因素;2）森林景观破碎化程度加剧,表现为林地斑块密度提高,平均斑块面积减小,但破碎类型与程度具有地域差异;3）城市扩张幅度与空间格局显著影响林地破碎化,其中,城市扩张幅度对林地破碎化的影响更为重要。基于森林景观破碎化与城市扩张的现状,落实城市增长边界划定、关键斑块-廊道识别与生态网络构建等措施,有助于保护与连通重要生态空间,保障和提升生态功能。     

Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation in South Ecuador since the 1970s – Losing a Hotspot of Biodiversity

Deforestation and fragmentation are major components of global change; both are contributing to the rapid loss of tropical forest area with important implications for ecosystem functioning and biodiversity conservation. The forests of South Ecuador are a biological ‘hotspot’ due to their high diversity and endemism levels. We examined the deforestation and fragmentation patterns in this area of high conservation value using aerial photographs and Aster satellite scenes. The registered annual deforestation rates of 0.75% (1976–1989) and 2.86% (1989–2008) for two consecutive survey periods, the decreasing mean patch size and the increasing isolation of the forest fragments show that the area is under severe threat. Approximately 46% of South Ecuador’s original forest cover had been converted by 2008 into pastures and other anthropogenic land cover types. We found that deforestation is more intense at lower elevations (premontane evergreen forest and shrubland) and that the deforestation front currently moves in upslope direction. Improved awareness of the spatial extent, dynamics and patterns of deforestation and forest fragmentation is urgently needed in biologically diverse areas like South Ecuador.     

海南岛霸王岭热带天然林景观格局与动态

热带森林是陆地上物种最丰富和结构最复杂的森林生态系统, 同时也是受景观破碎化影响而生物多样性丧失最严重的植被类型。在对海南岛霸王岭热带天然林进行公里网格样方调查的基础上, 采用栅格途径及统计方法对三期遥感影像数据进行了景观格局和动态规律分析。结果表明: 霸王岭热带天然林景观由4个处于不同恢复阶段的林分斑块(I、II、III和IV)组成; 在1986~1998年, 除林分斑块IV外, 大多数斑块类型都发生了显著的变化, 而在1998~2002年, 大多数斑块类型变化不显著。在1986~2002年, 大多数斑块类型破碎化趋势明显, 表现为斑块数、边缘密度持续增加, 以及斑块平均大小和核心区面积不断减小; 恢复较早期阶段的次生林(I、II和III)与恢复较后期林分(IV)之间的距离显著相关。随着与IV距离的增加, 恢复时间短的次生林所占比例逐渐增加。     

Defaunation and fragmentation erode small mammal diversity dimensions in tropical forests

Forest fragmentation and defaunation are considered the main drivers of biodiversity loss, yet the synergistic effects of landscape changes and biotic interactions on assemblage structure have been poorly investigated. Here, we use an extensive dataset of 283 assemblages and 105 species of small mammals to understand how defaunation of medium and large mammals and forest fragmentation change the community composition and diversity of rodents and marsupials in tropical forests of South America. We used structured equation models to investigate the relationship between small mammal species, functional and phylogenetic diversity with forest size, forest cover and the occurrence of medium and large mammals. The best‐fit model showed that defaunation reduced functional diversity, and that species diversity of small mammals increased with forest patch size. Forest cover did not affect functional and phylogenetic diversity. Our results indicate that occurrence of medium and large sized mammals (probably acting as predators, or competitors of small mammals) and forest patch size help to retain species and functional diversity in small mammal communities. Further, the number of species in a small mammal community was critical to the maintenance of phylogenetic diversity, and may have a pronounced influence on the ecological functions played by small mammals. Identifying how phylogenetic and functional diversity change in function of human pressures allows us to better understand the contribution of extant lineages to ecosystem functioning in tropical forests.     

长白山典型林区森林资源景观格局变化分析

利用研究区1985年及1999年遥感影像作为数据源,在GIS支持下并结合地面资料对森林资源景观格局及其变化进行研究．从两期地物斑块面积标准偏差来看,成熟针叶林(1985年为279．3,1999年为98．64)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为162．94,1999年为68．54)、中龄阔叶林(1985年为113．14)、中龄针叶林(1999年为160．71)斑块面积分布均匀程度均较同期其它地物类型小,这也说明这些地物组成中景观类型多样性及物种多样性．从景观相似性指数分析来看,中龄阔叶林(1985年为0．118,1999年为0．116)、中龄针叶林(1985年为0．07,1999年为0．336)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为0．312,1999年为0．228)、成熟针叶林(1985年为0．237,1999年为0．174)4类植被在15年间较同期其它地物类型稳定,是研究区景观的主要组成部分．湿地在两期的孔隙度都较大,湿地的均质化程度很小,形成了更多的斑块镶嵌体,湿地破碎化程度较高．     

Quantifying nationwide land cover and historical changes in forests of Nepal (1930–2014): implications on forest fragmentation

This study quantifies the nationwide land cover and long-term changes in forests and its implications on forest fragmentation in Nepal. The multi-source datasets were used to generate the forest cover information for 1930, 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2014. This study analyzes distribution of land cover, rate of deforestation, changes across forest types, forest canopy density and pattern of fragmentation. The land cover legend for 2014 is consisting of 21 classes: tropical dry deciduous sal forest, tropical moist deciduous sal forest, subtropical broad-leaved forest, subtropical pine forest, lower temperate broad leaved forest, upper temperate broad leaved forest, lower temperate mixed broad leaved forest, upper temperate mixed broad leaved forest, temperate needle leaved forest, subalpine forest, plantations, tropical scrub, subtropical scrub, temperate scrub, alpine scrub, grassland, agriculture, water bodies, barren land and settlements. The forest cover statistics for Nepal obtained in this study shows an area of 76,710 km² in 1930 which has decreased to 39,392 km² in 2014. A net loss of 37,318 km² (48.6%) was observed in last eight decades. Analysis of annual rate of net deforestation for the recent period indicates 0.01% during 2005–2014. An increase in the number of forest patches from 6925 (in 1930) to 42,961 (in 2014) was noticed. The significant observation is 75.5% of reduction in core 3 forest, whereas, patch, perforated and edge classes show the increase in percentage of fragmentation classes from 1930 to 2014. The results of this work will support the understanding of deforestation and its consequences on fragmentation for maintaining and improving the forest resources of Nepal.     

海湾城市新区景观格局动态演变研究

景观格局研究为区域格局优化和生态环境管理提供参考,已成为景观生态学研究的核心之一。该文选取了厦门市翔安区1989年,1993年,1997年和2004年四个时期遥感影像解译数据作为基本信息源。结合遥感影像和区域特点,确定了景观分类系统。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,建立了翔安区景观数据库,并处理各种属性数据、图形数据等信息。利用景观空间格局指数等分析方法,对过去16年间翔安区的景观格局的时空变化过程和演变趋势进行了研究。结果表明:从1989～2004年,农田面积大量减少,主要转变为村镇建设用地。原来占据优势的农业用地、林地等景观组分的面积比重不断下降,村镇用地等人工景观斑块面积增大,并趋向集中。养殖业发展迅速,滩涂和近岸海域也被大面积围垦用于养殖业。整个区域景观结构日趋破碎,景观多样性指数与破碎度指数不断增加,表明人为干扰因素逐渐加强。研究区景观格局演化的主要趋势为人工化趋势,目前该区域已被改造成为混合型景观。     

Forest landscape pattern in the KwaZulu–Natal midlands,South Africa: 50 years of change or stasis?

Abstract Understanding patterns and processes of habitat change is essential for managing and conserving forest fragments in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Digitized aerial photographs from 1944 and 1996 were examined for changes to the indigenous forest landscape in the Karkloof‐Balgowan archipelago in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Attributes relating to proximate land‐use, patch shape, isolation and position in the landscape were used to determine putative causes of forest change. The total change in forest area was ?5.7% (forest covered 6739 ha in 1996). This is contrasted with previous reports for the period 1880–1940 that estimated change in total forest area of up to ?80%. Attrition was the predominant process of forest transformation between 1944 and 1996. Despite little overall change in forest area, 786 mostly small (<0.5 ha) forest patches were lost from the landscape, leaving 1277 forest patches in 1996. An increase in patch isolation, but no change in patch cohesion accompanied the changes in forest area. Ignoring patches that were eliminated, 514 patches decreased in area. This was partly a function of patch size, but the conversion of natural grassland to commercial plantation forestry in the matrix also influenced forest decline. Their small size and irregular shape caused forest patches in the region to be vulnerable to edge effects. Core area declined in a negative exponential way with increasing edge width and the total area of edge habitat exceeded that of core habitat at an edge width of only 50 m. Nevertheless, total core area decreased by only 2% (65 ha) between 1944 and 1996 because most of the eliminated patches were small and contained no core area. The large Karkloof forest (1649 ha) is a conservation priority for forest interior species, but the ecological role and biodiversity value of small forest patches should not be overlooked.     

西双版纳地区森林变化碳效应与生态效益评估

减少发展中国家因森林砍伐与森林退化导致的碳排放和保持碳储量(REDD+),不仅能减少因森林砍伐和森林退化造成的碳排放,而且还可以带来其它生态效益,如减缓森林破碎化、保护生物多样性和增强水土保持功能等。以中国的西双版纳地区为研究区域,以毁林最严重的1976—2007年为REDD+基线,基于卫星影像,并结合植被指数,提取了研究区的土地利用变化信息。基于IPCC温室气体清单方法,计算了研究区的森林碳储量变化。在此基础上,对REDD+的碳汇效益和生态效益进行了系统综合评估。结果显示：(1)1976—2007年间天然林碳储量从占总碳储量的78.24%减少至50.52%,这是造成西双版纳地区碳储量减少的主要原因。(2)1976—2007年,天然林的斑块数量和平均最近邻距离分别增加了120.00%和25.21%,平均斑块面积下降了71.98%,说明天然林的破碎化程度加剧。从研究区整体景观格局来看,斑块数量、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均一性指数分别增加了8.16%、51.39%和34.07%;与此同时,平均斑块面积和景观内聚力指数分别下降了26.26%和2.13%,表明研究区整体景观格局...     

气候变化情景下天宝岩国家级自然保护区森林景观演替长期动态模拟

气候变化将会对森林树种结构、空间结构以及林龄结构等产生重大影响,准确预测森林景观演替对未来气候变化的响应,不仅能够为科学管理森林生态系统提供理论依据,而且对制定生物多样性保护与珍稀物种保护策略也具有重要意义。本文运用LANDIS Pro 7.0与LINKAGES模型,模拟天宝岩国家级自然保护区8个树种在2种不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下未来300年的森林植被演替动态,分析森林景观格局变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：毛竹、马尾松、猴头杜鹃、长苞铁杉以及杉木的潜在面积分布与景观格局指数对气候变化的响应较为显著。在气候变化情景下,各树种的景观分维度均介于1.03—1.08,保护区内各景观斑块相对简单规则。毛竹、猴头杜鹃和杉木聚集度下降趋势明显而斑块密度显著上升,长苞铁杉随演替进行面积逐渐减少而聚集度相对较高且斑块密度剧增,马尾松斑块密度缓慢增加而聚集度先降后升,随气候变化这些树种的景观完整度都遭到了不同程度的破坏,且在RCP8.5气候情景下景观破碎化更严重。而气候变化对阔叶林与柳杉的影响则较小,且阔叶林在演替期间斑块密度下降而聚集度稳中有增,潜在面积分布呈现出良好的...     

紫金山风景林保护区景观格局变化研究

根据紫金山 1 975、1 988、2 0 0 2三个年度的森林二类调查资料 ,在ARCGIS支持下 ,对紫金山风景林保护区景观格局动态进行了研究。结果表明 ,近 30年来 ,保护区植被格局发生了显著变化 ,总体表现为针叶林向针阔混交林 ,进而向落叶阔叶林的演替。期间 ,针叶林占保护区的面积比例由 38 9%下降为 9 7% ,阔叶林则由 1 2 0 %上升至 4 8 6 %。各景观要素中转移为其它类型概率较小的是水体、苗圃 ,而最高的是未成林地 ,接近 1 0 0 %的转移。在保护区中最易发生变化的地类主要分布在人为干扰比较强烈或者人为活动较少而自然条件较好的区域。1 975～ 2 0 0 2年 ,保护区的景观多样性指数由 1 5 74下降至 1 4 6 2 ,而优势度由 0 6 30升高至0 735 ,景观破碎度略有增加 (0 781～ 0 795 ) ,森林覆盖率从 1 96 3年的 5 1 2 %上升到 2 0 0 2年的 70 2 % ,景观总形状系数则相对稳定 ,但各类景观要素有不同的变化规律。其中针叶林随着嵌块平均面积的减小 ,破碎度的不断增加 ,形状系数持续变小 ,而阔叶林则嵌块体平均面积不断增加 ,破碎度减少 ,形状系数持续增加。据Malkov链模型预测 ,至 2 0 1 6年 ,阔叶林面积将达保护区总面积的 5 5 2 3% ,森林覆被率将上升至 74 0 9%。     

大兴安岭呼中林业局森林景观格局变化及其驱动力

以大兴安岭呼中林业局为研究区,利用TM数据、森林资源清查数据和采伐统计资料,结合野外调查,以GIS为技术手段,剖析研究区1989～2000年景观变化,结果表明该区主要景观类型为针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林,这3种类型面积总比例达90%以上,其他景观类型面积比例小于10%,主要有荒草地、火烧迹地、采伐迹地、沼泽、居民点和道路.10a间景观由原有的大面积连续的针叶林为基质、小面积的阔叶林和针阔混交林斑块散布其中的格局,转变成大面积针阔混交林为基质的格局.研究区1989年是成过熟林、高公顷蓄积量、高郁闭度占优势的景观,2000年中幼龄林、低公顷蓄积量和低郁闭度森林面积增大,并趋于连续,形成低质量的相对均质化的景观.最后,结合历史资料,通过比较分析火烧、人工更新、土地利用和人为采伐活动这几种主要驱动力的特征,论证了采伐活动在该地区景观变化中所发挥的主导作用.     

基于模拟景观的城市森林景观格局指数选取

基于现实的沈阳城市森林景观,模拟了4个景观格局梯度,并选取了1个与之相应的现实景观格局梯度,分析了28个景观格局指数在各梯度对景观破碎化和景观斑块形状复杂性的反映,从而筛选出描述这两种景观格局特征的适宜景观格局指数.结果表明：斑块密度（PD）和平均斑块面积（AREA_MN）在城市森林景观破碎化方面表现出较规律的变化趋势,斑块密度随破碎化程度的增加而增加,平均斑块面积随破碎化程度的增加而减小;面积加权平均周长面积比（PARA_AM）在描述景观斑块形状复杂性方面与景观格局梯度相吻合,且随斑块形状复杂性的增加而增加,能够较为准确地描述景观斑块形状的复杂性.     

成都市近20年林地景观变化特征

基于多时段遥感数据资料,利用景观格局方法和区域土地利用指数模型,并结合生态功能区划,从时间和空间上对成都市1985-2006年的林地景观变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:研究时段内,成都市林地损失面积超过17000 hm²,林地斑块格局特征变化复杂,中、小斑块的数量和面积变化显著,体现出林地剧烈的转化和破碎化过程.从林地区域分布特征来看,林地斑块在山地亚区面积最大,约占研究区总面积的70%;平原亚区斑块数量最多,占总数的70%左右;全市林地面积变化速度最快的时期为1985-1995年,其中以山地亚区的林地面积减少速度最快;不同时段各生态功能亚区林地的相对变化率也不同.从林地的转化方向看,林地的转出、转入类型均以耕地和草地为主,林地在2000-2006年稳定性最高.促使林地景观格局时序变化的驱动力主要是生存型经济福利驱动、环境安全驱动和快速城市化过程,而自然生态条件、社会经济地域分工与布局则是林地景观空间变化的重要约束因子.     

基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例

人类的开发活动是造成土地覆盖和景观格局变化的主要原因.村域尺度上高强度的人类开发活动对土地覆盖及景观格局演变的影响规律研究尚不多见.本研究采用2009年的GeoEye-1数据和2014年的WorldView 3数据,利用ArcGIS和ENVI,基于面向对象和人机交互的方法解译影像,应用土地利用转移矩阵和景观指数定量研究大理市海东镇低丘缓坡山区改造过程中的土地覆盖变化和景观格局演变.结果表明: 2009年主要土地覆盖类型是林地、水田和旱地,占总面积的82.8%,2014年林地、推平未建地和水田占总面积的70.9%;研究期间,土地利用变化主要由林地、水田和旱地向推平未建地、建设用地转移,尤其是2014年推平未建地面积达531.57 hm²,其中,来自林地、旱地和水田的面积分别占42.8%、21.7%和14.2%.景观空间格局演变表现为斑块数量和密度增加,平均斑块面积变小;边缘指数和形状指数增加,斑块形状更加复杂;斑块破碎化,整体构成更加多样化.     

Disturbance-Mediated Drift in Tree Functional Groups in Amazonian Forest Fragments

The interactive effects of forest disturbance and fragmentation on tropical tree assemblages remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of forest patch and landscape metrics, and levels of forest disturbance on the patterns of floristic composition and abundance of tree functional groups within 21 forest fragments and two continuous forest sites in southern Brazilian Amazonia. Trees were sampled within 60 (10 × 250 m) plots placed in the core areas of the fragments. Tree assemblage composition and abundance were summarized using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Forest patch size explained 36.2 percent and 30 percent of the variance in the proportion of small-seeded softwood and hardwood stems in the 21 forest patches, respectively. Large fragments retained a higher abundance of hardwood tree species whereas small-seeded softwood trees appear to proliferate rapidly in small disturbed fragments. Generalized linear mixed models showed that time since fragmentation had both positive and negative effects on the density of different functional groups of trees and on the ordination axes describing tree abundance. The composition and abundance of different tree genera were also related to time since fragmentation, distance to the nearest edge, and fire severity, despite the recent post-isolation history of the forest patches surveyed. Both the proliferation of fast-growing pioneer trees and the decline of hardwood trees found in our forest plots have profound consequences on the floristic composition, forest dynamics, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling in Amazonian forest fragments.     

盐城国家级自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力

利用RS、GIS手段研究分析了盐城新洋港—新港闸段国家级自然保护区内景观格局的时空变化及其驱动力因子,结果表明:1992—2008年间,在景观面积变化方面,全区内景观主体由自然景观变成了人工景观;核心区内自然景观面积变化不大,仍以自然景观为主;缓冲区和试验区内的自然景观面积都不断减少,分别减少了约30%和75%。在景观破碎度方面,全区内景观的密度指数增加1倍,景观破碎化程度加剧;核心区内斑块密度指数呈现略减,各景观类型的平均斑块的面积增大,景观破碎化程度略增但不显著;缓冲区和试验区破碎化程度加剧。在景观多样性方面,全区内景观格局由简单变得复杂化,多样性指数增大,异质化程度增加;核心区内景观多样性呈现略增但不显著;缓冲区内景观多样性显著增加;实验区内多样性指数减小,景观异质化程度降低;整个研究区内的景观格局向均衡化方向发展,核心区和缓冲区变化与全区一致,而试验区景观格局朝单一化方向发展。由于引起景观格局变化的外界干扰不断加深,盐城国家级自然保护区内的景观生态环境保护与经济开发之间的矛盾亦将愈发突出。     

Clearance and fragmentation of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW, China

Xishuangbanna, situated in the northern margin of the tropical zone in Southeast Asia, maintains large areas of tropical rain forest and contains rich biodiversity. However, tropical rain forests are being rapidly destroyed in this region. This paper analyzed spatial and temporal changes of forest cover and the patterns of forests fragmentation in Xishuangbanna by comparing classified satellite images from 1976, 1988 and 2003 using GIS analyses. The patterns of fragmentation and the effects of edge width were examined using selected landscape indices. The results show that forest cover declined from 69% in 1976 to less than 50% in 2003, the number of forests fragments increased from 6,096 to 8,324, and the mean patch size declined from 217 to 115 ha. It was found that fragment size distribution was strongly skewed towards small values, and fragment size and internal habitat differ strongly among forest types: less fragmented in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, but severe in forests that are suitable for agriculture (such as tropical seasonal rain forest and mountain rain forest). Due to fragmentation, the edge width was smaller in 2003 than that in 1976 when the total area of edge habitat exceeded core habitat in different forest types. The core area of tropical seasonal rain forest was smallest among main forest types at any edge width. Fragmentation was severe within 12.5-km buffers around roads. The current forest cover within reserves in Xishuangbanna was comparatively large and less fragmented. However, the tropical rain forest has been degraded inside reserves. For conservation purposes, the approaches to establish forest fragments networks by corridors and stepping stone fragments are proposed. The conservation efforts should be directed first toward the conservation of remaining tropical rain forests.