辽河三角洲植被生产功能的年际变化及其驱动因子分析

基于辽河三角洲14年的水稻(Oryza sativa)与玉米(Zea mays)产量、42年的芦苇(Phragmites australis)产量及相应的气候、农业人口、灌溉和施肥等资料,主要利用主成分分析、简单相关分析和偏相关分析,阐述了辽河三角洲3种主要植被生产功能的年际变化及其驱动因子。结果表明:玉米和水稻的单产呈弱上升趋势,但年际间波动较大;芦苇单产则呈显著上升趋势,但年际间波动不大。气候因子是玉米和水稻产量年际间变化的主要驱动因子,而人为因子(农业人口、灌溉和施肥)的作用不明显;气候因子和人为因子(灌溉)均明显影响芦苇产量的年际变化。但驱动辽河三角洲3种主要植被(玉米、水稻和芦苇)生产功能年际波动的主导气候因子并不相同,分别是年日照数、年降水量和年蒸发量。     

辽河三角洲湿地生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力 -状态 -响应 (PSR)模型作为研究方法 ,根据湿地生态系统的特点 ,建立一套湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系。以遥感数据及统计监测数据为基础 ,以小流域为评价单元 ,采用 RS和 GIS技术 ,对每个小流域湿地进行单因子和综合评价 ,揭示盘锦市湿地生态系统健康状况的空间分布规律。研究结果表明 :(1)辽河三角洲盘锦市湿地生态系统健康相对较好的区域面积占 2 2 % ,相对一般的占 5 2 % ,相对较差的占 2 6 %。 (2 )双台河口国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统健康相对较好 ,但其中局部地区湿地生态系统健康已经受到威胁 ,健康状况转为一般。 (3)辽河三角洲湿地资源破坏的主要原因是水稻田开发与油田开发     

辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化及驱动机制

湿地景观破碎化的加剧严重影响了湿地生物多样性保护和湿地生态系统服务功能的维持,本研究以辽河口盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)湿地为研究对象,基于GIS平台构建1985—2019年间湿地景观数据库,定量分析湿地景观破碎化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:1985—2019年间,辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地呈退化趋势,具体表现为湿地面积萎缩,湿地景观破碎化加剧。盐地碱蓬湿地面积在1988年达到最大值4158.81 hm~2,景观聚集度较高,此后,湿地景观破碎度出现先增大后减小再增大的波动变化,2003年和2019年盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化最为严重,破碎度分别达到5.90和7.89;影响辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化主要驱动因素为人为开发活动和水文过程;景观破碎化的整体上升趋势与道路修建、农田开发、水产养殖、径流量和输沙量有较好的空间对应关系,道路修建、农田开发和水产养殖面积的增加以及年径流量的减少是导致盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化的主导因素。     

Relationship between landscape structure metrics and wetland nutrient retention function: A case study of Liaohe Delta, China

The relationship between landscape pattern and the function of nutrient reduction in the natural reed marsh of Liaohe Delta is studied with the help of some landscape metrics. The results discovered that not all the metrics selected are explanative in representing the function of nutrient reduction. Network connectivity, area size, and source to centre metrics are closely related to the simulation results from different pattern scenarios, while other metrics like area-weighted mean shape, fractal, contagion and aggregation are not related with the reduction process at all. Different metrics should be chosen according to the purpose of the study, based on the criteria of simplicity, generality and ecological meaning.     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地景观规划预案设计及其实施措施的确定

系统介绍了景观规划“预案”研究的有关概念及预案设计的原则和方法。以辽河三角洲滨海湿地为实例,对其协调区域开发与湿地保护的景观规划进行了多预案设计,运用景观生态决策与评价支持系统（LEDESS）确定实现各预案所需措施并对其涉及的空间范围进行了模拟和定位,模拟结果以空间直观的形式显示实现各预案景观规划目标所需采取的措施和涉及的空间范围,可为区域开发的方法和模拟选择、湿地保护的生态工程设计提供具体的参考依据。     

Two-decade wetland cultivation and its effects on soil properties in salt marshes in the Yellow River Delta,China

Wetland cultivation and its effects on soil properties in salt marshes in the Yellow River Delta, China were examined by using a combination of the satellite imageries and field experiments. Results showed that the conversions mainly occurred between dry lands and Phragmites australis–Suaeda salsa–Tamarix chinensis marshes (PSTMs). The total area of marsh wetland was reduced by 65.09 km² during the period from 1986 to 2005, and these conversions might be attributed to a combination of farming, oil exploration and water extraction, as well as soil salinization. Significant differences were observed in bulk density, pH, salinity and NO₃⁻-N between different land-use types (P < 0.05). After the conversions from marsh wetlands to dry lands, bulk density, pH, salinity and NH₄⁺-N decreased slightly, while a significant increase in NO₃⁻-N, TN (total nitrogen), and AP (available phosphorus) (P < 0.05) was observed. The more loss of soil nutrient storage also occurred after the maximal area conversion from PSTMs to dry lands compared to other conversions during the study period. The storages of soil organic matter, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus decreased greatly under the conversion from three types of marshes to dry lands, while those of NO₃⁻-N, AP and TN showed an obvious increase during the whole study period.     

辽河三角洲湿地生长季蒸散量时空格局及影响因素

蒸散是湿地系统水分损失的重要途径之一,有效量化湿地蒸散量并对其时空格局进行研究具有重要意义。本文以Landsat数据和气象观测数据为基础,利用SEBAL模型估算辽河三角洲湿地1985—2017年共8期植被生长季的蒸散量,并分析其时空格局和影响因素。结果表明:(1)反演得到的蒸散量平均相对误差为9.01%,估测值与实测值相关系数为0.61,基本满足湿地蒸散研究需求;(2)研究区多年日蒸散量均值和相对变化率整体呈双峰态势,极小值出现在2005年,极大值出现在1989年和2014年;(3)日蒸散量具有水陆交界处最低、西部较低、中东部和南部高的趋势,具有显著的空间分异特征;(4)不同土地利用/覆被类型的蒸散量大小依次为:水体区湿地植被区非湿地植被区非植被区(除水体外),多年不同土地利用/覆被类型的蒸散量变化也呈双峰态势,日总蒸散量变化与土地利用转型有关,土地利用/覆被是导致湿地蒸散时空分异的重要因素;(5)平均蒸散量与太阳辐射、气温、风速、相对湿度四个气象因子加权值显著相关,相关系数为0.69,两者年际波动趋势基本一致,蒸散量变化与气象条件变动联系密切。     

Evaluating the ecological performance of wetland restoration in the Yellow River Delta,China

Long-term monitoring is essential to evaluate the effects of wetland restoration projects. A monitoring program before and after restoration has been carried out in the study area located in the Yellow River Delta since 2001. Water quality, soil salinity, soil organic matter, plant community, and bird species were chosen as indicators in this program. During the past seven years, the restored wetland showed increasing efficiency in reducing water pollution levels. Soil quality was constantly improved through salinity reduction and soil organic matter accumulation. The vegetation community quickly re-established after the restoration was initiated in 2002. The restored vegetation communities provide favorable habitat conditions for birds and thirty-seven bird species were observed in October 2007. Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), plant species and vegetation community are mainly influenced by soil salinity and water depth. These indicate that conducting freshwater to the project area is an efficient measure for vegetation restoration. While monitoring results show that the restoration project had positive effects on the wetland ecosystem over the past seven years, two issues remain for future study: (1) the contribution of harvesting vegetation to stabilizing nutrient removal rate and the accumulation of soil organic matter in the soil; and (2) the effects of excessive propagation of Phragmites australis on spatial heterogeneity and plant diversity.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7—9月)较高、生长初期(5—6月)和生长末期(10—11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

泉州湾河口湿地生态系统服务价值的动态评价及驱动力分析

以泉州湾河口湿地为研究对象,结合服务指标分类和去重复计算,采用市场价值法、替代价值法及机会成本法等,对泉州湾河口湿地1997、2005、2013、2015年的生态系统服务价值进行了动态评价,并采用逐步回归分析法、通径分析方法探讨服务价值变化的主要驱动因子及其作用途径和强度.结果表明: 泉州湾河口湿地的主导服务为调蓄洪水、气候调节及食物供给服务;对泉州湾河口湿地生态系统主导服务价值变化直接影响最大的因子分别为供水量、海水养殖量和地区生产总值,其他驱动因子则通过间接影响作用于服务价值的变化.     

滨海湿地植物种群Allee效应驱动机制研究进展

Allee效应是指生物个体适应度与种群规模或密度之间呈正向关联的现象,因与植物种群动态和种群灭绝密切相关而受到生态学家的普遍重视。阐释多重胁迫下滨海湿地植物种群响应机制,从保护生物多样性和维持生态系统稳定性层面发展系统性生态修复措施成为相关研究关注的重点。本研究分别从遗传过程、花粉扩散过程和生物互作关系不同层面,总结分析了植物种群Allee效应驱动机制的研究进展。一方面,植物因遗传过程中近交衰退、遗传变异丧失、有害突变累积等遗传结构改变造成繁殖失败而引发Allee效应;另一方面,植物花粉扩散过程和动植物互作关系影响下的花粉限制也通过影响植物种群繁殖力成为驱动Allee效应的关键因素。滨海湿地水盐梯度变异及格局破碎化影响下,植物种群遭受Allee效应的风险需引起关注,维持滨海湿地植物种群适宜分布格局和生物连通过程成为缓解Allee效应的重要手段。结合生理学与化学生态学研究手段和长时间尺度动态监测技术,有助于进一步阐释环境及生物等多重胁迫下Allee效应的非线性驱动机制。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7-9月)较高、生长初期(5-6月)和生长末期(10-11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

Trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanins in Suaeda salsa in the Liaohe estuary wetland in northeast China

Aims Pigment composition is an important functional trait that can be affected by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil salinity on pigment composition in Suaeda salsa by comparing chlorophyll and betacyanin content in the Liaohe estuary wetland, a typical coastal wetland in northeast China.Methods We investigated the plant biomass, percentage of red leaves and pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and betacyanins) in S. salsa in intertidal and supratidal zones of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe estuary wetlands. The Na + content of both the soil and plant was also measured. Full analysis of variance and multivariate analysis were used to compare differences in pigment content and Na + content between the supratidal and intertidal zones.Important findings Pigment composition was significantly affected by soil salinity. With increasing soil salinity, the percentage of red leaves was higher in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. In all three reaches, plants had lower chlorophyll a content and higher betacyanin content in the intertidal zone than in the supratidal zone. Compared to chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b was less sensitive to soil salinity. There were no differences in chlorophyll b content between the intertidal and supratidal zones in the upper and lower reaches. Furthermore, pigment composition was associated with both the plant tissue and soil Na + content. Compared to the supratidal zone, the intertidal zone had a higher Na + content in plants. There was a negative relationship between plant chlorophyll content and soil Na + content, but a positive relationship between betacyanin content and soil Na + content. Overall, the results indicated that there might be a trade-off between leaf chlorophyll and betacyanin content in S. salsa to maintain its growth and survival in high salinity environments.     

辽河河口区湿地水体中石油类污染物净化能力优化与仿真

采用现场调查与系统模拟的方法,以辽河油田曙光地区湿地为研究对象,全面分析了研究区湿地水体石油污染程度及净化能力现状,提出了基于Monte Carlo模拟的湿地对石油类污染物净化效率估算模型,并根据研究区的自然特征,利用水量及氮磷营养等因子调控,对湿地不同区块的净化能力进行优化设计.结果表明: 研究区各区块对石油类污染物的净化能力存在差异,主要是由于区块间湿地结构与内在特征不同所致.湿地自然条件下石油类污染物的净化效率为5.4%,平均残留浓度为1.05 mg·L^-1,通过优化设计,湿地对石油类污染物净化效率达到约20%.本文建立的湿地净化能力优化设计与仿真调控方法,为辽河口湿地水体中石油类污染物的去除提供了重要的技术手段.     

1973-2020年黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素

明晰滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素,有助于制定合理的盐沼湿地修复策略、维护区域生态系统健康和可持续发展。以黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地为例,基于Landsat系列卫星影像获取1973—2020年共十个时期土地利用/覆被数据,得出盐沼湿地时空变化及其与周边土地利用/覆被的相互转化;利用改进的景观格局状态与演化识别模型(SEDMS),分析盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式,并利用地理探测器探究其空间分异驱动因素。结果表明：(1)1973—2020年,盐沼湿地面积减少了252.35 km²,空间范围总体向外海迁移且趋于集中。盐沼湿地转出类型主要为草地、养殖池/盐田和耕地,转入类型主要为滩涂未利用地和水体。(2)盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式呈明显的阶段性特征：1973—1995年为动荡期,演化模式以消失和破碎为主导;1995—2010为过渡期,格局演化模式逐渐由消失和破碎为主导转变为扩张为主导;2010年后为稳定期,格局发生演化的区域较少,总体以新增和扩张为主。(3)36%的盐沼湿地出现了多次格局演变模式的转变,滩涂未利用地、耕地对于景观格局演化频数的影响最为显著,人工表面、养殖池/...     

环境灾害遥感小卫星在辽河三角洲湿地景观制图中的应用

及时、准确地获得湿地的空间分布,对湿地的动态监测、保护与可持续利用具有重要的意义.环境灾害遥感小卫星星座A、B星(HJ-1A/1B星)是我国自主发射的陆地资源监测卫星,可为湿地类型的提取提供新的遥感影像数据源.本文通过对比我国环境灾害遥感小卫星CCD相机影像（HJ CCD）数据与Landsat TM5影像数据获取的湿地景观类型图的分类精度和各景观类型面积,验证和探究了HJ CCD数据在湿地景观动态变化监测中的适用性和应用潜力.结果表明：HJ CCD数据在地物识别分类方面可完全替代Landsat TM5数据;在实时动态监测方面,HJ CCD数据获取周期仅为2 d,优于Landsat TM5数据（16 d）.     

辽河口滨海湿地土壤有机碳矿化及其与盐分的关系

以辽河口滨海湿地不同盐分土壤为研究对象,采用室内密闭培养法研究了盐分与土壤有机碳矿化的关系。结果表明,不同样点间土壤电导率(EC1∶5)差异显著。74 d的培养期间,不同盐分土壤表层(0~10 cm)和下层(10~20 cm)的累积矿化量分别为6.54和2.79 g C·kg-1。根据一级动力学拟合结果,相应的有机碳潜在矿化势(C0)和矿化系数(k)分别为14.5、3.84 g C·kg-1和0.009、0.017 d-1。表层土壤的C0值高于下层土壤,且C0值在不同样点间差异显著。不同盐分土壤C0值与EC1:5、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-含量之间呈显著正相关,而k值与上述指标呈显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,供试土壤的C0值更多地受Cl-和SOC的限制,而k值主要受SOC的限制。研究表明,盐分和土壤有机质性质的协同效应对辽河口滨海湿地不同盐分土壤有机碳的矿化具有重要作用。     

Spatiotemporal variations and driving mechanisms of vegetation coverage in the Wumeng Mountainous Area,China

Quantifying the influence of factors on changes in fractional vegetation cover (FVC) is critical for assessing regional environmental changes and consequent ecological protection. However, accurately identifying the factors responsible for vegetation changes remains a challenge. This study focuses on the Wumeng Mountain Area, China (WM), where the ecological environment is extremely fragile and the social economy underdeveloped. Using the enhanced vegetation index to calculate FVC, Sen's slope trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test with the trend-free prewhitening procedure, Pettitt change-point test, and Hurst exponent, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation from 2000 to 2019 and projected future variations. The geographical detector model was used to analyze the spatial differentiation driving mechanism of changes in vegetation cover in the WM. We observed that the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation in the WM was significant between 2000 and 2019. The areas of the WM with extremely significant growth and significant growth accounted for 32.57% (p < 0.01) and 15.28% (0.01 < p < 0.05), respectively. The mutation years of the significantly changed vegetation were concentrated between 2007 and 2011. However, 36.09% of vegetation growth exhibited strong unsustainable characteristics and based on the past 20 years, a potential decreasing trend that has great uncertainty in the future. The geographical detector model indicated that temperature and soil type were the primary driving forces for spatial differentiation of vegetation changes in the WM, with q values of 0.131 and 0.101, respectively. Interactions between climate, topography, and human activities promote vegetation growth in a nonlinear fashion     

基于改进的双作物系数法估算辽河三角洲芦苇湿地蒸散量

以辽河三角洲湿地芦苇群落为研究对象,利用涡动相关通量、小气候梯度要素、群落内水面蒸发量以及芦苇群落生长参数等数据,基于FAO-56模型的双作物系数法,分别计算作物系数K_c、基础作物系数K_cb和水面蒸发系数K_w,分析其日变化动态及主导影响因子,建立基于生物因子和环境因子的小时尺度双作物系数模型。结果如下:(1)芦苇生长初期,K_c和K_cb的日变化呈现早晚高、中午略低的多峰波动曲线;在快速生长期和稳定生长期,K_c和K_cb白天波动幅度较小,早晚波动幅度较大;生长末期,K_c和K_cb夜晚波动幅度较大,白天呈现多峰波动曲线;K_w白天较小、夜晚较高,生长初期白天的数值显著高于其他时期。(2)相关分析表明,气温、相对湿度、风速、株高和叶面积指数是K_c、K_cb和K_w的影响因子;基于生物因子和环境因子重新构建双作物系数模型,基...     

乌裕尔河-双阳河流域湿地景观格局演变及其驱动机制

明确湿地格局演变特征与驱动机制是开展湿地管理与保护工作的重要前提。利用1980—2015年7期土地遥感解译数据,运用空间分析、景观指数、转移概率矩阵和增强回归树模型定量分析乌裕尔河-双阳河流域湿地格局演变特征与驱动机制。结果表明:(1)1980—2015年间湿地面积持续减少,减少了738 km²,较1980年减少了16.43%;沼泽地占湿地的75%以上,面积也持续减少。1990—1995年是湿地面积减少速率最大的时段。(2)1980—2015年间湿地景观变化趋势为最大斑块的优势地位降低,破碎度加剧,且空间分布趋于离散,连通性减弱。沼泽地的景观变化特征与湿地相似,而水域与之相异。(3)1980—2015年间湿地损失集中分布在乌裕尔河两岸、双阳河中游及流域尾闾,主要转出为水田、旱地、草地和盐碱地,总的转移概率约为20%。(4)气候因素是导致湿地损失的主要因素,贡献率达到50%。道路修建对湿地损失的影响范围约为1.8 km;高海拔会增加湿地损失的风险;耕地周围2 km的湿地易被开垦;自然保护区的建立有效遏制了湿地损失。未来湿地损失风险较大的区域为乌裕尔河中游、双阳河中下...