Cell differentiation within a yeast colony: metabolic and regulatory parallels with a tumor-affected organism

Nutrient sensing and metabolic reprogramming are crucial for metazoan cell aging and tumor growth. Here, we identify metabolic and regulatory parallels between a layered, multicellular yeast colony and a tumor-affected organism. During development, a yeast colony stratifies into U and L cells occupying the upper and lower colony regions, respectively. U cells activate a unique metabolism controlled by the glutamine-induced TOR pathway, amino acid-sensing systems (SPS and Gcn4p) and signaling from mitochondria with lowered respiration. These systems jointly modulate U cell physiology, which adapts to nutrient limitations and utilize the nutrients released from L cells. Stress-resistant U cells share metabolic pathways and other similar characteristics with tumor cells, including the ability to proliferate. L cells behave similarly to stressed and starving cells, which activate degradative mechanisms to provide nutrients to U cells. Our data suggest a nutrient flow between both cell types, resembling the Cori cycle and glutamine-NH(4)(+) shuttle between tumor and healthy metazoan cells.     

Studies on the female-sterile mutant rudimentary of Drosophila melanogaster,: I. An analysis of the rudimentary wing phenotype

The rudimentary wing phenotype was examined in detail, using six different alleles of rudimentary, and a number of points about the genesis of the r phenotype were made. (1) All of the r alleles in which the wings are defective produce wings in which the area of individual hair cells is reduced. The more severely affected the allele, the greater is the reduction in wing cell area. This reduction in area is probably uniform throughout the wing rather than localized to specific wing regions. (2) The total number of cells per wing is also greatly reduced in phenotypically r wings. As with cell area, the more severely affected the allele, the greater the reduction in cell number. However, the reduction in cell number is not uniform throughout the wing. In the less severely affected alleles, the cell number reduction is much greater in those regions of the wing which are drastically altered in shape (truncated), while those wing regions which show only slight size reductions but no overall shape changes have near normal numbers of cells. In the most deformed wings, there is a reduction in cell number throughout the wing, but again those regions with are severely truncated are the most drastically reduced in cell number. Measurements of the amount of chitin per wing indicated that the three most severely affected alleles had as much or more chitin than the wild type. It is suggested that overproduction of chitin in these alleles prevents normal expansion of the wing cells, thus increasing the severity of the wing defect. Finally, the validity and limitations of a quantitative measure of the r phenotype were defined. This measure was utilized to demonstrate a clear-cut effect of nutrition on the expression of the r phenotype.     

EVI1 Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Antileukemic Drugs via Upregulation of CDKN1A/p21/WAF in Human Myeloid Cells

Overexpression of ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) is associated with aggressive disease in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite of its clinical importance, little is known about the mechanism through which EVI1 confers resistance to antileukemic drugs. Here, we show that a human myeloid cell line constitutively overexpressing EVI1 after infection with a retroviral vector (U937_EVI1) was partially resistant to etoposide and daunorubicin as compared to empty vector infected control cells (U937_vec). Similarly, inducible expression of EVI1 in HL-60 cells decreased their sensitivity to daunorubicin. Gene expression microarray analyses of U937_EVI1 and U937_vec cells cultured in the absence or presence of etoposide showed that 77 and 419 genes were regulated by EVI1 and etoposide, respectively. Notably, mRNA levels of 26 of these genes were altered by both stimuli, indicating that EVI1 regulated genes were strongly enriched among etoposide regulated genes and vice versa. One of the genes that were induced by both EVI1 and etoposide was CDKN1A/p21/WAF, which in addition to its function as a cell cycle regulator plays an important role in conferring chemotherapy resistance in various tumor types. Indeed, overexpression of CDKN1A in U937 cells mimicked the phenotype of EVI1 overexpression, similarly conferring partial resistance to antileukemic drugs.     

Construction, detection and microarray analysis on theShigella flexneri 2asitC mutant

In order to overcome the defects of difficult gene operations in low-copy suicide plasmid pCVD442, Gateway technology was applied in the construction process of recombinant plasmid for gene knockout in this study. With this improved knockout system, we inactivatedsitC gene, which is associated with iron transport inShigella flexneri 2a strain 301, to yield the mutant, MTS. The functional detection of the mutant was performed at the level of culture medium, cell and animal experiment, respectively. The gene expression profiles were compared with DNA microarray between the mutant and the wild type under iron-restricted conditions. The results showed that MTS grew obviously less well than the wild-type strains in L broth containing 150 μmol/L iron chelator DIP (2,2′-dipyridyl). Addition of iron or manganese to the cultures stimulated the growth of MTS to wild-type levels in rich culture medium. In either the experiment on the ability of intracellular multiplication and cell-to-cell spread in HeLa and U937 cell lines, or the experiment on keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs, MTS showed no obvious changes in virulence compared with the parental strain Sf301. When 65 μmol/L DIP was added to the cultured HeLa cells, the ability of intracellular multiplication of MTS reduced about 51.6% as compared with that of Sf301. The analysis of expression profiles under iron-limited condition showed that MTS was more sensitive for the change of iron deficiency than Sf301. There are 106 more up-regulated genes in MTS than in wild-type strains, which are involved in membrane transportation, amino acid metabolism and uncategorized function genes, while down-regulated genes are mainly involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism. Under low iron conditions, the expression levels of known iron-transport associated genes generally increased. Additionally, the number of these genes and their increase amplitude in MTS are more than those in Sf301. Together, these results confirmed that Sit iron-transport system is important for the growth ofShigella.     

Development of the glutamate system in rabbit retina

We have investigated two characteristics of the glutamate system in the developing rabbit retina. 1) Glutamate immunoreactivity was observed at birth within developing processes of four cell types; two of which, photoreceptors and ganglion cells, are known to be glutamatergic in the adult. Two other cell types, type A horizontal cells and amacrine cells, are immunoreactive to both glutamate and GABA at birth, suggesting that endogenous pools of glutamate in GABAergic neurons serve as precursor for GABA synthesis. Thus it appears that endogenous glutamate pools are present within neurons prior to synaptogenesis as part of the early expression of either the glutamate or GABA transmitter phenotype. 2) Analysis of³H-glutamate metabolism during retinal development showed that rapid conversion of glutamate to glutamine does not occur until the second postnatal week, coincident with the expression of Muller (glial) cell activity. In the absence of glial metabolism in the neonate, extracellular concentrations of glutamate remain relatively high and are likely to have major effects on neuronal maturation.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Frederick E. Samson     

Massive iron accumulation in PKAN-derived neurons and astrocytes: light on the human pathological phenotype

Neurodegeneration associated with defective pantothenate kinase-2 (PKAN) is an early-onset monogenic autosomal-recessive disorder. The hallmark of the disease is the massive accumulation of iron in the globus pallidus brain region of patients. PKAN is caused by mutations in the PANK2 gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase-2, whose function is to catalyze the first reaction of the CoA biosynthetic pathway. To date, the way in which this alteration leads to brain iron accumulation has not been elucidated. Starting from previously obtained hiPS clones, we set up a differentiation protocol able to generate inhibitory neurons. We obtained striatal-like medium spiny neurons composed of approximately 70–80% GABAergic neurons and 10–20% glial cells. Within this mixed population, we detected iron deposition in both PKAN cell types, however, the viability of PKAN GABAergic neurons was strongly affected. CoA treatment was able to reduce cell death and, notably, iron overload. Further differentiation of hiPS clones in a pure population of astrocytes showed particularly evident iron accumulation, with approximately 50% of cells positive for Perls staining. The analysis of these PKAN astrocytes indicated alterations in iron metabolism, mitochondrial morphology, respiratory activity, and oxidative status. Moreover, PKAN astrocytes showed signs of ferroptosis and were prone to developing a stellate phenotype, thus gaining neurotoxic features. This characteristic was confirmed in iPS-derived astrocyte and glutamatergic neuron cocultures, in which PKAN glutamatergic neurons were less viable in the presence of PKAN astrocytes. This newly generated astrocyte model is the first in vitro disease model recapitulating the human phenotype and can be exploited to deeply clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the disease.Subject terms: Neurodegeneration, Neurodegeneration     

L-Carnosine Affects the Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Metabolism-Dependent Manner

The dipeptide L-carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) has been described as enigmatic: it inhibits growth of cancer cells but delays senescence in cultured human fibroblasts and extends the lifespan of male fruit flies. In an attempt to understand these observations, the effects of L-carnosine on the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were examined on account of its unique metabolic properties; S. cerevisiae can respire aerobically, but like some tumor cells, it can also exhibit a metabolism in which aerobic respiration is down regulated. L-Carnosine exhibited both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on yeast cells, dependent upon the carbon source in the growth medium. When yeast cells were not reliant on oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation (e.g. when grown on a fermentable carbon source such as 2% glucose), 10–30 mM L-carnosine slowed growth rates in a dose-dependent manner and increased cell death by up to 17%. In contrast, in media containing a non-fermentable carbon source in which yeast are dependent on aerobic respiration (e.g. 2% glycerol), L-carnosine did not provoke cell death. This latter observation was confirmed in the respiratory yeast, Pichia pastoris. Moreover, when deletion strains in the yeast nutrient-sensing pathway were treated with L-carnosine, the cells showed resistance to its inhibitory effects. These findings suggest that L-carnosine affects cells in a metabolism-dependent manner and provide a rationale for its effects on different cell types.     

Extracellular acidity strengthens mesenchymal stem cells to promote melanoma progression

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) participate to tumor stroma development and several evidence suggests that they play a role in facilitating cancer progression. Because melanoma often shows extracellular pH low enough to influence host cell as tumor cell behavior, the aim of this study is to elucidate whether acidity affects cross talk between MSC and melanoma cells to disclose new liaisons promoting melanoma progression, and to offer new therapeutic opportunities. We found that MSC grown in a low pH medium (LpH-MSC) stimulate melanoma xenografts more than MSC grown in a standard pH medium. LpH-MSC express a higher level of TGFβ that is instrumental of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype induction in melanoma cells. LpH-MSC profile also shows a switching to an oxidative phosphorylation metabolism that was accompanied by a forced glycolytic pathway of melanoma cells grown in LpH-MSC-conditioned medium. Metformin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain was able to reconvert oxidative metabolism and abrogate TGFβ expression in LpH-MSC. In addition, esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor activated in acidosis, blocked TGFβ expression in LpH-MSC through the downregulation of IkB. Both agents, metformin and esomeprazole, inhibited EMT profile in melanoma cells grown in LpH-MSC medium, and reduced glycolytic markers. Thus, acidosis of tumor microenvironment potentiates the pro-tumoral activity of MSC and orchestrates for a new potential symbiosis, which could be target to limit melanoma progression.     

Construction, detection and microarray analysis on theShigella flexneri 2asitC mutant

Bacteria of Shigella spp. are commonly called Ba-cillus dysenteriae. The bacillary dysentery caused byShigella is one of the most serious infectious diseasesthroughout the world, especially in the developing countries. The completion of whole genome sequenc-ing of Shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 (brieflySf301)[1] offered a large amount of information andinvaluable clues for its functional genomic research.Microbial functional genomic research aims at deeplyinterpreting the function of genes …     

Beta-carotene storage, conversion to retinoic acid, and induction of the lipocyte phenotype in hepatic stellate cells

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major site of retinol (ROH) metabolism and storage. GRX is a permanent murine myofibroblastic cell line, derived from HSCs, which can be induced to display the fat-storing phenotype by treatment with retinoids. Little is known about hepatic or serum homeostasis of beta-carotene and retinoic acid (RA), although the direct biogenesis of RA from beta-carotene has been described in enterocytes. The aim of this study was to identify the uptake, metabolism, storage, and release of beta-carotene in HSCs. GRX cells were plated in 25 cm(2) tissue culture flasks, treated during 10 days with 3 micromol/L beta-carotene and subsequently transferred into the standard culture medium. beta-Carotene induced a full cell conversion into the fat-storing phenotype after 10 days. The total cell extracts, cell fractions, and culture medium were analyzed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography for beta-carotene and retinoids. Cells accumulated 27.48 +/- 6.5 pmol/L beta-carotene/10(6) cells, but could not convert it to ROH nor produced retinyl esters (RE). beta-Carotene was directly converted to RA, which was found in total cell extracts and in the nuclear fraction (10.15 +/- 1.23 pmol/L/10(6) cells), promoting the phenotype conversion. After 24-h chase, cells contained 20.15 +/- 1.12 pmol/L beta-carotene/10(6) cells and steadily released beta-carotene into the medium (6.69 +/- 1.75 pmol/ml). We conclude that HSC are the site of the liver beta-carotene storage and release, which can be used for RA production as well as for maintenance of the homeostasis of circulating carotenoids in periods of low dietary uptake.     

Pericyte-Like Progenitors Show High Immaturity and Engraftment Potential as Compared with Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and pericyte progenitors (PPs) are both perivascular cells with similar multipotential properties regardless of tissue of origin. We compared the phenotype and function of the 2 cell types derived from the same bone-marrow samples but expanded in their respective media – pericyte conditions (endothelial cell growth medium 2 [EGM-2]) for PPs and standard medium (mesenchymal stem cell medium [MSM]) for MSCs. After 3 weeks of culture, whatever the expansion medium, all cells showed similar characteristics (MSC markers and adipo-osteo-chondroblastic differentiation potential), although neuronal potential was greater in EGM-2– than MSM-cultured cells. As compared with MSM-cultured MSCs, EGM-2–cultured PPs showed higher expression of the pericyte-specific antigen 3G5 than α-smooth muscle actin. In addition, EGM-2–cultured PPs showed an immature phenotype, with upregulation of stemness OCT4 and SOX2 proteins and downregulation of markers of osteoblastic, chondroblastic, adipocytic and vascular smooth muscle lineages. Despite having less effective in vitro immunosuppression capacities than standard MSCs, EGM-2–cultured PPs had higher engraftment potentials when combined with biomaterials heterotopically-transplanted in Nude mice. Furthermore, these engrafted cells generated more collagen matrix and were preferentially perivascular or lined trabeculae as compared with MSM-cultured MSCs. In conclusion, EGM-2–cultured PPs are highly immature cells with increased plasticity and engraftment potential.     

Gene Expression Signature of Normal Cell-of-Origin Predicts Ovarian Tumor Outcomes

The potential role of the cell-of-origin in determining the tumor phenotype has been raised, but not adequately examined. We hypothesized that distinct cells-of-origin may play a role in determining ovarian tumor phenotype and outcome. Here we describe a new cell culture medium for in vitro culture of paired normal human ovarian (OV) and fallopian tube (FT) epithelial cells from donors without cancer. While these cells have been cultured individually for short periods of time, to our knowledge this is the first long-term culture of both cell types from the same donors. Through analysis of the gene expression profiles of the cultured OV/FT cells we identified a normal cell-of-origin gene signature that classified primary ovarian cancers into OV-like and FT-like subgroups; this classification correlated with significant differences in clinical outcomes. The identification of a prognostically significant gene expression signature derived solely from normal untransformed cells is consistent with the hypothesis that the normal cell-of-origin may be a source of ovarian tumor heterogeneity and the associated differences in tumor outcome.     

Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the Superoxide Dismutase Gene and Characterization of Its Product from Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis was found to possess one detectable superoxide dismutase (Sod) in both vegetative cells and spores. The Sod activity in vegetative cells was maximal at stationary phase. Manganese was necessary to sustain Sod activity at stationary phase, but paraquat, a superoxide generator, did not induce the expression of Sod. The specific activity of purified Sod was approximately 2,600 U/mg of protein, and the enzyme was a homodimer protein with a molecular mass of approximately 25,000 per monomer. The gene encoding Sod, designated sodA, was cloned by the combination of several PCR methods and the Southern hybridization method. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of one open reading frame consisting of 606 bp. Several putative promoter sites were located in the upstream region of sodA. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high homology with other bacterial manganese Sods. Conserved regions in bacterial manganese Sod could also be seen. The phenotype of double mutant Escherichia coli sodA sodB, which could not grow in minimal medium without supplemental amino acids, was complemented by the expression of B. subtilis sodA.     

Phenotypic expression time of mutagen-induced 6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system).

Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (referred to as the CHO/HGPRT system) can be quantitated by selection for the phenotype of resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG) under stringently defined conditions. The phenotypic expression time, that is, the time interval after mutagen treatment which is necessary befor all mutant cells are able to express the TG-resistant phenotype, has been found to be 7–9 days in this CHO/HGPRT system when the cells are subcultured every 48 h. Subculture in medium with or without hypoxanthine (HX) utilizing trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for cell removal yields identical results. When subculture at intervals greater than 48 h is employed, a slight lengthening of the expression time is observed. An alternative method to regular subculture has also been achieved by maintaining the cells in a viable, non-dividing state in serum-free medium. This procedure yields a similar time course of phenotypic expression and thus shows that continued cell division is not essential to this expression process. In addition, this observation offers methodology which can significantly reduce the investment of time and money for mutation induction determinations in this mammalian cell gene mutation assay.     

Regulation of Lactobacillus plantarum contamination on the carbohydrate and energy related metabolisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during bioethanol fermentation

During the industrial bioethanol fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are often stressed by bacterial contaminants, especially lactic acid bacteria. Generally, lactic acid bacteria contamination can inhibit S. cerevisiae cell growth through secreting lactic acid and competing with yeast cells for micronutrients and living space. However, whether are there still any other influences of lactic acid bacteria on yeast or not? In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 was co-cultivated with S. cerevisiae S288c to mimic the L. plantarum contamination in industrial bioethanol fermentation. The contaminative L. plantarum-associated expression changes of genes involved in carbohydrate and energy related metabolisms in S. cerevisiae cells were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the influence of L. plantarum on carbon source utilization and energy related metabolism in yeast cells during bioethanol fermentation. Contaminative L. plantarum influenced the expression of most of genes which are responsible for encoding key enzymes involved in glucose related metabolisms in S. cerevisiae. Specific for, contaminated L. plantarum inhibited EMP pathway but promoted TCA cycle, glyoxylate cycle, HMP, glycerol synthesis pathway, and redox pathway in S. cerevisiae cells. In the presence of L. plantarum, the carbon flux in S. cerevisiae cells was redistributed from fermentation to respiratory and more reducing power was produced to deal with the excess NADH. Moreover, L. plantarum contamination might confer higher ethanol tolerance to yeast cells through promoting accumulation of glycerol. These results also highlighted our knowledge about relationship between contaminative lactic acid bacteria and S. cerevisiae during bioethanol fermentation.