欧洲熊蜂Bombus terretris入侵研究进展

欧洲熊蜂Bombus terrestris被出口到自然分布区外为作物传粉,现已在澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、以色列、智利和阿根廷等国家建立野生种群.欧洲熊蜂与本土传粉生物竞争蜜粉源植物,传播病虫害,与本土熊蜂杂交产生不育子代.欧洲熊蜂入侵可能引起本地传粉昆虫牛物多样性降低,危害生态系统传粉功能的安全.中国从1998年开始引入欧洲熊蜂为大棚作物传粉,但日前尚无欧洲熊蜂入侵我国的报道.中国是熊蜂生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,具有欧洲熊蜂适生环境,欧洲熊蜂有可能入侵我国.防止欧洲熊蜂入侵最重要和最有效的办法是减少进口该物种和进行科学的放蜂管理.     

中国熊蜂多样性、人工利用与保护策略

熊蜂是众多野生植物和农作物的重要传粉者, 在维持自然和农业生态系统平衡中发挥着十分重要的作用。中国地形多样、植被丰富, 是全球熊蜂多样性的热点地区, 但过去缺乏系统调查研究, 中国熊蜂多样性现状及其利用特性不详。本文介绍了近20年在中国熊蜂资源系统调查及其人工利用方面取得的主要研究结果: (1) 2002-2017年采集熊蜂标本5万余号, 先后揭示了一系列疑难类群的分类地位, 确认中国已知熊蜂125种, 占全球熊蜂已知物种总数的50%, 表明中国是全球熊蜂物种资源最丰富的国家; (2)首次报道了中国熊蜂物种名录, 其中22种为中国特有种。我国青藏高原东部向黄土高原、秦岭山地和四川盆地过渡的地带, 是全球熊蜂多样性分布中心; (3) 1998-2017年, 明亮熊蜂(Bombus lucorum)、密林熊蜂(B. patagiatus)、红光熊蜂(B. ignitus)、火红熊蜂(B. pyrosoma)、重黄熊蜂(B. picipes)和兰州熊蜂(B. lantschouensis) 6种本土熊蜂先后被驯养成功, 其中密林熊蜂和兰州熊蜂的繁殖性状优良, 已应用于我国设施作物传粉服务。同时, 我们从栖息地、食物资源、外来物种、农药使用等方面提出了保护中国熊蜂资源的策略, 以期为野生传粉昆虫特别是熊蜂资源的保护与可持续利用提供参考资料。     

进境熊蜂风险分析

【目的】对进境熊蜂所带来的病虫害、生物入侵等一系列风险进行分析,为制定相应的检疫措施提供科学依据。【方法】本文根据新西兰风险分析模型,从传入释放的可能性、定殖和扩散的可能性以及对经济和生态的潜在危害性3个方面对进境熊蜂进行风险分析。【结果】熊蜂孢子虫Apicystis bombi、熊蜂短膜虫Crithidia bombi、熊蜂微孢子虫Nosema bombi、布赫纳蝗螨Locustacurus buchneri、寄生蜂Melittobia acasta和蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida 6种病虫害能给国内熊蜂带来较高的风险,同时引进非本地种熊蜂也可能带来生物入侵问题。【结论】进境熊蜂能带来一定的风险,需要制定相应的风险管理措施。     

进境熊蜂风险分析

【目的】对进境熊蜂所带来的病虫害、生物入侵等一系列风险进行分析,为制定相应的检疫措施提供科学依据。【方法】本文根据新西兰风险分析模型,从传入释放的可能性、定殖和扩散的可能性以及对经济和生态的潜在危害性3个方面对进境熊蜂进行风险分析。【结果】熊蜂孢子虫Apicystis bombi、熊蜂短膜虫Crithidia bombi、熊蜂微孢子虫Nosema bombi、布赫纳蝗螨Locustacurus buchneri、寄生蜂Melittobia acasta和蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida 6种病虫害能给国内熊蜂带来较高的风险,同时引进非本地种熊蜂也可能带来生物入侵问题。【结论】进境熊蜂能带来一定的风险,需要制定相应的风险管理措施。     

Species diversity of bumblebees in the Maijishan Scenic Area of Gansu Province

熊蜂属昆虫是山区植物的重要传粉者,在保持生物多样性和维护生态系统平衡方面发挥着十分重要的作用.麦积山风景区位于甘肃东南部的西秦岭山区,地处北部温带黄土高原向南部亚热带河谷山地和西部高寒青藏高原过渡的地带,地理位置独特,生物资源丰富.为了探明该景区内熊蜂物种多样性现状,笔者于2007-2010连续4年对该景区的熊蜂属昆虫进行了系统调查.结果表明:2007-2010年,在该景区12个采样点共采集熊蜂属昆虫1765头,隶属于7亚属20种;在12个采样点中,石门和净土寺的熊蜂种类丰富度最高;在20种熊蜂中,火红熊蜂Bombus pyrosoma、红光熊蜂B.ignitus、疏熊蜂B.remotus、小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita s.l.和重黄熊蜂B.picipes的物种多度较高,依次位居前5位;麦积山风景区熊蜂区系成分以东洋区+古北区共有种为主(55％),其中东洋区成分高于古北区成分;麦积山熊蜂区系成分和南部亚热带湿润气候区的白水江自然保护区以及西部高寒气候区的扎尕那自然保护区比较接近,和北部温带半干旱气候区的崆峒山风景区相距较远.     

甘肃麦积山风景区熊蜂物种多样性调查

熊蜂属昆虫是山区植物的重要传粉者,在保持生物多样性和维护生态系统平衡方面发挥着十分重要的作用。麦积山风景区位于甘肃东南部的西秦岭山区,地处北部温带黄土高原向南部亚热带河谷山地和西部高寒青藏高原过渡的地带,地理位置独特,生物资源丰富。为了探明该景区内熊蜂物种多样性现状,笔者于2007—2010连续4年对该景区的熊蜂属昆虫进行了系统调查。结果表明:2007—2010年,在该景区12个采样点共采集熊蜂属昆虫1 765头,隶属于7亚属20种;在12个采样点中,石门和净土寺的熊蜂种类丰富度最高;在20种熊蜂中,火红熊蜂Bombus pyrosoma、红光熊蜂B.ignitus、疏熊蜂B.remotus、小峰熊蜂B.hypocrita s.l.和重黄熊蜂B.picipes的物种多度较高,依次位居前5位;麦积山风景区熊蜂区系成分以东洋区+古北区共有种为主(55%),其中东洋区成分高于古北区成分;麦积山熊蜂区系成分和南部亚热带湿润气候区的白水江自然保护区以及西部高寒气候区的扎尕那自然保护区比较接近,和北部温带半干旱气候区的崆峒山风景区相距较远。     

欧洲地熊蜂对我国本土熊蜂的生殖干扰评估

【目的】外来物种与本土亲缘关系较近的物种可能会发生交尾竞争,干扰本土物种的正常繁衍。欧洲地熊蜂Bombus terrestris是全球范围内商业化应用最广的传粉蜂种,但在许多国家造成了生物入侵。本研究旨在明确欧洲地熊蜂对我国本土熊蜂产生生殖干扰的可能性。【方法】采用四级杆飞行时间-气质联用系统(gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry,GC-QTOF/MS)测定了欧洲地熊蜂和我国本土9种熊蜂的雄蜂头部分泌物的成分,并进行聚类分析;在人工控制环境下比较了欧洲地熊蜂对我国重要熊蜂种类的交尾影响。【结果】雄蜂头部分泌物气质色谱图在同一熊蜂种内基本一致,而在不同熊蜂种之间差异明显;我国红光熊蜂B.ignitus、兰州熊蜂B.lantschouensis与欧洲地熊蜂的雄蜂头部分泌物成分相似性分别为58.49%与49.23%;在人工控制环境下欧洲地熊蜂雄蜂可以与兰州熊蜂蜂王杂交,并能够显著降低兰州熊蜂的交尾成功率(P0.01)。【结论】欧洲地熊蜂与我国一些熊蜂种的雄蜂头部分泌物成分相似性较高,能够干扰其正常交尾,具有较高的生殖干扰风险。为了保护我国本土熊蜂资源与生态系统平衡避免造成生物入侵,我们应该谨慎使用外来熊蜂物种。     

河北地区熊蜂物种多样性与蜂群繁育特性

基于2005-2009年从河北地区（包括河北省、北京市和天津市）所采集的1893号熊蜂标本资料,结合中国科学院动物研究所馆藏记录,分析了河北地区熊蜂物种多样性和蜂群繁育特性. 结果表明：河北地区共有熊蜂属昆虫8亚属32种,其中河北省32种,北京市18种,天津市5种;西部太行山区、北部燕山山区和坝上高原地区熊蜂种类丰富度和多度较高;河北地区熊蜂的访花植物涉及到21科80种,其中,菊科、豆科和唇形科植物是大多数熊蜂种类访问的主要对象;小峰熊蜂、红光熊蜂、密林熊蜂、火红熊蜂和重黄熊蜂5种熊蜂群势强大,平均单群蜂的工蜂数量在110只以上,雄蜂数量在160只以上,子代蜂王数在30只以上;这5种熊蜂的繁育成群率均在50%以上,易于人工驯养,具有重要的传粉利用价值.     

熊蜂生物学及种群影响因素研究进展

熊蜂是膜翅目蜜蜂科熊蜂属内物种的统称,全球约有250种,中国已知125种,是全球熊蜂资源最丰富的国家。该类昆虫是众多野生植物和农作物的重要传粉者,对维持自然生态系统和农业粮食生产极为重要。一些群势强、易于人工饲养的熊蜂物种被开发利用,为多种目标作物授粉。本文介绍了熊蜂的生物学特性和授粉应用现状,综述了栖息地丧失、气候变化、病原体传播、外来物种入侵及化学农药等多重因素对熊蜂种群的影响,并从熊蜂的应用基础研究、资源保护及授粉经济价值评估等多方面作了展望,旨在为中国本土熊蜂的保护、应用和生态功能研究提供参考。     

明亮熊蜂繁育室内印度谷斑螟的形态特征与生物学特性

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorum L.是一种重要的温室果菜传粉昆虫,印度谷斑螟Plodia interpunctella(Hbner)是危害明亮熊蜂繁育的主要害虫之一。2年的研究结果表明,印度谷斑螟的形态特征与危害蜜蜂巢房的大蜡螟Gallerie mellonellaL.和小蜡螟Achroia grisella Fabricius明显不同。印度谷斑螟以饲喂熊蜂的花粉为载体传播进熊蜂繁育室,在熊蜂繁育室内可以连续繁殖,1年发生6～8代,且世代重叠。印度谷斑螟幼虫主要以蜂群内的剩花粉为食,当花粉不足时,就开始取食巢房和蜂蛹,对熊蜂的规模化繁育危害较大,每年的5～8月、11～2月为危害高峰期。印度谷斑螟的发育受环境和食物的影响很大,在温度为28℃、相对湿度为60%熊蜂繁育室内,印度谷斑螟的卵期为4d,幼虫期为19～23d,蛹期为11d,成虫期为4～20d。成虫羽化后3～4h即可进行交配,雌蛾交配后当天就开始产卵,产卵期4～10d不等,平均产卵量107.8粒。在熊蜂繁育室消毒期间,食物短缺,印度谷斑螟幼虫进入休眠状态,各龄幼虫均可发生休眠现象。印度谷斑螟不危害蜜蜂,在蜜蜂巢房中不能存活。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。