渗滤液负荷和灌溉深度对土壤氧化亚氮与二氧化碳释放的影响

采用预设取样器和静态箱气相色谱法,对渗滤液灌溉条件下,土柱土壤不同深度剖面 N₂O的浓度以及N₂O和CO₂的表面释放通量进行了监测.结果表明: 渗滤液灌溉可促进N₂O的生成和释放,灌溉后24 h内土柱N₂O的释放通量与表土下10 cm（r=0.944,P< 0.01）、20 cm（r=0.799,P<0.01）、30 cm（r=0.666,P<0.01）和40 cm（r=0.482,P<0.05）处所生成的N₂O浓度呈显著相关,且相关程度依次递减.渗滤液灌溉还促进了CO₂的释放,但N₂O与CO₂释放通量之间无显著相关性（P>0.05）.渗滤液的灌溉负荷主要决定温室气体释放总量的强弱（N₂O和CO₂,以CO₂当量计）,灌溉负荷为6 mm·d^-1条件下温室气体释放总量为灌溉负荷2 mm·d^-1的3倍多.采用表土下20 cm处灌溉方式可比表土下10 cm处灌溉方式削减47%的温室气体释放总量.渗滤液灌溉土壤14 d内,N₂O释放量约占温室气体释放总量的57.0%～91.0%.     

干湿交替频率对不同土壤CO2和N2O释放的影响

干旱、半干旱和地中海气候区,乃至一些湿润地区,由干湿交替引起的土壤碳、氮的短暂脉冲式释放很大程度上决定着长时间尺度温室气体释放的总量,是土壤碳、氮温室气体释放的关键过程.选择我国降雨梯度下的森林、农田、草地和荒漠生态系统,采集土样进行实验室统一控制条件下的多重干湿交替循环,对比探讨不同生态系统土壤干湿交替频率对CO2和N2O释放的影响模式.结果表明:(1)干湿交替能够显著的激发土壤中CO2和N2O的释放,森林、农田、草地和荒漠土壤CO2和N2O释放速率对干湿交替的响应模式基本一致,其响应强度与土壤本底中碳和氮的含量有关;(2)在一定培养时间内,随着干湿交替频率的增加,土壤再湿润阶段CO2释放速率降低,但是,气体释放的总量较之于恒湿对照组有所增加.(3)不同土壤N2O的释放总量对于湿交替频率的响应模式表现出很大的差异,其中农田和荒漠土壤响应模式类似.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用下土壤释放N2O潜力的影响因素

采用室内培养试验,研究了不同水热条件对黄土丘陵区林地、草地和果园土壤释放N2O的影响,同时测定了土壤中不同氮素形态的变化,旨在探讨影响土壤释放N2O潜力的因素。结果表明：土样中N2O通量与温度显著相关（r=0.1599, P<0.05）,均随温度的升高不断增大,35℃时达到最大。N2O通量与土壤水分含量极显著相关（r=0.2499,P<0.0001）,在土壤水分含量较低时,各土样中N2O通量与土壤水分含量呈正相关,土壤水分接近田间持水量时N2O通量最大,超过田间持水量时N2O通量急剧下降。土壤水分和温度对N2O通量的影响可用拟合方程F=a bT cT^2 dT^3 eT^4 fW来描述。在培养条件下,土壤中N2O的释放总量大小依次为：果园土>林地土>草地土,果园土释放N2O的总量分别比林地土和草地土的释放总量多30%,14%。土壤氮素形态与N2O的释放量有一定关系,但规律不明显。     

不同干扰因素对森林和湿地温室气体通量影响的研究进展

森林和湿地是CO2、CH4和N2O等温室气体重要的源、汇和转换器,在全球气候变化过程中起着重要作用。森林和湿地温室气体通量受到诸多因子的作用,其中干扰便是一个重要的因素。不同干扰因素对于森林和湿地生态系统温室气体通量的影响,国际上已经开展了相应的研究。基于人为和自然两大类干扰方式,分别从采伐、施肥、垦殖等人为干扰因素和火烧、台风(飓风)等自然干扰因素综述了干扰对于森林和湿地生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O通量的影响。根据目前研究中存在的不足,提出了今后应需加强的领域,以期更好地揭示干扰对于森林和湿地生态系统温室气体通量的影响及作用机制,为今后深入开展相关研究提供一定的参考价值。     

垃圾填埋场氧化亚氮排放控制研究进展

填埋是国内外城市生活垃圾处理的一种主要方式.垃圾填埋场是温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)的重要排放源.作为一种高效痕量的温室气体,N2O具有极高的潜在增温效应,其每分子潜在的增温作用是二氧化碳(CO2)的296倍.而且N2O能在大气中长期稳定存在,对臭氧层具有较强的破坏作用.本文针对垃圾填埋场N2O排放的控制研究,概述了垃圾填埋处理过程中主要排放源的N2O排放及其影响因素,提出了现阶段适应我国垃圾填埋场N2O排放控制的一系列措施,并展望了垃圾填埋场温室气体N2O排放控制理论和技术的研究方向.     

长白山阔叶红松林树木N2O排放及总量初步估算

大气中主要温室气体N2 O的部分来源尚不清楚。以往国内外对森林生态系统N2 O排放通量的测定中 ,只测土壤通量而把树木排除在外。如果树木在自然状态下能排放N2 O ,那么森林生态系统的N2 O排放可能被低估。本文旨在证明自然状态下森林生态系统中树木也是N2 O的主要排放源。采用封闭罩法 ,在树木生长的主要季节 (7～ 9月 )对长白山阔叶红松林的几个主要树种———水曲柳、红松和椴树的连体枝叶释放N2 O的速率进行了原位测定。并在此基础上 ,初步估算出森林树木N2 O年排放量是土壤N2 O年排放量的 0 8～ 1 0 3倍 ,相当于甚至超过了土壤的N2 O排放量。     

模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的影响

目前,有关增温条件下荒漠生物土壤结皮(BSCs)-土壤系统与大气之间主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)通量变化的研究十分匮乏,以致很难准确地评估荒漠生态系统温室气体通量对气候变暖的响应与反馈的方向和程度。该文选择腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区由藻类、藓类以及二者混生的3种类型的BSCs覆盖土壤为研究对象,以开顶式生长室(OTC)为增温方式模拟全球变暖,采用静态箱-气相色谱法探究了2012年7月至2013年6月增温和不增温处理下CO2、CH4和N2O通量的变化特征。结果表明:增温和结皮类型对CO2、CH4和N2O通量没有显著影响。采样日期、结皮类型与采样日期,以及增温与结皮类型和采样日期的互作显著影响CO2和CH4通量,增温和采样日期互作显著影响CH4通量。BSCs-土壤系统的CO2、CH4和N2O年通量及其增温潜能在增温和不增温处理下的差异均不显著。CO2通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度呈显著的指数正相关关系,与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈线性正相关关系;藓类、混生结皮的CH4通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度和10 cm深度的土壤湿度均呈显著的线性负相关关系;3种结皮类型的N2O通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度均无相关关系,藓类结皮的N2O通量与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈显著的线性负相关关系。藓类结皮的CO2和CH4在增温和不增温两种处理下的通量差异与5 cm深度的土壤温度差异呈显著的负线性相关,藻类结皮N2O的通量差异与温度差异呈近似正相关关系(p=0.051)。以上结果说明:在全球变暖的背景下,荒漠BSCs-土壤系统主要温室气体通量不会有明显的变化,意味着荒漠生态系统温室气体的排放可能对气候变暖没有明显的反馈。     

稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响

2008—2011年,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放进行了为期3a的田间原位观测,研究不同耕作措施(免耕、旋耕和翻耕)对冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田N2O排放高峰出现在施用基肥后的1个月内以及施用孕穗肥后的4月中旬至小麦成熟期,其余时间N2O排放通量均较小。年度和耕作措施对冬小麦农田N2O季节排放总量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同处理N2O季节排放总量表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕,2008—2011年3年平均分别为2.50 kg/hm2、2.05 kg/hm2和1.66 kg/hm2,免耕比翻耕增加N2O排放22.0%(P<0.05),旋耕比翻耕减排19.0%(P<0.05)。冬小麦生长期内施用孕穗肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与农田土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)及10 cm地温呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,2009—2010年施用基肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与WFPS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果说明旋耕是减少长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放的最佳耕作措施。     

田间大豆植株N2O通量的测定及光照的影响

采用封闭式箱法 ,在田间自然状况下对大豆植株N2 O通量进行了测定 .结果表明 ,在主要生育期内 ,大豆植株N2 O通量有 2个释放高峰 ,分别位于苗期和开花结荚期 .大豆植株N2 O通量的昼间变化模式基本上为上午有 1个释放高峰 ,而下午有一个释放低谷 .施肥和对照小区N2 O平均通量分别为 2 .2 7和 1 .2 8μgN2 Om- 2 ·h- 1 .在较强的光照条件下( 1 0 4 lx数量级 ) ,大豆植株N2 O通量较低 ,甚至可吸收大气中的N2 O ,而在较弱光照条件下( 1 0 3～ 1 0 2 lx数量级 ) ,大豆植株N2 O通量较高 .     

青藏高原高寒草甸非生长季温室气体排放特征及其年度贡献

高寒草甸是青藏高原地区的主要植被类型,目前对其温室气体研究多集中于生长季.本文利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对非生长季高寒草甸温室气体排放特征及其与主要环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:非生长季高寒草甸表现为CO2和N2O的源、CH4的汇.其中非生长季CO2通量平均值为89.33 mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为280.01g· m-2;CH4通量平均值为-11.35 μg·m-2·h-1,累积吸收通量为124.74 mg·m-2;N2O通量平均值为8.02 μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为39.51 mg·m-2.非生长季CO2、CH4和N2O累积排放通量分别占全年的13.33％、53.47％和62.67％.冻融期(2012年4月)CH4累积吸收通量较小,只占非生长季的4.5％;而CO2和N2O累积排放通量较大,分别占非生长季的25.8％和20.8％.非生长季CO2通量与温度(气温、5和10 cm土壤温度)和5 cm土壤湿度均存在显著正相关关系,而CH4和N2O通量仅与5 cm土壤湿度存在显著正相关.研究表明,虽然冻融期CH4累积吸收通量在非生长季累积量中比重较小,但非生长季CH4和N2O累积排放量却占全年累积排放量的1/2以上,在温室气体累积通量评估中不容忽视.     

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl oligonucleotides

We present procedures for nucleoside and oligonucleotide synthesis, binding affinity (Tm) and structural analysis (CD spectra) of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl oligothymidylates. Possible reasons for the thermal instability of duplexes formed between these compounds and RNA or DNA targets are discussed.     

Synthesis and properties of 2'-O-methyl-2-thiouridine and oligoribonucleotides containing 2'-O-methyl-2-thiouridine

A new method for the synthesis of 2'-O-methyl-2-thiouridine (s2Um) found in thermophilic bacterial tRNA was developed. Structural properties of s2Um and s2Um(p)U were studied by using 1H NMR spectroscopy. A modified nonaribonucleotide (RNA*: 5'-CGUUs2UmUUGC-3') was synthesized to study the base-recognition ability of s2Um in formation of RNA-RNA and RNA DNA duplexes. The UV melting experiments revealed that RNA*-RNA and RNA*-DNA duplexes having an s2U-A base pair are more stable than those having a U-A base pair. On the contrary, the thermal stability of RNA*-RNA and RNA*-DNA duplexes having an s2U-G wobble base pair was much lower than that of the unmodified duplexes having a natural U-G base pair. It is concluded that s2Um has higher selectivity toward A over G than unmodified U.     

Stereospecific 2'-amination and 2'-chlorination of adenosine by Actinomadura in the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin

2'-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin (2'-CldCF) are two nucleoside antibiotics produced by Actinomadura. The biosynthesis of these two nucleoside antibiotics has been studied by the addition of [U-14C]adenosine with or without unlabeled adenine to cultures of Actinomadura. By this experimental approach, it is possible to demonstrate that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF. These conclusions are based on the observation that the percentage distribution of 14C in the aglyconic and pentofuranosyl moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were similar to the distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribosyl moieties of the [U-14C]adenosine (i.e., 48:52) added to cultures of Actinomadura. Experimentally, the percentage distribution of 14C in the (i) adenine:2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine is 51:49; (ii) 8-(R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-[1,3-diazepin-8-o1]:2 -chloro-2- beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-CldCF is 45:55; and (iii) adenine:ribose of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura is 42:58. Further proof that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF was demonstrated by the addition of 75 mumol of unlabeled adenine together with [U-14C]adenosine to nucleoside-producing cultures of Actinomadura. The percentage distribution of 14C in the aglycon and the sugar moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were 46:54 and 47:53, respectively; the percentage distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribose moieties of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura was 51:49. These data show that the hydroxyl on C-2' of the ribosyl moiety of adenosine undergoes a replacement by a 2'-amino or a 2'-chloro group to form 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine or 2'-CldCF with retention of stereconfiguration at C-2'. Finally, Actinomadura can utilize inorganic chloride from the medium as demonstrated by the isolation of [36Cl]2'-CldCF following the addition of [36Cl]chloride to the culture medium. Mechanisms for the regioselective modification of the C-2' hydroxyl group and stereospecific insertion of the amino and chloro groups are discussed.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-Deoxy-d-ribose

An efficient method for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose is described.

The key step in this method was accomplished by the nucleophilic addition of methyl isocyanoacetate to 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-glyceraldehyde with high erythro-selectivity (nearly 100%).

Subsequent intermolecular cyclization predominantly gave the desired oxazoline derivative (trans-form), in which two new chiral centers were formed. The oxazoline derivative was efficiently converted to both 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-arabinose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose.     

Parasiticidal 2-alkoxy- and 2-aryloxyiminoalkyl trifluoromethanesulfonanilides

A series of novel 2-alkoxy- and 2-aryloxyiminoalkyl trifluoromethanesulfonanilide derivatives have shown significant in vitro parasiticidal activity against the ectoparasites Ctenocephalides felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A number of these compounds also displayed significant in vitro endoparasite activity against the nematode Haemonchus contortus.