The fork protection complex recruits FACT to reorganize nucleosomes during replication

Chromosome replication depends on efficient removal of nucleosomes by accessory factors to ensure rapid access to genomic information. Here, we show this process requires recruitment of the nucleosome reorganization activity of the histone chaperone FACT. Using single-molecule FRET, we demonstrate that reorganization of nucleosomal DNA by FACT requires coordinated engagement by the middle and C-terminal domains of Spt16 and Pob3 but does not require the N-terminus of Spt16. Using structure-guided pulldowns, we demonstrate instead that the N-terminal region is critical for recruitment by the fork protection complex subunit Tof1. Using in vitro chromatin replication assays, we confirm the importance of these interactions for robust replication. Our findings support a mechanism in which nucleosomes are removed through the coordinated engagement of multiple FACT domains positioned at the replication fork by the fork protection complex.     

Multiple Nhp6 molecules are required to recruit Spt16-Pob3 to form yFACT complexes and to reorganize nucleosomes

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nhp6 protein contains a DNA-binding motif that is similar to those found in the high mobility group B family of chromatin proteins. Nhp6 bound to nucleosomes and made at least two changes in them: the nucleosomal DNA became more sensitive to DNase I at specific sites, and the nucleosomes became competent to bind Spt16-Pob3 to form yFACT.nucleosome complexes. Both changes occurred at similar concentrations of Nhp6, suggesting that they reflect the same structural reorganization of the nucleosome. Nucleosomes have multiple binding sites for Nhp6, and structural reorganization was associated with a concentration of Nhp6 about 10-fold higher than that needed for simple binding. We propose that the coordinated action of multiple Nhp6 molecules is required to convert nucleosomes to an alternative form as the first step in a two-step reorganization of nucleosomes with the second step being dependent on Spt16-Pob3. The presence of linker DNA had only subtle effects on these processes, indicating that both Nhp6 and yFACT act on core nucleosome structure rather than on the interaction between nucleosomes and adjacent DNA. These results suggest that Nhp6 and the related high mobility group B proteins may have a general role in promoting rearrangements of chromatin by initiating the destabilization of core nucleosomal structure.     

Cooperative binding of the yeast Spt10p activator to the histone upstream activating sequences is mediated through an N-terminal dimerization domain

The yeast Spt10p activator is a putative histone acetyltransferase (HAT) possessing a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (DBD) which binds to the upstream activation sequences (UAS elements) in the histone gene promoters. Spt10p binds to a pair of histone UAS elements with extreme positive cooperativity. The molecular basis of this cooperativity was addressed. Spt10p (640 residues) is an elongated dimer, but the isolated DBD (residues 283–396) is a monomer and binds non-cooperatively to DNA. A Spt10p fragment comprising the N-terminal domain (NTD), HAT domain and DBD (residues 1–396) binds cooperatively and is a dimer, whereas an overlapping Spt10p fragment comprising the DBD and C-terminal domains (residues 283–640) binds non-cooperatively and is a monomer. These observations imply that cooperative binding requires dimerization. The isolated NTD (residues 1–98) is a dimer and is responsible for dimerization. We propose that cooperativity involves a conformational change in the Spt10p dimer which facilitates the simultaneous recognition of two UAS elements. In vivo, deletion of the NTD results in poor growth, but does not prevent the binding at the HTA1 promoter, suggesting that dimerization is biologically important. Residues 1–396 are sufficient for normal growth, indicating that the critical functions of Spt10p reside in the N-terminal domains.