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1.
The physiological basis of dwarfism in a single-gene, recessive mutant of Silene armeria L. was investigated through comparison with a normal strain. Exposure of the normal strain to long days led to stem growth and flower formation while similar exposure of the dwarf strain led only to flowering, with very little stem growth. Application of gibberellin A3 or A4+7 in short days promoted stem elongation in the normal strain, but had a much lesser effect in the dwarf strain. Upon extraction and chromatographic fractionation of the endogenous gibberellins (GAs) in the normal strain of S. armeria, three zones of GA activity were found. An increase in one zone of activity was found in both strains after 1 long day. Neither the quality nor the quantity of the extractable GAs differed greatly between the dwarf and the normal strain. Vegetative dwarf scions, grafted onto fully induced, normal stocks formed flowers, but their growth habit was not changed. Thus, the lack of stem growth in response to long days in the dwarf strain appears to result from a lack of GA sensitivity in the stem tissue of these plants. However, during flower formation dwarf plants did exhibit elongation of the peduncles. This response was suppressed by the growth retardant 2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine-carboxylate methyl chloride (AMO-1618), and applied GA3 could partially overcome this inhibition. Thus, peduncle elongation in the dwarf strain appears to be regulated by endogenous GAs.Abbreviations AMO-1618
2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine-carboxylate methyl chloride
- GA(s)
gibberellin(s)
- LD
long day(s)
- SD
short day(s) 相似文献
2.
Strain Kidachi of Pharbitis nil scarcely flowered in responseto poor nutrition (culture in tap water) under continuous light,although strain Violet flowered easily. In parallel to the floweringresponse, the chlorogenic acid (CGA) content in the cotyledonsdid not increase during the culture in tap water in Kidachi,although it rapidly increased in Violet. The F1 hybrids betweenthese two strains and their F2 progeny flowered in responseto poor nutrition, although F1 showed a lower and F2 a muchlower flowering response than the parent Violet. These floweringresponses were closely correlated with the accumulation of CGAin the cotyledons.
1Present address: Botany Department, Institute of Agriculture,Yezin, Burma. (Received November 20, 1987; Accepted March 13, 1988) 相似文献
3.
The effect of application of GA3 on hypocotyl growth, the endogenous GAs, and the metabolism of applied 3H-GA1 were investigated in relation to dwarfism and light-mediated growth inhibition in the normal (tall) strain Violet and the dwarf strain Kidachi of Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil). GA3 applied in a wide concentration range (10−9 to 10−3m) to 4-day-old seedlings caused great extension of the hypocotyls in light-grown plants of both the normal and the dwarf strain. However, the dwarf strain did not attain the same length as the normal one at any given GA3 concentration, even when saturation was reached. Dark-grown plants of the dwarf strain responded to GA3, although relatively much less than light-grown ones; dark-grown plants of the normal strain showed no GA3 response at all. 相似文献
4.
J. P. Wilson G. W. Burton K. Bondari 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1990,80(5):712-718
Summary Over 300 landraces of pearl millet were collected in Burkina Faso and grown at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton/GA. At Tifton, these landraces are predominantly tall and late-maturing. The photoperiod requirements of these landraces hinder evaluation of their performance in the field and their use in breeding programs. A conversion program has been initiated to transfer genes for dwarf stature and early flowering into the tall, late-maturing landraces. The inbred Tift 85DB is being used as a donor of genes for the dwarf and early characteristics, and was crossed to nine randomly selected landraces from Burkina Faso. The parents, F1, F2, and backcrosses to each parent were grown in the field and evaluated for plant height at anthesis and time in days from planting to anthesis. In general, plant height of F1s was taller than the tallest parent, and in all crosses the maturity of F1s was intermediate between the parents. Numbers of loci conferring height varied among crosses, ranging from 0 to 9.6, and averaged 1.6. Estimated numbers of loci conferring maturity ranged from 0 to 12.8 and averaged 3.4. Broad-sense heritability estimates for height and maturity averaged 60.2 and 65.7%, respectively. Corresponding narrow-sense estimates averaged 23.8 and 48.2%. Joint scaling tests revealed that additive-genetic effects were highly significant for both traits, but dominance and epistatic-genetic effects contributed to the inheritance of each trait in some crosses. The low gene numbers, high heritability estimates, and preponderance of additive-genetic effects suggest that selection for these traits should be effective. 相似文献
5.
The most common dwarfing genes in wheat, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, classified as gibberellin-insensitive (GAI) dwarfing genes due to their reduced response to exogenous GA, have been verified as encoding negative regulators of gibberellin signaling. In contrast, the response of gibberellin-responsive (GAR) dwarfing genes, such as Rht12, to exogenous GA is still unclear and the role of them, if any, in GA biosynthesis or signaling is unknown. The responses of Rht12 to exogenous GA3 were investigated on seedling vigour, spike phenological development, plant height and other agronomic traits, using F2∶3 and F3∶4 lines derived from a cross between Ningchun45 and Karcagi-12 in three experiments. The application of exogenous GA3 significantly increased coleoptile length and seedling leaf 1 length and area. While there was no significant difference between the dwarf and the tall lines at the seedling stage in the responsiveness to GA3, plant height was significantly increased, by 41 cm (53%) averaged across the three experiments, in the GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf lines. Plant height of the tall lines was not affected significantly by GA3 treatment (<10 cm increased). Plant biomass and seed size of the GA3-treated dwarf lines was significantly increased compared with untreated dwarf plants while there was no such difference in the tall lines. GA3-treated Rht12 dwarf plants with the dominant Vrn-B1 developed faster than untreated plants and reached double ridge stage 57 days, 11 days and 50 days earlier and finally flowered earlier by almost 7 days while the GA3-treated tall lines flowering only 1–2 days earlier than the untreated tall lines. Thus, it is clear that exogenous GA3 can break the masking effect of Rht12 on Vrn-B1 and also restore other characters of Rht12 to normal. It suggested that Rht12 mutants may be deficient in GA biosynthesis rather than in GA signal transduction like the GA-insensitive dwarfs. 相似文献
6.
John L. Stoddart 《Planta》1984,161(5):432-438
Growth parameters were determined for tall (rht3) and dwarf (Rht3) seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant statures and leaf length were reduced by 50% in dwarfs but root and shoot dry weights were less affected. Leaves of dwarf seedlings had shorter epidermal cells and the numbers of cells per rank in talls and dwarfs matched the observed relationships in overall length. Talls grew at twice the rate of dwarfs (2.3 compared with 1.2 mm h-1). [3H]Gibberellin A1 ([3H]GA1) was fed to seedlings via the third leaf and metabolism was followed over 12 h. Immature leaves of tall seedlings transferred radioactivity rapidly to compounds co-chromatographing with [3H]gibberellin A8 ([3H]GA8) and a conjugate of [3H]GA8, whereas leaves of dwarf seedlings metabolised [3H]GA1 more slowly. Roots of both genotypes produced [3H]GA8-like material at similar rates. Isotopic dilution studies indicated a reduced 2-hydroxylation capacity in dwarfs, but parallel estimates of the endogenous GA pool size, obtained by radioimmunoassay, indicated a 12–15 times higher level of GA in the dwarf immature leaves. Dwarfing by the Rht3 gene does not appear to operate through enhanced, or abnormal metabolism of active gibberellins and the act of GA metabolism does not bear an obligate relationship to the growth response.Abbreviations GAn
gibberellin An
- HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography 相似文献
7.
Kiyotoshi Takeno 《Plant Growth Regulation》1996,20(3):189-194
Influences of plant hormones on photoperiodic flowering in Pharbitis nil, var. Violet was re-evaluated by assaying them with a newly developed perfusion technique which can directly treat mesophyll cells with sample solution. Gibberellin A3 promoted the flowering response and indole-3-acetic acid, trans-zeatin and abscisic acid inhibited it when they were perfused immediately before an inductive dark treatment. The promotion or inhibition of flowering was not or hardly observed when solutions containing these plant hormones were applied by the dropping method to surface of cotyledons or plumules of the assay plants. The detection of clear flower-promoting and -inhibiting effects of the plant hormones may be due to the improved efficiency of incorporation of applied substances into plant tissue in the perfusion technique. 相似文献
8.
Seedlings of Pharbitis nil, Strains Violet, Tendan and Kidachi,initiated floral buds under Continuous light when exposed totemperatures lower than 15, 15 and 21?C, respectively, throughoutthe experimental period, or to 1314?C for a minimum durationof 10, 8 and 4 days, respectively. Cotyledons were necessaryfor floral initiation when the seedlings at the start of coldtreatment were 8 days old (10 days old for Kidachi) or younger,although neither cotyledons nor foliage leaves were necessarywhen the plants were older. When the cotyledons in young seedlingswere removed immediately after exposure to cold temperature(1314?C) for 14 (Violet), 12 (Tendan) or 8 (Kidachi)days (cold treatment begun when the cotyledons had just unfolded),only a few plants initiated floral buds under continuous light.However, when the cotyledons were left attached for 2 more daysat 23?C, the plants produced as many flower buds as those withintact cotyledons, suggesting that cotyledons exposed to coldtemperature produce a floral stimulus which can be translocatedto buds even after the end of the cold treatment. (Received October 14, 1981; Accepted January 20, 1982) 相似文献
9.
Irene Bollig 《Planta》1977,135(2):137-142
The phase shifting effect of red light on both the leaf movement rhythm, and on the rhythm of responsiveness of photoperiodic flower induction towards short light breaks (10 min red light), has been studied in Pharbitis nil, strain Violet, and comparisons between the two rhythms have been made. The phase angle differences between the rhythms after a phase shift with 2 or 6 h of red light given at different times during a long dark period were not constant. The results indicate the involvement of two different clocks controlling leaf movement and photoperiodic flower induction.Abbreviations DD
continuous darkness
-
l:D x:y
light/dark cycles with x hours of light and y hours of darkness
- PPR
rhythm of photoperiodic responsiveness towards light break 相似文献
10.
The levels of the biologically active gibberellin (GA), GA1, and of its precursor, GA20, were monitored at several stages during ontogeny in the apical portions of isogenic tall (Le) and dwarf (le) peas (Pisum sativum L.) using deuterated internal standards and gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring. The levels of both GAs were relatively low on emergence and on impending apical arrest. At these early and late stages of development the internodes were substantially shorter than at intermediate stages, but were capable of large responses to applied GA3. Tall plants generally contained 10–18 times more GA1 and possessed internodes 2–3 times longer than dwarf plants. Further, dwarf plants contained 3–5 times more GA20 than tall plants. No conclusive evidence for the presence of GA3 or GA5 could be obtained, even with the aid of [2H2]GA3 and [2H2]GA5 internal standards. If GA3 and GA5 were present in tall plants, their levels were less than 0.5% and 1.4% of the level of GA1, respectively. Comparison of the effects of gene le on GA1 levels and internode length with the effects of ontogeny on these variables shows that the ontogenetic variation in GA1 content was sufficient to account for much of the observed variation in internode length within the wild-type. However, evidence was also obtained for substantial differences in the potential length of different internodes even when saturating levels of exogenous GA3 were present.Abreviations GAn
gibberellin An
We thank Noel Davies, Omar Hasan, Leigh Johnson, Katherine McPherson and Naomi Lawrence for technical help, Professor L. Mander (Australian National University, Canberra) for deuterated GA standards and the Australian Research Council for financial assistance. 相似文献
11.
The levels of gibberellin A1 (GA1), GA20, GA19, GA8, GA29 and GA81 (2-epiGA29) were measured in tall (L-) and dwarf (ll) sweet-pea plants grown in darkness and in light. In both environments the apical portions of dwarf plants contained less GA1; GA8 and GA19, but more GA20, GA29, and GA81 than did those of tall plants. It is concluded that the partial block in 3β-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 is imposed by allele l in darkness as well as in the light. Furthermore, darkness does not appear to enhance elongation in sweet pea by increasing GA1 levels. The reduction of the pool size of GA19 in dwarf plants supports recent theories on the regulation of GA biosynthesis, formulated on the basis of observations in monocotyledonous species. Darkness results in decreased GA20, GA29, and GA81 levels in the apical portions of tall and dwarf plants and possible reasons for this are discussed. 相似文献
12.
13.
Combinations of far-red light (FR) (4 min) and gibberellic acid (GA3), given at the beginning of a daily 12-h dark period in a growth room, were used to study floral induction in four maturity genotypes of the milo group of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The 12-h dark period without GA3 application or FR induced flowering in only the early genotype; FR hastened initiation in the early genotype, while GA3 hastened floral initiation in the two intermidiate-flowering genotypes. GA3 and FR together had a strong synergistic effect, hastening floral initiation by 30 to more than 80 d in the early and intermediate genotypes. Red light (R) did not hasten flowering; FR preceded by R gave the same effect as FR alone. GA3 promoted stem elongation equally whether floral initiation occurred or not; thus, its effect on stem elongation was independent of floral initiation. The capacity of GA3 to induce flowering in sorghum, a short-day plant, seems to be enhanced by phytochrome being in the PR form at the beginning of the night when GA3 was applied.Abbreviations FR
far-red light
- GA(s)
gibberellin(s)
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- R
red light 相似文献
14.
Maize (Zea mays L.) Dwarf8-1 (D8-1) is an andromonoecious dwarf mutant proposed to be involved in gibberellin (GA) reception (Fujioka et al. 1988b; Harberd and Freeling 1989). The mutant D8-1 is dominant and GA-nonresponsive (Phinney 1956). We show by map position and similarity of phenotype that five additional dwarf mutants are D8 alleles. We show by map position and similarity of phenotype that a second andromonoecious dwarf mutant, D9-1, defines a duplicate gene. Maize D9-1 and each dominant D8 allele specify a different plant stature, from very mild to very severe dwarfism. Plants of D9-1 and all dominant D8 alleles, except D8-1591, were GA-nonresponsive when treated with 7500 nmol GA3. The behavior of the mild dwarf D8-1591 was unique in that a small but significant growth response was detected (37% for D8-1591 vs. 130% for the wild type) when treated with 7500 nmol GA3. These results establish that all dwarf genotypes, except D8-1591, in one dose set a maximum limit on plant growth and block the normal response to GA. When treated with the GA-synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, plants of all dwarf genotypes and wild-type siblings were severely dwarfed. Plants of all dwarf genotypes treated with the GA-synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol and GA3 were returned to their normal dwarf phenotype. Dominant dwarfing, delayed flowering, increased tillering, and anther development in the ear are characteristic features of D9-1 and all D8 alleles. The GA-synthesis-deficient dwarfs also have these characteristic features. We discuss the function of the wild-type gene product in the context of the observed results.Abbreviations
D8
Dwarf8
-
D9
Dwarf9
- GA(n)
gibberellin A(n)
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- MNL
Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter
- NIL
near-isogenic lines
- RFLP
restriction fragment length polymorphism
- WT
wild type
This work was supported, in part, by a National Science Foundation Plant Postdoctoral Fellowship to R.G.W., by grants from NIH and ICI Seeds to M.F., the NSF Center for Plant Developmental Biology and the California Agriculture Experiment Station. Much of the work was done in the laboratory of Tim Helentjaris and was supported by a grant from Pioneer Hi-Bred Int'l. The generous gifts of the dominant dwarfing mutants from M.G. Neuffer and O.E. Nelson Jr. are gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
15.
Riqing Li Jixing Xia Yiwei Xu Xiucai Zhao Yao-Guang Liu Yuanling Chen 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(1):241-250
Plant height is an important agronomic trait for crop architecture and yield. Most known factors determining plant height function in gibberellin or brassinosteroid biosynthesis or signal transduction. Here, we report a japonica rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) dominant dwarf mutant, Photoperiod-sensitive dwarf 1 (Psd1). The Psd1 mutant showed impaired cell division and elongation, and a severe dwarf phenotype under long-day conditions, but nearly normal growth in short-day. The plant height of Psd1 mutant could not be rescued by gibberellin or brassinosteroid treatment. Genetic analysis with R1 and F2 populations determined that Psd1 phenotype was controlled by a single dominant locus. Linkage analysis with 101 tall F2 plants grown in a long-day season, which were derived from a cross between Psd1 and an indica cultivar, located Psd1 locus on chromosome 1. Further fine-mapping with 1017 tall F2 plants determined this locus on an 11.5-kb region. Sequencing analysis of this region detected a mutation site in a gene encoding a putative lipid transfer protein; the mutation produces a truncated C-terminus of the protein. This study establishes the genetic foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating plant cell division and elongation mediated by interaction between genetic and environmental factors. 相似文献
16.
The Ih and lh
i alleles have been shown previously to reduce the level of endogenous gibberellin A1 (GA1) in shoots of pea (Pisum sativum L.), resulting in a dwarf phenotype compared with the wild type, cv. Torsdag (Lh). In addition, plants homozygous for the lh
i allele have reduced seed yield compared with Lh (tall, wild type) and lh (dwarf) plants. In this paper we show that the lh
i mutation is expressed in developing seeds and pods. Comparison of GA levels in young shoots and developing seeds of genotypes lh and lh
i demonstrates that the relative severity of the two mutations varies in different tissues. Homozygous h
i seeds have reduced GA levels, weigh less, and are less likely to develop to maturity when compared with Lh seeds. However, fertilization of lh
i plants with Lh pollen increases seed GA levels, seed weight and seed survival, indicating that an increase in seed GA levels due to the presence of the Lh allele can restore normal seed growth. Pods developing on self-pollinated lh
i plants are shorter than pods on Lh (wild type) plants, although this may be an indirect effect of the increased seed abortion of lh
i plants. Based on these results we suggest that endogenous GAs play an important role in the development of seeds of P. sativum L.Abbreviations GA(n)
gibberellin An
We wish to thank Katherine McPherson, Peter Newman, Leigh Johnson and Peter Bobbi for technical assistance, Professor L. Mander (ANU, Canberra) and Professor B.O. Phinney (UCLA, USA) for labelled GA standards, and the Australian Research Council for financial support. 相似文献
17.
18.
D. J. C. FRIEND 《Physiologia plantarum》1975,35(4):286-296
The light requirements for induction of flowering by a long dark period were investigated in dark-grown seedlings of Pharbitis nil Chois, cv. Violet. The cotyledons bcame photoperiodically sensitive to a 24 h dark period by two 1 min red irradiations (6.3 μmol m−2 S−1) separated by a 24 h dark period. The reversibility of the effect of brief red irradiations, and the effectiveness of low energies of red irradiation suggest the involvement of phytochrome in the induction of photoperiodic sensitivity. Partial de-etiolation occurred after these brief periods of red irradiation but the seedlings were not capable of net CO2 uptakeeven 7 h after the start of the main light period that followed the critical dark period. A changing response to the duration of the priod of darkness given between the two short red irradiations showed the the correct phasing of an endogenous photoperiodic rhythm is needed for the attainment of photoperiodic snsitivity. 相似文献
19.
The effects of differential photoperiodic treatments applied to shoot tips and mature leaves of the long-day (LD) plant Silene armeria L. on growth and flowering responses, and on the levels of endogenous gibberellins (GAs), were investigated. Gibberellins were analyzed by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry and the use of internal standards. Exposure of mature leaves to LD, regardless of the photoperiodic conditions of the shoot tips, short days (SD), LD, or darkness, promoted elongation of the stems and of the immature leaves. Long-day treatment of the mature leaves modified the levels of endogenous GAs in shoot tips kept under LD, SD, or darkness. In shoot tips kept in LD or darkness the levels of GA53 were reduced, whereas the levels of GA19 and GA20 were increased. The contents of GA1 were increased in all three types of shoots: SD twofold, LD fivefold, and darkness eightfold. Dark treatment of the shoot tips on plants of which the mature leaves were grown in SD promoted elongation of the immature etiolated leaves and increased the GA1 content of the shoot tips threefold. However, this treatment did not cause stem elongation. The different photoperiodic treatments applied to the shoot tips did not change the levels of GAs in mature leaves. These results indicate that both LD and dark treatments result in an increase in GA1 in shoot tips. In addition, it is proposed that LD treatment induces the formation of a signal that is transmitted from mature leaves to shoot tips where it enhances the effect of GA on stem elongation.Abbreviations GAn
gibberellin An
- LD
long day(s)
- SD
short day(s)
We thank Dr. L.N. Mander, Australian National University, Canberra, for providing [2H]-gibberellins and Dr. D.A. Gage, MSU-NIH Mass Spectrometry Facility, East Lansing, for advice with mass spectrometry. This work was supported, in part, by a fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias) to M.T., by the U.S. Department of Energy grant No. DE-FG02-91ER20021, and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture grant No. 88-37261-3434 to J.A.D.Z. 相似文献
20.
Kaede C. Wada Kaori Mizuuchi Aya Koshio Kentaro Kaneko Toshiaki Mitsui Kiyotoshi Takeno 《Journal of plant physiology》2014
The involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in the regulation of stress-induced flowering in the short-day plant pharbitis (also called Japanese morning glory) Ipomoea nil (formerly Pharbitis nil) was studied. Pharbitis cv. Violet was induced to flower when grown in 1/100-strength mineral nutrient solution under non-inductive long-day conditions. All fully expanded true leaves were removed from seedlings, leaving only the cotyledons, and flowering was induced under poor-nutrition stress conditions. This indicates that cotyledons can play a role in the regulation of poor-nutrition stress-induced flowering. The expression of the pharbitis homolog of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; E.C. 4.3.1.5) and the content of SA in the cotyledons were all up-regulated by the stress treatment. The Violet was also induced to flower by low-temperature stress, DNA demethylation and short-day treatment. Low-temperature stress enhanced PAL activity, whereas non-stress factors such as DNA demethylation and short-day treatment decreased the activity. The PAL enzyme activity was also examined in another cultivar, Tendan, obtaining similar results to Violet. The exogenously applied SA did not induce flowering under non-stress conditions but did promote flowering under weak stress conditions in both cultivars. These results suggest that stress-induced flowering in pharbitis is induced, at least partly, by SA, and the synthesis of SA is promoted by PAL. 相似文献