Genetic relationships among wild pomegranate (Punica granatum) genotypes from Coruh Valley in Turkey

The pomegranate has been used traditionally in Coruh Valley in Turkey for a long time; fruits are harvested from wild, semi-domesticated and cultivated trees. In the valley, it occurs in general along with olive trees. We sampled 23 wild-grown pomegranate genotypes sampled from different parts of Coruh Valley and compared them using RAPD primers to determine genetic variability. Eighty-six RAPD primers were used for molecular characterizations, among which 12 gave reliable polymorphic patterns. These primers generated 145 RAPD bands of which 91% were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism ratio was observed with primers OPY06, OPY13, OPBA03, OPBB03, OPBB07, and OPBB09 (100%), while the lowest was with OPBB09 and OPBB10 (75%). The band size was between 250 and 2400 bp. There were five main clusters in the dendrogram; the highest genetic similarity was 0.24 and the lowest was 0.08.     

长江、黄河流域两棉区陆地棉品种的遗传多样性比较研究

从300个随机引物中筛选到带型清晰且重复性强的41个多态性引物,用于长江、黄河流域两棉区的91陆地棉品种的RAPD标记分析。分析采用Jaccard‘s相似系数,使用NTSYS－pcl.80数据分析软件,非加权组平均法（UPGMA）聚类。来自长江流域棉区的23个陆地棉品种产生了84个多态性位点,品种之间的平均相似系数为0．631。而来自黄河流域棉区的68个陆地棉品种产生了96个多态性位点,品种之间的平均相似系数为0．632.两棉区品种的相似系数矩阵比较及成对相似系数分布的比较均表明,长江流域和黄河流域棉区陆地棉品种的遗传多样性水平相当。共同的基础种质资源、相同的育种目标及相近的育种方法和策略可能是造成两大棉区品种遗传多样性水平相当的重要因素。     

Application of RAPD markers for characterization of γ-ray-induced rose mutants and assessment of genetic diversity

Six parent and their 12 gamma ray-induced somatic flower colour mutants of garden rose were characterized to discriminate the mutants from their respective parents and understanding the genetic diversity using Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Out of 20 primers screened, 14 primers yielded completely identical fragments patterns. The other 7 primers gave highly polymorphic banding patterns among the radiomutants. All the cultivars were identified by using only 7 primers. Moreover, individual mutants were also distinguished by unique RAPD marker bands. Based on the presence or absence of the 48 polymorphic bands, the genetic variations within and among the 18 cultivars were measured. Genetic distance between all 18 cultivars varied from 0.40 to 0.91, as revealed by Jaccard’s coefficient matrix. A dendrogram was constructed based on the similarity matrix using the Neighbor Joining Tree method showed three main clusters. The present RAPD analysis can be used not only for estimating genetic diversity present in gamma ray-induced mutants but also for correct identification of mutant/new varieties for their legal protection under plant variety rights.     

Genetic diversity in wild sweet cherries (Prunus avium) in Turkey revealed by SSR markers

Wild sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees are abundant in the northern part of Turkey, including the Coruh Valley. We analyzed 18 wild sweet cherry genotypes collected from diverse environments in the upper Coruh Valley in Turkey to determine genetic variation, using 10 SSR primers. These SSR primers generated 46 alleles; the number of alleles per primer ranged from 3 to 7, with a mean of 4.6. The primer PS12A02 gave the highest number of polymorphic bands (N = 7), while CPSCT010, UDAp-401 and UDAp-404 gave the lowest number (N = 3). Seven groups were separated in the dendrogram, although most of the genotypes did not cluster according to phenological and morphological traits. This level of genetic diversity in these wild sweet cherry genotypes is very high and therefore these trees would be useful as breeders for crosses between cultivated sweet cherry and wild genotypes.     

红掌品种亲缘关系SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记,从100对引物组合中筛选出 26对多态性高、条带清晰的SRAP引物,对33个红掌品种进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果如下：（1）26对引物共扩增出366条条带,其中有314条多态性条带,多态性比率为85.79%。引物组合产生的条带数在9～23之间,平均每对引物组合扩增出14.1条和12.1条多态性条带。（2）根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,33份材料的遗传相似系数在0.55～0.94之间,在遗传相似系数0.786处可将33个红掌品种分为5个类群。结果表明,供试品种遗传多样性丰富,本研究为品种鉴定和杂交育种提供了参考信息。     

Characterization of chromosomal DNA and DNA polymorphism in Korean cultivars ofAllium sativum L.

The genetic background of the garlic (Allium sativum L.) is not well understood, since it is cultivated exclusively by vegetative propagation. To understand its genetic background, a local cultivar, Danyang, was chosen, and several basic characteristics of its chromosomal DNA were examined. Its G + C content was 40.6%, and the relative proportion of fast reassociated sequences, intermediate reassociated sequences, and slow reassociated sequences were 12%, 40%, and 48%, respectively. The genome size, calculated based on reassociation kinetic experiments, was 1.11 x 10¹⁰ bp or 12.16 pg per haploid genome. To compare the genetic variation among four local cultivars, Munkyung, Seosan, Euiseong, and Danyang, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed. By using slightly longer primers, 18–24 nucleotides in size, than the traditional primers used for such analysis, more reliable RAPD results were obtained. 15 primers gave rise to amplified bands, and the results could be grouped into two categories. The patterns of amplified products produced by 12 primers, group A, were polymorphic. These results were analyzed using a NTSYS-PC (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System), and a dendrogram grouping the four local cultivars was produced. The three primers of group B gave rise to a monomorphic band pattern from four local garlic clutivars, indicating that these primers possibly recognize garlic specific sequences. These primers were useful in identifying genetic variations among theAllium species.     

DNA fingerprinting of jute germplasm by RAPD

The genotype characteristic of cultivars was investigated, along with varieties of both of the jute species, Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis, in the germplasm collection at the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI). DNA fingerprinting was generated for 9 different varieties and 12 accessions of jute cultivars by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 29 arbitrary oligonucleotide primers were screened. Seven primers gave polymorphism within the varieties, and 6 primers detected polymorphism within the accessions that were tested. A dendrogram was engendered from these data, and this gave a distinct clustering of the cultivated species of jute. Therefore, we generated RAPD markers, which are species-specific. These primers can distinguish between C. olitorius and C. capsularis. From the dendrogram that we generated between the various members of these two species, we found the existing genetic classification that agrees with our molecular marking data. A different dendrogram showed that jute accessions could be clustered into three groups. These data will be invaluable in the conservation and utilization of the genetic pool in the germplasm collection.     

Interpretation of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker data for fingerprinting sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes

In this paper we present a method for the generation of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for sweet potato. These were applied to produce genetic fingerprints of six clonal cultivars and to estimate genetic distances between these cultivars. The level of polymorphism within the species was extremely high. From the 36-decamer random primers used, 170 fragments were amplified, of which 132 (77.6%) were polymorphic. Ten primers resulted in no detected amplification. Of the remaining 26 primers for which amplification was achieved, only one did not reveal polymorphism. Six primers used alone enabled the discrimination of all six genotypes. Pattern analysis, which employed both a classification and ordination method, enabled the grouping of cultivars and the identification of primers which gave greatest discrimination among the cultivars.     

Genetic variation detected with RAPD markers among upland and lowland rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.)

Genetic variation of nine upland and four lowland rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Forty-two random primers were used to amplify DNA segments and 260 PCR products were obtained. The results of agarosegel electrophoretic analysis of these PCR products indicated that 208 (80%) were polymorphic. All 42 primers used in this experiment were amplified and typically generated one-to-four major bands. Only two primers showed no polymorphisms. In general, a higher level of polymorphism was found between japonica and indica subspecies while fewer polymorphisms were found between upland and lowland cultivars within the indica subspecies. A dendrogram that shows the genetic distances of 13 rice cultivars was constructed based on their DNA polymorphisms. Classification of rice cultivars based on the results from the RAPD analysis was identical to the previous classification based on isozyme analysis. This study demonstrated that RAPD analysis is a useful tool in determining the genetic relationships among rice cultivars.     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Cicer arietinum L Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were employed to assess genetic diversity in 23 chickpea genotypes. Forty of the 100 random primers screened revealed polymorphism among the genotypes. Most of the primers revealed single polymorphic band, and only 14.1 2% of the products were polymorphic. Estimates of genetic similarity based on Jaccard’s coefficient ranged from 0.92 to 0.99, indicating narrow genetic variability among the genotypes based on RAPD markers.The 23 chickpea genotypes formed two major clusters in the dendrogram.The low RAPD polymorphism among chickpea genotypes suggests that more number of polymorphic primers need to be analysed to determine genetic relationships. It was observed that RAPD analysis employing 30 polymorphic primers could provide better estimates of genetic relationships in chickpea.     

用RAPD技术探讨中国枣的种下划分

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对14个枣Ziziphus jujuba 品种和1个野生种——泰山酸枣Z．spinosus的遗传变异进行了研究。从120个10-碱基随机引物中筛选出37个多态性引物用于正式扩增,共扩增出429条DNA带,其中多态性带214条,占49．88％。根据DNA扩增结果计算了品种及类型间遗传距离,并用UPGMA构建了聚类树状图。分析结果表明：龙爪枣 Z．jujuba var．tortuosa、葫芦枣 Z. jujuba var．lageniformis、无核枣 Z.jujuba var．anucleatus 等几个变种内的遗传距离大于变种间遗传距离,认为枣的变种划分是不自然的,宜并入其原变种;枣种下不宜设变种,对枣种下的众多品种,应根据品种间的遗传关系,直接划分品种群。     

40个黄皮品种的ISSR分析

采用ISSR-PCR分子标记技术对40个黄皮品种的遗传多样性进行分析。从96条ISSR引物中筛选出15条引物用于PCR扩增,共扩增出165条带,其中多态性条带100条,多态性比率为60.6%。应用SPSS软件计算各品种间的Jaccard相似系数介于0.714~1.000,UPGMA法将40个品种分成5组。     

Partial molecular characterization of some kiwi fruit cultivars by RAPD markers

Molecular variability among seven cultivars of A. deliciosa var. deliciosa was investigated through RAPD markers. Thirty four decamer primers were screened generating polymorphic patterns of amplified DNA for these cultivars. Twenty one selected primers gave clear and reporducible patterns. A total of 430 bands were produced and 29.37% of them were polymorphic. The patterns distinguished between the cultivars and their analysis established an approach to classification within A. deliciosa var. deliciosa based on RAPD markers. The dendrogram clearly differentiated male from female cultivars. While abbot and allison female cultivars were closely related, bruno and abbot female cultivars showed maximum dissimilarity.     

Estimation of genetic distance based on RAPDs between 11 cotton accessions varying in heat tolerance

The genetic distance of 11 cotton genotypes varying in heat tolerance was studied using RAPD markers. Fifty-three random decamer primers were used for the estimation of genetic distance. Among the 53 RAPD primers, which were custom synthesized by GeneLink Inc., UK, 32 were polymorphic and 21 were monomorphic. The 32 polymorphic primers produced 273 fragments, with a mean of 8.3 fragments per primer. The number of polymorphic bands produced in the 11 cotton accessions ranged from 1 to 31. Primer GLC-20 produced 31 polymorphic bands, while two primers, GLB-5 and GLC-12, produced one polymorphic band each. A range of 88.89 to 42.48% genetic similarity was observed among the 11 cotton accessions. The highest genetic similarity was observed between FH-945 and BH-160 (88.89%), whereas the lowest value was found between NIAB-801/2 and FH-945 (42.48%). Unique amplification profiles were produced by most of the cultivars; the differences were sufficient to distinguish them from other genotypes. This confirms the efficacy of RAPD markers for the identification of plant genotypes. An accumulative analysis of amplified products generated by RAPDs was sufficient to assess the genetic diversity among the genotypes. This information should be helpful for formulating breeding and genome mapping programs.     

利用RAPD研究桂林桂花品种间的亲缘关系

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,从100个随机引物中筛选出扩增效果较好的20个引物,分 析桂林市23个桂花品种的基因组多态性。20个随机引物共检测到193个位点,其中多态位点114个,占 59.1%。并进行了聚类分析,构建出树状聚类图,将这些品种划分为4个品种群,与传统分类学结果一致。结 果表明,以基因型而不是以表现型为基础,分析桂花品种间的区别是可能的。该技术为解决桂林市的桂花品 种分类问题提供了重要依据。     

RAPD分析花椰花不同品种的遗传变异

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法,对13个花椰花品种的基因组DNA进行多态性分析。选用20个10bp随机引物,共扩增出175条DNA片段,其中多态性片段118例,占67．4％,结果表明,花椰花品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。依据扩增结果进行遗传相似系数分析,构建聚类分析树状图。初步探讨了各品种间的遗传变异关系及RAPD技术在花椰花种质资源分类鉴定和育种工作中的应用前景。     

Assessment of Genetic Polymorphism in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Cultivars by ISSR–PCR Analysis

Genetic diversity among 26 Russian and European cultivars of the common hop (Humulus lupulusL.) was studied using the ISSR–PCR technique. Twenty-one primers used provided amplification of 183 DNA fragments, 106 of which (57.9%) were found to be polymorphic. The ISSR markers, specific for some cultivars were revealed. Based on the genetic distances, cluster analysis was performed and a dendrogram was constructed, on which most of the hop cultivars formed two clusters according to their origin. Advantages of the ISSR–PCR analysis in breeding studies for classification and identification of common hop cultivars are discussed.     

江浙地区杨梅主要品种的ISSR分析

为研究江浙地区杨梅（Myrica rubra Sieb．et Zucc．）的亲缘关系,运用ISSR—PCR分析方法对其主要栽培品种进行了分析。8条引物扩增出58个DNA片段,其中多态性片段42个,占总扩增片段的72．4％。结合遗传距离分析,运用UPGMA法构建了分子系统树。结果表明,所分析的14个品种和1个优良单株以0．14为结合线可分为5组,说明江浙地区的杨梅在广泛基因交流的情况下,存在局部的隔离。‘小叶细蒂’与‘极早熟1号’亲缘关系较近,前者可能是后者的亲本之一。     

青岛市19个樱花品种的RAPD分析

采用改良的CTAB法提取19个樱花品种的基因组DNA.利用RAPD技术对19个樱花品种进行亲缘关系鉴定和品种分类研究.从60条10 bp随机引物中筛选出32条扩增效果较好的引物进行扩增,共扩增出533条带,其中多态性带为406条,多态率达76.17%.根据扩增结果进行UPGMA聚类分析,聚类结果将19个品种分为2大类群,第1类群主要为杂交樱系;第2类群为日本晚樱系,根据樱花的重瓣性、枝姿和花色又可分为不同的亚类群、类和亚类.结果表明应用RAPD技术对樱花分子水平的分类结果与传统分类学的结果基本一致,进一步证明种源、重瓣性、枝姿和花色都可作为樱花品种分类的重要指标.     

莲品种资源的SRAP遗传多样性分析

利用分子标记SRAP技术对国内广泛栽培以及新近育成的39个莲品种进行了DNA多态性分析。选取5对引物扩增基因组DNA,共获得101条带,其中88条为多态性条带,每对引物平均提供20个标记信息。由UPMGA方法得到的聚类分析结果表明了39个品种间的遗传关系,结果表明:花莲、籽莲和藕莲三大类群有明显的界限,花莲和籽莲的遗传距离较近,藕莲与它们的遗传距离较远。分子方差分析结果表明:莲品种间和品种内均存在遗传变异,藕莲品种内的遗传变异略低于品种间的遗传变异,而诱变籽莲、诱变花莲和常规籽莲品种内遗传变异均大于品种间的遗传变异,尤其是诱变籽莲、诱变花莲品种内遗传变异占总变异的分量分别超过了70%和60%,这种品种内的遗传变异,一方面对于莲的高产稳产具有重要的意义,另一方面也说明了从这些国内广泛栽培的品种以及新近育成的莲品种中可以直接进一步选育出更优良的新品种。