口服特比萘芬联合外用特比萘芬乳膏治疗足癣83例疗效观察

目的观察口服特比萘芬联合外用特比萘芬治疗足癣的疗效。探讨口服抗真菌药联合外用抗真菌药治疗足癣的疗效。方法足癣患者83例随机分成2组,治疗组45例,口服特比萘芬联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程2周。对照组38例,局部外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程4周。结果治疗完成4周后治疗组临床治愈率96%,真菌清除率98%;对照组分别为58%、68%。2组临床治愈率、真菌清除率相比,均有显著性差异。结论联合疗法和单一外用药物治疗足癣均有效,但联合疗法起效快、疗程短、效果较好。     

特比萘芬联合疗法治疗足癣临床疗效与复发率观察

目的探寻提高足癣治愈率、降低复发率的有效疗法。方法应用口服特比萘芬联合外用1%特比萘芬乳膏2周连续疗法进行治疗,与特比萘芬系统治疗及1%特比萘芬乳膏局部治疗作同期对照,比较临床疗效与复发率。结果临床疗效：停药时联合治疗组、系统治疗组、局部治疗组3组的痊愈率分别是51.85%、35.19%、31.48%,χ2=6.32,P〈0.05;3组总有效率分别为96.30%、85.19%、72.22%,χ2=12.31,P〈0.05。临床治愈时间（d）：联合治疗组7.54±1.09,系统治疗组8.41±1.93,局部治疗组8.70±2.63,F=4.85,P〈0.01;联合治疗组分别与后2组比较,P〈0.01。复发率：联合治疗组5.56%,系统治疗组18.52%、局部治疗组22.22%,χ2=6.64,P〈0.05。结论1种口服抗真菌药物加1种外用抗真菌药物联合治疗足癣疗效好、疗程短、复发率低,无明显副作用。     

外用和口服抗真菌药治疗足癣疗效评价

目的分别评价外用和口服抗真菌药治疗足癣的疗效,为足癣治疗提供参考。方法收集国内外已公开发表的有关外用和口服抗真菌药治疗足癣的临床随机对照试验进行分析评价。结果共有24篇文献入选,总病例数为3059例。外用联苯苄唑乳膏的疗效优于咪康唑和克霉唑乳膏;特比萘芬的疗效明显优于克霉唑乳膏;缺乏特比萘芬和联苯苄唑乳膏疗效比较的相关文献。口服特比萘芬(250mg/d,治疗2周)或伊曲康唑(100mg/d,治疗4周)均明显优于安慰剂和灰黄霉素(500mg/d,治疗4周或6周)。结论外用特比萘芬和联苯苄唑乳膏疗效均较理想;口服特比萘芬和伊曲康唑均有较好的临床疗效。     

特比萘芬、伊曲康唑和氟康唑不良反应和药物相互作用评价

医生在应用特比萘芬、伊曲康唑或氟康唑治疗真菌病时,除了需要熟悉其药物的固有不良反应外,还应重视抗真菌药物和其他药物之间的相互作用,以确保患者用药安全有效。     

4种抗真菌药物对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

目的观察酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和特比萘芬与胰岛素组合使用以及单独使用时对糖尿病大鼠血糖水平的影响。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为10组,每组5只。前4组皮下注射胰岛素的同时分别喂食4种抗真菌药物;第5组单独皮下注射胰岛素;第6—9组分别喂食4种抗真菌药物;第10组既不注射胰岛素也不喂食抗真菌药物。定时对糖尿病大鼠尾静脉采血,使用CX5PRO生化检测仪对其血糖进行检测。结果酮康唑、氟康唑和伊曲康唑分别与胰岛素合用时,可使糖尿病大鼠血糖降低（P〈0．05）;不与胰岛素合用时,氟康唑和伊曲康唑均可使糖尿病大鼠血糖升高（P〈0．05）;特比萘芬无论是否与胰岛素合用,对糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平均无影响（P〉0．05）。结论唑类抗真菌药物无论是否与胰岛素合用均会影响糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平,特比萘芬无论是否与胰岛素合用,都不会影响糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平。     

联合应用抗真菌药物对不同地区来源红色毛癣菌的体外敏感性实验

目的调查联合应用抗真菌药物对不同地区来源红色毛癣菌的体外抗真菌作用,探讨药物的体外相互作用及地区因素对红色毛癣菌药物敏感性的影响。方法以M38-A方案测定酮康唑、萘替芬、联合使用酮康唑萘替芬以及单用特比萘芬对红色毛癣菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并计算了酮康唑与萘替芬的药物间抑菌浓度指数(FICI)。结果联合使用酮康唑萘替芬组的最小抑菌浓度显著低于单用酮康唑、萘替芬组,和单用特比萘芬组的疗效相似。北京的红色毛癣菌株对上述药物的敏感度均低于上海和南京的菌株。结论联合应用抗真菌药物优于单用,地区差异可能会影响红色毛癣菌对药物的敏感性。     

中国临床球形孢子丝菌菌丝相药物敏感性分析

目的检测我国临床球形孢子丝菌菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性,同时对比我国不同地区菌株药物敏感性的差异。方法将重庆、吉林、北京地区既往基因鉴定为球形孢子丝菌的100株临床菌株接种于2%马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上,25℃恒温培养7d获得菌丝相。依据美国临床与实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)制定的M38-A2方案,采用微量液基稀释法检测菌丝相对碘化钾、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑、两性霉素B的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。质控菌株为近平滑念菌ATCC22019。结果碘化钾体外无抗真菌活性,特比萘芬MIC几何均值为0.14μg/mL,伊曲康唑和两性霉素B MIC几何均值分别为0.79μg/mL和0.63μg/mL,氟康唑MIC几何均值为45.89μg/mL。发现7株对伊曲康唑耐药菌株,吉林地区相对较多,但不同地区菌株的药物MIC值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论碘化钾无体外抗真菌活性,我国临床球形孢子丝菌对特比萘芬最敏感,其次为伊曲康唑和两性霉素B,对氟康唑敏感性最差,不同地区菌株对抗真菌药物的敏感性没有明显差异。     

足癣义诊患者临床分析及特比萘芬联合疗法疗效观察

目的分析西京医院皮肤科近3a来每年足癣义诊患者基本情况,并对口服特比萘芬片结合外用特比萘芬乳膏治疗足癣进行疗效分析。方法回顾性分析3a来每年夏天足癣义诊活动中就诊于西京医院皮肤科足癣患者情况。其中2007年义诊患者随机分为3组。I为单纯特比萘芬乳膏治疗组,外用特比萘芬乳膏2次/d×2周;Ⅱ为单纯口服特比萘芬片组,给予口服特比萘芬片（兰美抒片）250mg/d×1周;Ⅲ组给予口服特比萘芬,250mg/d×1周,联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,2次/d×2周。3组分别在患者治疗1个月后电话随访。结果3a足癣义诊周患者平均真菌阳性率为75.76%;采用特比萘芬联合疗法治疗的患者,有效率高达85.26%,复发率不足6%。结论特比萘芬联合疗法治疗足癣疗效肯定。     

口服联合外用特比萘芬治疗足癣的疗效观察

目的观察口服联合外用特比萘芬治疗足癣的疗效。方法将82例足癣患者随机分为2组,A组42例,口服特比萘芬片联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程1周;B组40例,口服特比萘芬片联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程2周。结果停药后4周,A组治愈率68．70％,有效率90．47％,真菌清除率90．48％;B组治愈率84．15％,有效率95．00％,真菌清除率97．50％;两组治愈率、有效率及真菌清除率比较无显著性差异。结论1周或2周疗程口服联合外用特比萘芬治疗足癣均有效。     

改变治疗环境有益足癣的治疗

目的探求足癣彻底治愈的最佳途径。方法将临床已确诊的足癣患者随机分为4组,即：①特比萘芬试验组。②伊曲康唑试验组。③氟康唑试验组。④咪康唑霜试验组。每组分别设对照组。试验组应用抗真菌药物治疗的同时,要求从治疗之日起采取预防真菌再感染的措施,如更换新鞋、袜及鞋垫,不与他人共用浴具等生活用品。对照组除应用抗真菌药物外,其他无特殊要求。结果4个试验组的治愈率（停药2周后）分别比4个对照组的治愈率（停药2周后）各提高27.1％、24.8％、26.6％、25.5％,经统计学处理,各组的x^2值均〉3.841,P〈0．05,试验组与对照组的疗效比较差异有显著性。结论利用抗真菌药物治疗的同时,改变皮损周围真菌的生存环境,是足癣彻底治愈的关键所在。     

New Antifungal Agents and New Formulations Against Dermatophytes

A variety of oral and topical antifungal agents are available for the treatment of superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. This review builds on the antifungal therapy update published in this journal for the first special issue on Dermatophytosis (Gupta and Cooper 2008;166:353–67). Since 2008, there have not been additions to the oral antifungal armamentarium, with terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole still in widespread use, albeit for generally more severe or recalcitrant infections. Griseofulvin is used in the treatment of tinea capitis. Oral ketoconazole has fallen out of favor in many jurisdictions due to risks of hepatotoxicity. Topical antifungals, applied once or twice daily, are the primary treatment for tinea pedis, tinea corporis/tinea cruris, and mild cases of tinea unguium. Newer topical antifungal agents introduced include the azoles, efinaconazole, luliconazole, and sertaconazole, and the oxaborole, tavaborole. Research is focused on developing formulations of existing topical antifungals that utilize novel delivery systems in order to enhance treatment efficacy and compliance.     

Pathogenic Dermatophytes Survive in Nail Lesions During Oral Terbinafine Treatment for Tinea Unguium

Tinea unguium caused by dermatophyte species are usually treated with oral antimycotic, terbinafine (TBF). To understand the mechanisms of improvement and recalcitrance of tinea unguium by oral TBF treatment, a method of quantifying dermatophyte viability in the nail was developed, and the viability of dermatophytes was analyzed in toenail lesions of 14 patients with KOH-positive tinea unguium treated with oral TBF 125 mg/day for up to 16 weeks. Mycological tests, including KOH examination and fungal culture, and targeted quantitative real-time PCR for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including rRNA, were demonstrated at the initial visit and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. Assays in eight patients showed that average ITS DNA amount significantly decreased, to 44% at 8 weeks and 36% at 16 weeks compared with 100% at initial visit. No significant difference was observed between at 8 and 16 weeks, despite the TBF concentration in the nail supposedly more than 10-fold higher than the minimum fungicidal concentration for dermatophytes. This finding suggests the pathogenic dermatophytes in nail lesions could survive in a dormant form, such as arthroconidia, during oral TBF treatment. Both antimycotic activity and nail growth are important factors in treatment of tinea unguium.     

Update in Antifungal Therapy of Dermatophytosis

Treatment of dermatophyte infection involves primarily oral and/or topical formulations of azoles or allylamines, particularly itraconazole and terbinafine. Topical medications applied once or twice daily are the primary treatment indicated for tinea corporis/cruris, and tinea pedis/manuum. Use of oral antifungals may be practical where the tinea involvement is extensive or chronic, or where application of a topical is not feasible. For tinea unguium (onychomycosis) and tinea capitis, oral therapies are the primary treatments provided. Recently, topical amorolfine and ciclopirox formulations have been approved for use in milder onychomycosis cases, and their role in the treatment of the different clinical forms of onychomycosis is currently being defined. Relapse of infection remains a problem, particularly with tinea pedis/unguium. Appropriate follow-up duration and education of patients on proper foot hygiene are also important components in providing effective therapy.     

Oral terbinafine for the tinea unguium of the toenails. Efficacy between 12 and 24 weeks of treament.

Terbinafine 250 mg po daily was administered to 21 patients affected by tinea unguium of the toenails. In 14 cases Trichophyton rubrum was the aetiological agent while Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale affected the rest. The treatment was administered randomized during 12 or 24 weeks in two groups of 11 (group A) and 10 (group B) patients. The clinical and mycological response was evaluated at week 12, 24 and 48. Adverse events were registered during the therapeutic period. At week 24, 55.5% of patients from group A were cured, only one patient did not improve and cultures were positive. In group B 66.6% were cured and three were clinically improved but cultures were positive. In the last control after 48 weeks the results were similar except one patient of the group B who worsened of his nails lesions. Only one case of acute urticaria was noted, the symptoms disappeared after the withdrawal of terbinafine. Terbinafine per os is a safe and effective antifungal for the treatment of the tinea unguium of the toenails. A period of 12 weeks of administration is enough in most of cases but when T. rubrum is the aetiology relapse could be possible.     

Epidemiology of dermatophytoses: retrospective analysis from 2005 to 2010 and comparison with previous data from 1975

Dermatophyte infections are extremely frequent worldwide and their epidemiological features vary according to the geographical area and have changed in the last decades. We studied the spectrum of dermatophytoses by means of a retrospective analysis involving 6,133 patients referred to the Mycology Service of the Dermatology Clinic of Policlinico Hospital - University of Bari, Italy during the period 2005-2010. The most frequent clinical forms were tinea unguium (39.2% of the total dermatophytoses), tinea corporis (22.7%) and tinea pedis (20.4%). There was a predominance of women for tinea unguium and corporis and of men for tinea pedis and especially tinea cruris. T. rubrum was the prevalent causative agent, implicated in 64% of total cases, followed by M. canis (14%) and T. mentagrophytes (10%). The retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data collected at our Clinic since 1975 showed a gradual decrease in the frequency of tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and tinea capitis over time. On the contrary, during the past two decades, there has been a progressive increase in the frequency of tinea pedis and especially of tinea unguium. In parallel with this changing pattern, the frequency of isolation of T. rubrum has shown a continuous increase during the last 35 years, whereas a progressive decline of the etiological role of T. violaceum, M. canis and even more of E. floccosum has been noted.     

特比萘芬短程口服加外用特比萘芬治疗中重度皮肤癣菌病的临床对照研究

目的为治疗中、重度皮肤癣菌病选择合适的方法。方法采用开放、随机对照的平行研究。将临床和真菌镜检确诊的中重度体、股癣和手、足癣患者随机分入A、B、C、D四组,A组口服特比萘芬片联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程7d;B组常规口服特比萘芬片,疗程14d;C组常规外用特比萘芬乳膏,疗程14d;D组外用联苯苄唑乳膏,疗程4周。对各组的临床疗效、安全性、患者对治疗的满意度等进行分析。结果①真菌学疗效:停药后4周时A组手、足癣患者的真菌清除率最高为96.65%,与D组比较(65.00%)差异有显著性。②临床疗效:停药后2周和4周时A组手足癣患者的治愈率分别为93.33%和90.00%,与D组(68%、64%)比较差异有显著性。③患者满意度:在本研究的四组中,A组患者对疗效的满意度最高,与C组、D组比较差异有显著性;患者的综合满意度(包括对治疗费用、安全性等方面)A组最高,与C组、D组比较差异有显著性。D组患者对费用的接受程度最高,A组优于B组,有极显著的统计学差异。治疗结束后患者对安全性的接受程度四组间没有显著差异。结论特比萘芬口服加外用1周的“1 1”短程联合疗法治疗中、重度皮肤癣菌病的疗效高、疗程短、依从性好,患者满意度高。     

特比萘芬治疗顽固性手、足癣的临床疗效及安全性评价

目的评价特比萘芬治疗顽固性手、足癣的临床疗效及安全性。方法将120例患者随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组口服特比萘芬250mg,1次/d,联合外用特比萘芬乳膏,2次/d,连续3周;对照组患者仅外用特比萘芬乳膏2次/d,连续3周。停药2周后评价最终疗效和不良反应,停药4周后观察复发率。结果停药2周后,实验组患者的临床有效率为95%,真菌学清除率为95%,不良反应发生率为5%（主要为胃肠道反应）;对照组患者的临床有效率为40%,真菌学清除率为75%。停药4周后,实验组患者未见复发,对照组患者复发率为20%。结论口服特比萘芬联合外用特比萘芬乳膏治疗顽固性手、足癣是安全、有效的。     

Griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatomycoses and onychomycoses produced by dermatophytes of the Trichophyton group

Summary Based on observations on the therapy of 128 patients affected with tinea unguium, tinea manus et pedis, tinea granulomatosa nodularis (Granuloma Majocchi), tinea cruris, tinea corporis, tinea barbae and tinea capitis due to infection with dermatophytes of theTrichophyton group, determinations were made for the absolute and relative indication of griseofulvin in the treatment of these mycoses. For each affection, comparisons were made between the therapeutic results obtained by combined therapy with oral griseofulvin (uniform daily dose 1 g for each case) and local therapy with 1 % water solution organic dyes, coal tar on the one hand, and mere local therapy as described above, on the other. For treatment, griseofulvin of different production was available: British Grisovin, Likuden and Likuden M from West-Germany, and Griseofulvin produced in the German Democratic Republic. No essential differences were found in the therapeutic effect of the individual preparations, the tolerance, however, was found to be best with Likuden. On the basis of comparisons made for the results of the individual methods of treatment, griseofulvin therapy was found to be an absolute indication of the mycotic diseases as follows: tinea capitis, tinea cruris follicularis trichophytica and tinea unguium. A relative indication was found to be tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea cruris, and tinea manus et pedis.All patients were subjected to microscopic and culture examination. The frequency of the individual dermatophytes was as follows:Trichophyton rubrum in 56 cases,Trichophyton verrucosum in 19 cases,Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 16 cases, andTrichophyton violaceum in 1 case. Thirty six cases showed negative cultures.In conclusion, the author recommends individual selection of patients for the griseofulvin therapy.     

Tinea unguium in the north-west of Iran (1996-2004)

Tinea unguium is a common mycosis in many part of the world including Iran. The prevalence of this mycosis varied depending on time, health level and geographical location. To stabilise the etiological, epidemiological and risk factors of tinea unguium in North-west Iran, a study of patients with suspected dermatophyte infections of their nails was carried out between 1996 and 2004. During this study 590 (354 females and 236 males) patients with clinical presentation of fungal infection in fingernails, toenails or in the both sites, were investigated using direct microscopy and culture of clinical samples. Tinea unguium was documented in 41 cases (7%) and among positive cases, 16 cases (39% total positive cases) were female and 25 cases (61% total positive cases) were male. Seventeen patients (41% total positive cases) had tinea unguium in their finger nails and 24 patients (59% total positive cases) had infection in their toe nails. According to the isolated etiologic agent, 66% (19 cases) of tinea unguium infections were caused by zoophilic drematophytes, 31% (9 cases) were caused by anthropophilic drematophytes and 3% (1 case) were caused by geophilic dermatophytes. With regard of sex, tinea unguium did not show a significant difference. The highest prevalence of tinea unguium was found in patients between 11 and 40 years of age. In conclusion the current results identified the etiological agents and epidemiological aspects of tinea unguium in North-west Iran. Tinea unguium in this region is associated with animal husbandry and direct or indirect contact with their products (wool, leather).     

Dermatophytes

Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that are responsible for common infections such as tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea unguium. Their wide prevalence is mainly due to the existence of large human and animal reservoirs coupled with their ease of transmission from one host to another and their high inherent resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Although normally noninvasive, dermatophytic infections may rarely disseminate, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. In spite of the multitude of options now available for the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytic infection, certain forms, such tinea unguium, are often challenging to manage.