Polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine and piperidine alkaloids from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae)

Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae) yielded two new alkaloids, the 6-C-butyl derivative of 2R,5R-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) and alpha-1-C-ethyl-fagomine, together with the known alkaloids 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol, 1-deoxynojirimycin, and 1-deoxymannojirimycin. 6-C-Butyl-DMDP showed inhibitory activity toward almond beta-glucosidase (IC50 = 68 microM), whereas alpha-1-C-ethyl-fagomine inhibited bovine liver beta-galactosidase (IC50 = 29 microM).     

Four flavonol glycosides from Achlys triphylla.

Four new flavonol glycosides were isolated from the underground parts of Achlys triphylla in addition to eight known compounds. By means of spectroscopic analysis, the structures were characterized as isorhamnetin 3-glucosyl(1----3)galactoside, isorhamnetin 3-[6'acetylglucosyl(1----3)galactoside], isorhamnetin 3-[4'6'-di-acetylglucosyl(1----3)galactoside], and syringetin 3-[6'-acetylglucosyl(1----3)galactoside], respectively. In the aerial parts of the plant, seven known compounds were also confirmed.     

1,2,3-Trioxygenated glucosyloxyxanthones from Polygala triphylla

Four B-ring oxygen-free trioxygenated xanthones, viz. 1-OH-2,3-(OMe)₂-, 1,2,3-(OMe)₃-, 1-OH-2,3- (OCH₂O)-, 1-OMe-2,3-(OCH₂O)-xanthone, two B-ring oxygen-free glucosyloxyxanthones, viz. 1-O-gl.-2-OH-3-OMe- and 1-O-gl.-2,3-(OCH₂0)-xanthone, and a pentaoxygenated xanthone, 1-OMe-2,3,6,7-(OCH₂O)₂-xanthone, have been isolated from the flowering top of Polygala triphylla. The xanthones have been characterized on the basis of chemical transformation, comprehensive spectral evidence, and by direct comparison where possible. This is the first report of occurrence of the glucosyloxyxanthones in nature. The biochemical significance of these chemical characters in higher plants is appraised.     

国产沙参属五个种的核型研究

首次报道了５种国产沙参属（Ａｄｅｎｏｐｈｏｒａ）植物的染色体数目和核型。北方沙参Ａ．ｂｏｒｅａｌｉｓＨｏｎｇｅｔＹ．Ｚ．Ｚｈａｏ的核型公式为２ｎ＝３４＝２８ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋２ｓｔ（２ｓａｔ）;雾灵沙参Ａ．ｗｕｌｉｎｇｓｈａｎｉｃａＨｏｎｇ的核型公式为２ｎ＝３４＝２６ｍ（４ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ或２ｎ＝３４＋１Ｂ＝２６ｍ（４ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋１Ｂ;秦岭沙参Ａ．ｐｅｔｉｏｌａｔａＰａｘｅｔＨｏｆｍ．的核型公式为２ｎ＝３４＝２６ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ或２ｎ＝３４＋１Ｂ＝２６ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋１Ｂ;裂叶沙参Ａ．ｌｏｂｏｐｈｙｌａＨｏｎｇ的核型公式为２ｎ＝３４＝２６ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋４ｓｔ或２ｎ＝３４＋２Ｂ＝２６ｍ＋４ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋４ｓｔ＋２Ｂ。泡沙参Ａ．ｐｏｔａｎｉｎｉＫｏｒｓｈ的核型公式为２ｎ＝３４＝２８ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。它们同以往报道的其它种的核型相似：以中部着丝点染色体（ｍ）为主,至少具一对近端着丝点染色体（ｓｔ）和一对随体染色体,核型的对称程度较高,着丝点端化值（Ｔ．Ｃ）为５８．４％～６２．０％。结合其它性状,讨论了裂叶沙参的特殊性     

南沙参的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称南沙参[Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.],别名轮叶沙参。2材料类别种子。3培养条件基本培养基为MS。(1)种子萌发培养基:MS 6-BA0.5mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA0.1;     

Biosystematic studies on Adenophora potaninii Korsh.complex (Campanulaceae) V.A taxonomic treatment

Adenophora is an extremely variable genus,and its taxonomy is very controversial.Of the genus,Adenophora potaninii complex,including A.potaninii,A.bockiana,A.wawreana,A.lobophylla,A.biformifolia,A,polydentata,and A.wawreana var.lanceifolia,is a typical group with different taxonomical treatments due to high level of morphological diversity.We carried out extensive biosystematic studies based on population sampling,transplantation experiments and offspring tests,cluster analysis,and a crossing experiment.The results reveal four main findings.(i) Leaf forms of the A.potaninii complex were extremely polymorphic; the leaf form of A.potaninii and A.bockiana,and that ofA.wawreana and A.biformifolia could be found,respectively,on a single population or among the offsprings of a single plant.(ii) Cluster analysis and a crossing experiment indicated that A.bockiana and A.polydentata could not be separated from A.potaninii,nor d.biformifolia from A.wawreana.(iii) Adenophora potaninii and A.wawreana were gradational in morphology and their compatibility value was slightly reduced compared to that within each entity.(iv) Adenophora lobophylla was distinct from the other members of the complex in shape and size of corolla,relative length of style,and shape of capsule.This species was incompatible reproductively with the other members of the complex,but partly compatible with A.stenanthina,a species in another section.Therefore,we recognized only one species with two subspecies in the complex,A.potaninii subsp.potaninii and subsp,wawreana,moved A.lobophylla out of the complex,and reduced all the other names as new synonyms.     

石沙参的组织培养与快速繁殖

1 植物名称 石沙参（Adenophora polyantha Nakai）。 2材料类别 种子。 3培养条件 种子萌发与无菌苗生长培养基：（1）MS,（2）1／2MS;丛生芽诱导与增殖培养基：（3）MS＋6-BA0．5mg．L。（单位下同）,（4）MS＋6-BA1．0,（5）MS＋6-BA2．0;     

裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔行为与蒸腾特性的关系

采用LI-6400便携式光合分析系统对裂叶沙参和泡沙参进行了不同遮光水平蒸腾速率的测定,并同步测定了叶片气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔开度和气孔导度等气孔行为.采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了不同遮光水平裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔行为与蒸腾特性的关系.结果表明:不同遮光水平测定的气孔行为对裂叶沙参和泡沙参蒸腾作用的直接影响大致相同,其中,两种沙参的气孔密度对蒸腾速率的直接影响较大.但泡沙参的气孔导度与蒸腾作用具有极显著的相关关系.     

泰山沙参属植物资源调查与营养成分分析

目的:了解泰山沙参属植物资源现状,测定其根中脂肪、蛋白质及多糖的含量,为合理开发利用泰山沙参属植物资源提供依据。方法:采用野外实地调查法进行资源考察;分别用索氏提取法、考马斯亮蓝法和苯酚-硫酸法测定脂肪、蛋白质和多糖的含量。结果:采集的100余份标本,经鉴定为沙参属植物狭叶沙参[Adenophora gmeli-nii(Spreng)Fisch.]、石沙参(Adenophora polyantha Nakai)、杏叶沙参(Adenophora stricta Mig.)及细叶沙参(Adeno-phora paniculata Nannf.)。泰山沙参属植物狭叶沙参、石沙参、杏叶沙参和细叶沙参脂肪含量分别为2.14%～7.34%,4.27%～7.72%1,.54%～2.51%和4.98%。蛋白质含量分别为0.60～2.10 mg/g0,.80～1.89 mg/g,0.83～0.89 mg/g和1.05 mg/g,多糖含量分别为20.58%～63.21%2,7.74%～65.14%,43.14%～48.47%和45.60%。结论:泰山野生沙参属植物资源丰富,品种多、分布广、蕴藏量大,多糖含量较高,具有较大的开发前景。     

Homonojirimycin analogues and their glucosides from Lobelia sessilifolia and Adenophora spp. (Campanulaceae)

2,6-Dideoxy-7-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) 2,6-imino-D-glycero-L-gulo- heptitol (7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-homonojirimycin, 1) was isolated from the 50% methanol extract of the whole plant of Lobelia sessilifolia (Campanulaceae), which was found to potently inhibit rice alpha-glucosidase. Adenophorae radix, roots of Adenophora spp. (Campanulaceae), yielded new homonojirimycin derivatives, adenophorine (2), 1-deoxyadenophorine (3), 5-deoxyadenophorine (4), 1-C-(5-amino-5-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)butane (beta-1-C-butyl-deoxygalactonojirimycin, 5), and the 1-O-beta-D-glucosides of 2 (6) and 4 (7), in addition to the recently discovered alpha-1-C-ethylfagomine (8) and the known 1-deoxymannojirimycin (9) and 2R,5R-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3R,4R- dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP, 10). Compound 4 is a potent inhibitor of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 6.4 microM) and a reasonably good inhibitor of bovine liver beta-galactosidase (IC50 = 34 microM). Compound 5 is a very specific and potent inhibitor of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 0.71 microM). The glucosides 1 and 7 were potent inhibitors of various alpha-glucosidases, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 0.1 microM. Furthermore, 1 potently inhibited porcine kidney trehalase (IC50 = 0.013 microM) but failed to inhibit alpha-galactosidase, whereas 7 was a potent inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase (IC50 = 1.7 microM) without trehalase inhibitory activity.     

8-Methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light effects and repair in yeast.

Haploid wild-type and mutant cells of Saccharomyces carrying one of the single genes rad2-20 or rad9-4 and the double mutant rad2-20rad9-4 were tested for their response to a treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm light using immediate and delayed plating techniques. The mutant defective in the excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers (rad2-20) as well as that presumably deficient in a recombinational repair system (rad9-4) are more sensitive than wild type cells. The double mutant (rad2-20rad9-4) demonstrates a higher sensitivity than each of the single mutants, indicating that at least two pathways are involved in the repair of the 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm induced damages. In all cases survival curves have shoulders. The survival of wild type and rad9-4 cells is increased after dark holding whereas it remains constant for the rad2-20 mutant and for the double mutant. These results show that the induced damages are reparable. Respiratory deficient mutant (p-) were compared to the corresponding respiratory competent cells. It is shown that the respiratory function is required for the expression of the excision repair activity. The 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm ligh treatment appears to be less effective than ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm) in the induction of the cytoplasmic 'petite' mutation at the same survival levels.