草木樨状黄芪抗甲硫氨酸变异系的离体筛选及鉴定

通过组织培养体系进行了草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides Pall.)抗甲硫氨酸变异系的筛选。无菌苗幼茎切段诱导的愈伤组织经NaN_3诱变后,经过筛选获得了抗14mmol/L甲硫氨酸的变异细胞系,并分化出大量植株。再生植株已经在大田中开花结实。经分析表明:抗性细胞系脱离选择压6个月后,放在含15mmol/L甲硫氨酸的培养基上培养25天后,其相对增长率是对照的10.2倍。抗性系再生植株游离甲硫氨酸是对照的2.12倍,并且天冬族氨基酸都有明显增加。SDS-PAGE及过氧化物酶同工酶分析表明:在蛋白质及同工酶酶谱上抗性系再生植株均出现与对照不同的差异。     

苜蓿抗甲硫氨酸变异体的筛选

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)下胚轴愈伤组织用NaN_3溶液诱变处理后,在含有全致死浓度甲硫氨酸的MS培养基上进行了6个月的连续筛选培养,获得了能抗100mmol/L甲硫氨酸的变异细胞系,并分化成再生植株。所获变异细胞系在脱离选择压力6个月后,对甲硫氨酸的抗性仍比对照高7.2倍,并表现出对乙硫氨酸的交叉抗性(为对照抗性的3.3倍)。抗性细胞系及其再生植株的甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸和异亮氨酸含量均比对照有大幅度增加。抗性系的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱及过氧化物酶同工酶谱带均与对照有显著不同,并出现了新带,表明变异系已经产生变化了的基因产物。     

红豆草抗甲硫氨酸变异体的筛选

用ＮａＮ３ 诱变过的红豆草（Ｏｎｏｂｒｙｃｈｉｓｖｉｃｉａｅｆｏｌｉａ Ｓｃｏｐ．）愈伤组织筛选得到了能抗８０ ｍ ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ甲硫氨酸的变异细胞系——ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ,并得到了再生植株。ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ 脱离选择压力６ 个月后,其抗性仍比野生型的高５．６ 倍。同时还表现出对乙硫氨酸的交叉抗性,其抗性是野生型的６．５ 倍, 表明该抗性系抗性表达稳定。ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ 愈伤组织中甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸含量分别是野生型的４．００、１．０９、１．５０ 倍。ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ再生植株中甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸含量分别为野生型的２．０、３．５、３．５、２．５ 倍。在ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ 愈伤组织可溶性蛋白ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱中,出现了两条新多肽（３０ ｋＤ、２６ ｋＤ）。ＯＮｍ ｅｔｒ 细胞系过氧化物酶同工酶谱中亦出现了两条新酶带。这些变化表明该变异系已经产生变化了的基因产物     

芦笋抗S—（2—氨乙基）—L—半胱氨酸（AEC）变异体的筛选

S-(2-氨乙基)-L-半胱氨酸(AEC)可抑制芦笋愈伤组织的生长,此抑制作用可被赖氨酸或甲硫氨酸部分解除。用0.5mmol/L的AEC进行筛选,得到抗性愈伤组织AR10并再生植株。AR10愈伤组织经一年多的继代培养,在离开选择剂组培继代两代后仍保持对AEC的抗性。抗性系愈伤组织还表现出对2mmol/L的半胱氨酸具交叉抗性,对1mmol/L的赖氨酸加苏氨酸表现部分交叉抗性。AR10再生植株一部分保持对AEC的抗性,而一部分则无抗性。对抗性愈伤组织及其再生植株的氨基酸分析表明,愈伤组织内游离赖氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸都有增加,而在再生植株内却发现半胱氨酸和赖氨酸的特异性增加,分别是对照植株的5.4和4.6倍。     

抗羟脯氨酸水稻变异系的筛选及其特性的研究

利用Hyp反复筛选经EMS处理的水稻愈伤组织,得到4个抗性细胞系。它们的游离脯氨酸含量高于对照2—25倍。Hyp(2 mmol/L)和NaCl(1%)胁迫对M_1、M_2变异系γ-谷氨酰磷酸合成活力及游离脯氨酸积累的影响呈一定的正相关性。变异系在0.8%,15NaCl 培养基中分化出植株。与对照相比,各变异系在愈伤组织、植株水平上均表现较强的耐盐性,且与游离脯氨酸的积累量呈正相关。     

柑橘抗寒细胞变异体的获得及其抗性遗传稳定性的研究

锦橙（Citrussinensis（L．）Osbeckcv．Jincneng）珠心愈伤组织悬浮细胞通过γ射线诱变与高浓度羟脯氨酸离体选择的方法,获得了抗性细胞系,并再生植株。抗性细胞系及其再生植株比供体（对照）的抗寒性分别提高1．4℃和24℃,连续3年测定结果表明再生植株抗寒性的增强是稳定的。其叶片总DNA的RAPD分析说明供体与变异植株可能在DNA水平上存在细微的差异,冷驯化进一步加强抗性细胞系与再生植株在抗氧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和脯氨酸（Pro）、丙二醛含量上的差异。变异系抗性增强的生理基础涉及Pro代谢外的其他途径,抗氧化酶活性的提高与其抗寒性的增强有关。     

柑橘抗寒细胞变异体的获得及其抗性遗传稳定性的研究

锦橙(Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Jincheng)珠心愈伤组织悬浮细胞通过γ射线诱变与高浓度羟脯氨酸离体选择的方法,获得了抗性细胞系,并再生植株。抗性细胞系及其再生植株比供体(对照)的抗寒性分别提高1.4 ℃和2.4 ℃,连续3年测定结果表明再生植株抗寒性的增强是稳定的。其叶片总DNA的RAPD分析说明供体与变异植株可能在DNA水平上存在细微的差异,冷驯化进一步加强抗性细胞系与再生植株在抗氧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛含量上的差异。变异系抗性增强的生理基础涉及Pro代谢外的其他途径,抗氧化酶活性的提高与其抗寒性的增强有关。     

枸杞抗羟脯氨酸细胞变异系筛选及其耐盐特性的研究

试验以枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)成熟胚诱导的胚性愈伤组织为材料研究了：(1)^60Co—γ射线诱变处理对愈伤组织的影响;(2)耐羟脯氨酸(HYP)愈伤组织变异系的筛选;(3)耐HYP愈伤组织变异系的耐盐性及稳定性分析;(4)耐HYP愈伤组织变异系生理生化特性;(5)变异系的分化和再生苗的生理生化特性。初究结果表明：由胚性愈伤组织经30Gy的^60Co—γ辐射处理,在含16mmol／L HYP选择培养基和无HYP培养基上交替培养4代,分离出耐HYP的愈伤组织变异体;该变异体游离脯氨酸含量比对照高3．3倍,其再生植株叶片游离脯氨酸比对照高13．5倍。     

木枣叶片再生植株及其变异系过氧化物酶同工酶分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了木枣叶片再生植株及其5种变异系过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶。结果表明：木枣叶片再生植株过氧化物酶同工酶由3个基因位点编码,位点1编码的是杂合三聚体酶,位点2和位点3编码的是纯合二聚体酶,其变异系中有不能表达位点2和位点3的植株,变异较大。也有完整表达3个基因位点的植株,且酶活性高。     

电融合法产生骆驼刺与鹰嘴紫云英属间体细胞杂种

采用电融合法获得了骆驼刺和鹰嘴紫云英属间体细胞杂种。骆驼刺原生质体来自发根农杆菌A4转化系细胞,并经碘乙酰胺处理;鹰嘴紫云英原生质体从甲硫氨酸抗性系细胞分离。双亲及同源融合产物均不能在无激素的筛选培养基上持续分裂,融合后的杂种细胞由于双亲生理互补效应可恢复持续分裂能力而被筛选出来。本实验优化了电融合参数,如直流脉冲、交流脉冲和脉冲次数。融合产物经培养获得的杂种细胞系经形态学、染色体数目检查、生化及随机扩增多态性DNA分析,鉴定出10个杂种克隆,并从3个杂种克隆再生了小植株。     

Selection of Methionine-Resistant Variant in Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.

The variant cell line of Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. (ONmetr) resistant to 80 mmol/L methionine was isolated from calli which was treated with NAN3. This ONmet cell line was induced to regenerate plantlets. After growing for 6 months on a medium without selection pressure, the ONmetr cell line was still highly resistant to methionine being 5.6-fold higher than that of the wild type. The variant cell line also expressed high level of cross-resistance to ethionine which was 6. b-fold higher than that of the wild type. The contents of total methionine (Met) ,lysine (Lys) ,threonine (Thr) in ONmetr calli were 4.00,1.09,1.50-fold respectively higher than those of the wild type. The contents of total Met、 Lys、 Thr、 Ile (isoleucine) in ONmetr regenerants were-2.0, 3.5,3. 5,2. 5-fold respectively higher than those of the wild type. Two new bands appeared in SDS-PAGE profile as well as in the superoxidase isoenzymes electrophoresis pattern of the soluble proteins of ONmetr calli, thus indicated that the variant had carried the products of the changed genes.     

草木樨状黄芪甲硫氨酸抗性系的原生质体培养及植株再生

建立了草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides Pall．)甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体再生植株的实验体系。以茎切段诱导的松软愈伤组织为材料,通过酶法分离出大量有活力的原生质体。原生质体经培养持续分裂形成了愈伤组织,并高频率地分化出再生苗。比较了不同培养基、培养方法和培养密度对原生质体分裂和再生的影响。结果表明,原生质体以3×10⁵/mL的植板密度,采用琼脂糖岛法培养在附加1．0mg／L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、0．5mg／L 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6BA)、500mg／L水解酪蛋白、3％蔗糖、0．3mol／L甘露醇的KM_8p培养基中,可获得最佳效果,其细胞分裂频率达38％左右。原生质体培养后仍然保持对甲硫氨酸的抗性,同时对乙硫氨酸表现交叉抗性。     

鹰嘴紫云英甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体培养及植株再生

本研究建立了鹰嘴紫云英(AstragaluscicerL.)甲硫氨酸抗性系原生质体再生植株的实验体系。以茎切段诱导的松软愈伤组织为材料,通过酶法游离出大量有活力的原生质体。原生质体经培养持续细胞分裂形成了愈伤组织,并分化出再生苗。比较了不同培养基、培养密度对原生质体形成细胞分裂和再生的影响。结果表明,原生质体以2×105个/ml的植板密度,在附加2.0mg/L2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、0.2mg/L6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、200mg/L水解酪蛋白、2%蔗糖和0.3mol/L甘露醇DPD培养基中培养后,其分裂频率达38.3%。原生质体培养形成的愈伤组织仍具有对甲硫氨酸的抗性。转移到附加10mg/LKT、0.5mg/LNAA的MS分化培养基上,获得大量的再生苗。     

沙冬青愈伤组织对培养基的特殊要求和球形胚状分化结构的诱导

通过对沙冬青未成熟子叶进行离体培养,获得了愈伤组织。基本培养基采用Ｂ５,再配合ＭＳ培养基的铁盐成分,对沙冬青未成熟子叶愈伤组织的诱导和生长效果最佳。愈伤组织的诱导和生长对培养基的附加成分要求十分严格,２,４－Ｄ浓度为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,６－ＢＡ浓度为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,蔗粮不宜超过２％。愈伤组织最初为乳白色透明松散状态,生长比较缓慢,极易褐化死亡。如果培养基中的蔗糖浓度低于２％,两周后未成熟子叶愈伤组织逐     

Development and Characterization of a Nonmorphogenetic Cell Line of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

This study was conducted to compare characteristics of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell line to those of the maize (Zea mays L.) black Mexican sweet (BMS) cell line and to compare protoplasts isolated from suspension cells of these cell lines. The wheat cell line was established from immature-embryo derived callus of the experimental line ‘ND7532’ and was conditioned for growth in suspension culture. For both cell lines, measurements of packed cell volume (PCV), fresh weight (FW), and dry weight (DW) were taken at 3 day intervals from suspension cultures. Measurements of FW of calluses cultured from suspension cells of both cell lines were taken at 6 day intervals. The morphogenetic potential of the wheat ND7532 cell line was tested in both callus and suspension cultures using media promoting regeneration and/or organogenesis. Growth rates of ND7532 cells in suspension culture were comparable to those of BMS cells. However, relative growth rates of calluses recovered from ND7532 suspension cells were slower than those of calluses recovered from BMS suspension cells. The ND7532 cell line has very limited morphogenetic potential and has been maintained as rapidly growing callus tissue for 11 years. Yields of protoplasts from suspension cells of the two cell lines were comparable, though ND7532 protoplasts were typically smaller. The wheat cell line has is now designated ND7532-NM (nonmorphogenetic) and is available for cellular and molecular biology research.     

Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on lysine production by a mutant ofBacillus subtilis with low homoserine dehydrogenase activity

SomeBacillus subtilis mutants with different levels of homoserine dehydrogenase were described. Strains that do not accumulate methionine have a high homoserine dehydrogenase activity. Low activity was detected in mutants where cell growth was completely inhibited by 0.7 mmol/L methionine. A low concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide had a stimulatory effect on lysine production by the methionine-sensitive mutant ofBacillus subtilis.     

卫星搭载亚麻后代中PEG和NaCl抗性系的初步筛选

把空间生物学和细胞工程相结合,通过组织培养技术对其离体筛选,得到抗１．２％ＮａＣｌ和３５％ＰＥＧ的愈伤组织,将所得抗性系愈伤组织在２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ６－苄基氨基嘌呤、０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ吲哚乙酸的ＭＳ培养基上分化得到完整的植株。抗性系能在胁迫条件下保持高的生长速度和高效的脯氨酸合成能力,表明空间诱变与组织培养相结合有望可成为筛选抗胁迫变异系的有效途径。