基于信息熵的新疆降水时空变异特征研究

基于信息熵理论对新疆降水序列的时空变异性进行研究。利用边际熵研究不同时间尺度降水序列的变化特征。利用分配熵和强度熵分别研究降水量和降水天数年内和年代际(10a)分配情况。利用改进的Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析新疆降水过程不确定性变化趋势。研究表明:(1)新疆降水量与降水天数年内分配不均匀性主要表现为由南向北减小的空间分布特征;(2)新疆不同尺度的降水序列不确定性具有明显空间特征;(3)越降水越稀少的地区,降水量与降水天数变异性就越大。本研究对该区域降水时空变异研究与水资源规划具有重要意义。     

荒漠草原脉动性降水格局及其时空变化特征——以达尔罕茂明安联合旗为例

全球变化背景下,荒漠草原降水格局受到不同程度扰动,识别荒漠草原变化环境下脉动性降水格局及其时空变化特征具有重要生态学和水文学意义。利用达尔罕茂明安联合旗位于不同雨量带的3个气象站1960—2013年日降水数据,分析荒漠草原地区降水格局及其时空变化特征。研究表明,研究区0—5 mm、5—10 mm和大于10mm降水事件及降水量所占的比例分别为77%—80.9%、11.5%—12.2%、7.6%—10.9%和25.2%—32.2%、21.9%—25.4%、42.4%—52.9%。不同等级降水事件日均降水量分别为1.2—1.3 mm/d、7.0—7.1 mm/d、17.8—19.2 mm/d。研究区降水量较降水日数具有更强的时空变异性,全年和生长季降水日数和降水量主周期在2.84—4.5a左右。研究区不同雨量带不同降水等级降水日数和降水量普遍呈增加趋势,尤以0—5mm小降水事件的增加为主。     

Precipitation timing and grazer performance in a tallgrass prairie

Changes in precipitation amount and variability have the potential to alter the structure and function of grasslands, but we know little about how changes in the timing of precipitation might affect grasslands. Here, we analyze long‐term records from a tallgrass prairie to show that shifts in the timing of precipitation during the growing season have little effect on primary productivity or grass reproduction, but can greatly affect grazer performance. While greater late‐season precipitation increases the weight gain of adult and young bison, greater mid‐season precipitation decreases their weight gain. In addition, calving rates are lower after years with greater mid‐season precipitation and higher after years with greater late‐season precipitation. As well‐timed drought can actually increase grazer weight gain and reproduction, it will be necessary to generate predictions of within‐season distribution of precipitation to successfully forecast future grazer performance.     

Main factors driving changes in soil respiration under altering precipitation regimes and the controlling processes

Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of changes in global pattern of precipitation on soil respiration and the controlling factors. Methods Data were collected from literature on precipitation manipulation experiments globally and a meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the responses of soil respiration to changes in precipitation regimes. Important findings We found that an increased precipitation stimulated soil respiration while a decreased precipitation suppressed it. When changes in rainfall were normalized to the average treatment level (41% of the current annual precipitation), the level of increases in soil respiration with increased precipitation (49%) were higher than that of decreases with decreased precipitation (21%), showing an asymmetric responses of soil respiration to increases and decreases in precipitation. Soil moisture occurred as the most predominant factor driving the changes in soil respiration under altered precipitation. Changes in soil moisture affected soil respiration directly and indiscreetly by changing aboveground/belowground net primary productivity and microbial biomass carbon, which collectively contributed 98% of variations in soil respiration. In addition, the responses of soil respiration to altered precipitation varied with background temperature and precipitation. The sensitivity of soil respiration increased with local mean annual temperature when precipitation was reduced, while remaining unchanged when precipitation was increased. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of soil respiration to either increases or decreases in precipitation decreased with increasing local mean annual precipitation. Under future altered precipitation regimes, the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in precipitation is likely dependent of local environment conditions.     

土丘陵沟壑区苹果树冠截留规律

以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区的盛果期山地苹果为研究对象,2008-2010年连续3年监测其树冠外大气降水、树冠穿透降水和树干径流,分析不同降水因子对树冠截留能力的影响.结果表明： 研究区苹果树干径流率为0.8%,树冠截留率为8.9%,且株间的截留量高于行间,距树干越近,截留量越高.苹果树冠在雨季截留量较大而截留率较低,旱季截留量较小但截留率较高.苹果树冠截留量随降水量、降水强度、降水历时、降水间隔的增大而增加,为幂函数或对数函数关系;截留率随降水量、降水强度、降水历时的延长而降低,随降水间隔的延长而增加,呈幂函数关系.不同降水因素中,降水量对苹果树冠截留能力的影响最大.     

控雨对荒漠草原植物、微生物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,于2014—2015年设置了降雨量变化(减雨50%、减雨30%、自然降雨、增雨30%和增雨50%)的野外模拟试验,测定了植物、微生物和土壤C、N、P含量,同时调查了植物群落组成和土壤含水量等指标,研究了各组分C、N、P化学计量特征对连续两年降雨量变化的响应,分析了土壤C∶N∶P和含水量分别与植物生长、养分利用以及微生物量积累的相关性。结果表明,控雨改变了植物叶片C∶N∶P,且其影响程度随物种不同而异:减雨50%提高了牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimill)绿叶N和P以及猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)绿叶P摄取能力,增雨(30%和50%)降低了猪毛蒿绿叶N摄取能力。增雨提高了猪毛蒿绿叶C∶N,增雨30%提高了苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)绿叶C∶N。增雨降低了猪毛蒿绿叶N∶P,增雨30%降低了白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum)绿叶N∶P。相比之下,控雨条件下枯叶C∶N∶P的变化幅度较小;随降雨量增加微生物量C、N以及C∶N逐渐增加,但增雨50%使微生物量C和C∶N降低;控雨对土壤C∶N∶P的影响较小,但增雨提高了土壤水分有效性,因此促进了植物和微生物生长;试验期内,相对稳定的土壤C∶N∶P不能很好地指示植物和微生物生长发育的养分受限状况;干旱时提高叶片养分摄取、湿润时增强叶片养分回收,可能解释了牛枝子对降雨量变化的弹性适应能力。     

Precipitation magnitude and timing differentially affect species richness and plant density in the sotol grassland of the Chihuahuan Desert

Arid and semi-arid environments are dynamic ecosystems with highly variable precipitation, resulting in diverse plant communities. Changes in the timing and magnitude of precipitation due to global climate change may further alter plant community composition in desert regions. In this study, we assessed changes in species richness and plant density at the community, functional group, and species level in response to variation in the magnitude of natural seasonal precipitation and 25% increases in seasonal precipitation [e.g., supplemental watering in summer, winter, or summer and winter (SW)] over a 5-year period in a sotol grassland in the Chihuahuan Desert. Community species richness was higher with increasing winter precipitation while community plant density increased with greater amounts of winter and summer precipitation, suggesting winter precipitation was important for species recruitment and summer precipitation promoted growth of existing species. Herb and grass density increased with increasing winter and summer precipitation, but only grass density showed a significant response to supplemental watering treatments (SW treatment plots had higher grass density). Shrubs and succulents did not exhibit changes in richness or density in response to natural or supplemental precipitation. In this 5-year study, changes in community species richness and density were driven by responses of herb and grass species that favored more frequent small precipitation events, shorter inter-pulse duration, and higher soil moisture. However, due to the long life spans of the shrub and succulent species within this community, 5 years may be insufficient to accurately evaluate their response to variable timing and magnitude of precipitation in this mid-elevation grassland.     

Contrasting relationships between precipitation and species richness in space and time

Future changes in precipitation regimes are likely to impact species richness in water-limited plant communities. Regional, spatial relationships between precipitation and richness could offer information about how altered rainfall will impact local communities, assuming that processes driving the regional relationship are also dominant at fine spatial and short temporal scales. To test this assumption, we compared spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and both species richness and species turnover in central North American grasslands. Across a broad geographic gradient, mean plant species richness in 1-m² plots increased significantly with mean annual precipitation. In contrast, over a 36-yr period at one mixed-grass prairie in the center of the regional gradient, single-year precipitation and richness were poorly correlated, and consecutive wet years had little effect on richness. Instead, richness increased most in wet years that followed dry years. Geographically dispersed sites receiving different levels of mean annual precipitation displayed strong differences in species composition, whereas temporal variation in precipitation at one site was not related to compositional dissimilarity, indicating that species turnover plays a key role in generating the regional relationship. Analyses of individual species' presence-absence suggest that the lagged temporal responses reflect environmental germination cues more than resource competition. These complex cues may dampen the initial impact of altered precipitation on diversity, but over the long term, turnover in species composition should lead to changes in richness, as in the regional, spatial relationship. How quickly this long-term response develops may depend on the colonization rates of species better adapted to the altered rainfall regime.     

Impacts of altered precipitation regimes on soil communities and biogeochemistry in arid and semi‐arid ecosystems

Altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change will have particularly significant consequences in water‐limited ecosystems, such as arid to semi‐arid ecosystems, where discontinuous inputs of water control biological processes. Given that these ecosystems cover more than a third of Earth's terrestrial surface, it is important to understand how they respond to such alterations. Altered water availability may impact both aboveground and belowground communities and the interactions between these, with potential impacts on ecosystem functioning; however, most studies to date have focused exclusively on vegetation responses to altered precipitation regimes. To synthesize our understanding of potential climate change impacts on dryland ecosystems, we present here a review of current literature that reports the effects of precipitation events and altered precipitation regimes on belowground biota and biogeochemical cycling. Increased precipitation generally increases microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial ratio. Few studies report responses to reduced precipitation but the effects likely counter those of increased precipitation. Altered precipitation regimes have also been found to alter microbial community composition but broader generalizations are difficult to make. Changes in event size and frequency influences invertebrate activity and density with cascading impacts on the soil food web, which will likely impact carbon and nutrient pools. The long‐term implications for biogeochemical cycling are inconclusive but several studies suggest that increased aridity may cause decoupling of carbon and nutrient cycling. We propose a new conceptual framework that incorporates hierarchical biotic responses to individual precipitation events more explicitly, including moderation of microbial activity and biomass by invertebrate grazing, and use this framework to make some predictions on impacts of altered precipitation regimes in terms of event size and frequency as well as mean annual precipitation. While our understanding of dryland ecosystems is improving, there is still a great need for longer term in situ manipulations of precipitation regime to test our model.     

正辛酸沉淀在单克隆抗体纯化中的工艺优化与应用

为应对治疗性抗体快速增长的市场需求,抗体上游细胞培养规模和表达量水平已显著提高,而下游纯化工艺的生产效率则相对落后,下游处理能力已成为限制抗体产能的瓶颈。本研究以单克隆抗体mab-X为实验材料,优化了细胞培养液、低pH病毒灭活收集液2种模式的正辛酸(caprylic acid,CA)沉淀工艺条件,并研究了CA处理去除聚体、CA处理灭活病毒等2种应用,在小试的基础上,采用低pH病毒灭活收集液CA沉淀的模式进行了500 L细胞培养规模生产放大研究,对沉淀前后的产品质量和收率进行了检测和对比。结果显示,两种模式的CA沉淀均可显著降低宿主细胞蛋白(host cell protein,HCP)残留和聚体含量,在聚体去除实验中CA沉淀可去除约15%的聚体,病毒灭活研究显示CA对逆转录模型病毒具有完全的病毒灭活能力。在放大生产规模中,下游依次进行了深层过滤收获、亲和层析、低pH病毒灭活、CA沉淀及深层过滤、阳离子交换层析,CA沉淀过程中混合时间和搅拌速度显著影响CA沉淀效果,CA沉淀处理后低pH病毒灭活液中的HCP残留量降低了895倍,沉淀后产品纯度和HCP残留均已控制在单克隆抗体质量要求范围内,CA沉淀可以减少传统纯化工艺中的一个精纯步骤。总之,下游工艺中采用CA沉淀,能够精简传统纯化工艺,并完全满足mab-X的纯化质量要求,而且能提高生产效率、降低生产成本。本研究结果将推动CA沉淀在单克隆抗体下游纯化生产中的应用,为解决目前传统纯化工艺的问题提供参考。     

Effects of variation in precipitation on the distribution of soil bacterial diversity in the primitive Korean pine and broadleaved forests

Patterns of precipitation have changed as a result of climate change and will potentially keep changing in the future. Therefore, it is critical to understand how ecosystem processes will respond to the variation of precipitation. However, compared to aboveground processes, the effects of precipitation change on soil microorganisms remain poorly understood. Changbai Mountain is an ideal area to study the responses of temperate forests to the variations in precipitation. In this study, we conducted a manipulation experiment to simulation variation of precipitation in the virgin, broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Plots were designed to increase precipitation by 30 % [increased (+)] or decrease precipitation by 30 % [decreased (?)]. We analyzed differences in the diversity of the bacterial community in surface bulk soils (0–5 and 5–10 cm) and rhizosphere soils between precipitation treatments, including control. Bacteria were identified using the high-throughput 454 sequencing method. We obtained a total 271,496 optimized sequences, with a mean value of 33,242 (±1,412.39) sequences for each soil sample. Being the same among the sample plots with different precipitation levels, the dominant bacterial communities were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi. Bacterial diversity and abundance declined with increasing soil depth. In the bulk soil of 0–5 cm, the bacterial diversity and abundance was the highest in the control plots and the lowest in plots with reduced precipitation. However, in the soil of 5–10 cm, the diversity and abundance of bacteria was the highest in the plots of increased precipitation and the lowest in the control plots. Bacterial diversity and abundance in rhizosphere soils decreased with increased precipitation. This result implies that variation in precipitation did not change the composition of the dominant bacterial communities but affected bacterial abundance and the response patterns of the dominant communities to variation in precipitation.     

降水控制对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

在全球气候变化背景下,干旱和极端降水事件将对荒漠区植物群落物种多样性和生产力产生深远影响,研究植物群落应对降水变化的响应机制对于荒漠生态系统的科学管理具有重要意义。通过人工增减雨措施利用遮雨棚和滴灌技术对研究区的降水量进行人为调控,探究极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等条件对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:经过一年的降水控制处理,发现灌木和草本层片物种多样性指数在极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等试验处理中差异不显著;灌木的生物量对不同降水控制条件的响应也不显著,而草本层片地上生物量对降水变化的响应最为明显,并随着降水量的增加呈线性增长趋势,极端干旱处理(D1)条件下草本生物量为(10.54±2.36)g/m~2,当降水增加50%(W1)后,草本生物量可达到(105.69±28.60)g/m~2;草本地上生物量与土壤浅表层(40cm)的含水量之间显著相关(P0.05),草本层片生物量与短期(一年)降水波动显著相关。通过定位控制试验进一步探究长时间序列降水变化如何作用于荒漠植物群落特征,研究结果对全球气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统响应机制方面的研究提供数据和理论支撑。     

Assessing the threat to montane biodiversity from discordant shifts in temperature and precipitation in a changing climate

Mountains are centres of global biodiversity, endemism and threatened species. Elevational gradients present opportunities for species currently living near their upper thermal limits to track cooler temperatures upslope in warming climates, but only if changes in precipitation are sufficiently in step with temperature. We model local population extirpation risk for a range of temperature and precipitation scenarios over the next 100 years for 16 848 vertebrate species populations distributed along 156 elevational gradients. Average population extirpation risks due to warming alone were < 5%, but increased 10-fold, on average, when changes in precipitation were also considered. Under the driest scenarios (minimum predicted precipitation), local extirpation risks increased sharply (50-60%) and were especially worrisome for hydrophilic amphibians and montane Latin America (c. 80%). Realistic assessment of risks urgently requires improved monitoring of precipitation, better regional precipitation models and more research on the effects of changes in precipitation on montane distributions.     

Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years

Intensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has the potential to cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that the incidence of extreme precipitation years (defined statistically from historical precipitation records) is increasing, there is a clear need to identify ecosystems that are most vulnerable to these changes and understand why some ecosystems are more sensitive to extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies of naturally occurring extreme precipitation years, combined with results from a relatively small number of experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding of differences in ecosystem sensitivity, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple ecosystem types and focused on water can enhance our understanding of differential ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes, but there are many design challenges to overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental approaches for manipulating precipitation under field conditions to inform the design of ‘Drought‐Net’, a relatively low‐cost CDE that simulates extreme precipitation years. A common method for imposing both dry and wet years is to alter each ambient precipitation event. We endorse this approach for imposing extreme precipitation years because it simultaneously alters other precipitation characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent with natural precipitation patterns. However, we do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites – a common approach to standardization in CDEs. This is because precipitation variability varies >fivefold globally resulting in a wide range of ecosystem‐specific thresholds for defining extreme precipitation years. For CDEs focused on precipitation extremes, treatments should be based on each site's past climatic characteristics. This approach, though not often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses to be directly compared across disparate ecosystems and climates, facilitating process‐level understanding of ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes.     

科尔沁沙质草地生物量积累过程对降水变化的响应模拟

科尔沁沙地是中国北方严重的沙漠化区域之一,理解其沙质草地生物量积累对降水变化的响应有利于该区域的生态恢复和后续经营管理。在植被-土壤水分耦合模型的基础上结合植被阈值-迟滞响应模式(T-D),在点尺度上模拟科尔沁沙质草地生长季植被生物量积累过程对降水变化的响应。结果表明(1)植被生物量积累对降水量变化表现出明显的非线性响应。降水量增加,促进植被生物量积累,反之则抑制生物量积累,但在同等程度的降水量变化下生物量积累对降水增加的响应远大于对降水量减少的响应。(2)生物量积累对降水频率变化的响应与单次有效降水量变化在干旱年和湿润年都显著正相关,但与累计有效降水量相关性微弱,而与有效降水间隔变化只在干旱年显著相关,表明在不同年份间降水频率变化实际上通过改变单次有效降水量和有效降水间隔来影响生物量的积累。(3)生物量积累过程对降水频率变化存在明显的响应阈值,但该阈值在不同的降水量和降水特征下并不相同。科尔沁沙质草地植被生物量积累过程对降水变化有明显的响应,植被-土壤水分耦合模拟与T-D模型的结合能有效地在日尺度上识别这种响应,这为探究植被和降水关系提供了新工具。     

东北地区近50年来极端降水和干燥事件时空演变特征

利用东北地区93个国家常规气象观测站1951~2002年逐日降水资料,分析了东北地区的暴雨、严重干燥事件等极端降水事件的时空演变特征,从极端降水事件发生频率和强度变化的角度解释旱涝灾害加剧的原因。结果表明,近52年来,小雨事件发生频次显著减少;暴雨发生频次变化不大,但强度增强;严重干燥事件显著增加;严重湿润事件显著下降。因此,在东北地区降水总量具有减少趋势的背景下,降水事件还有向极端化发展的倾向,降水分布变得更不均匀,从而可能引起更多、更强的旱涝灾害,尤其是旱灾,从而对东北地区的生态环境,尤其是农业生产带来不利的影响,这应引起重视。     

鄱阳湖流域极端降水时空分布和非平稳性特征

全球变暖背景下的极端天气气候事件显著增加。本研究基于PreWhitening Mann-Kendall(PWMK)、极点对称模态分解法和广义可加模型,利用鄱阳湖流域1959—2019年16个国家级气象站点的逐日降水数据,从极端降水的强度、频率和持续性3个维度系统检测和分析流域极端降水的时空分布和非平稳性特征。结果表明: 研究期间,鄱阳湖流域极端降水强度和频率呈显著增加趋势,持续性呈下降趋势,极端降水整体表现出强度大、频率高、持续时间短的特点;极端降水存在明显的汛期和非汛期时间分异规律,汛期极端降水集中在流域北部和中部,而非汛期多集中于中部,子流域中信江流域降水量增加趋势最显著,达到2.10 mm·a^-1;汛期极端降水的持续时间越长,强度和范围越小,非汛期极端降水则相反;鄱阳湖流域的极端降水强度和频率以平稳性特征为主,持续性表现出非平稳性特征。随着鄱阳湖流域极端降水量的不断增加,其可能引发的灾害风险将进一步增大。     

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Addition on Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in a Meadow Steppe

A changing precipitation regime and increasing nitrogen deposition are likely to have profound impacts on arid and semiarid ecosystem C cycling, which is often constrained by the timing and availability of water and nitrogen. However, little is known about the effects of altered precipitation and nitrogen addition on grassland ecosystem C exchange. We conducted a 3-year field experiment to assess the responses of vegetation composition, ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem C exchange to manipulative water and nitrogen addition in a meadow steppe. Nitrogen addition significantly stimulated aboveground biomass and net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), which suggests that nitrogen availability is a primary limiting factor for ecosystem C cycling in the meadow steppe. Water addition had no significant impacts on either ecosystem C exchange or plant biomass, but ecosystem C fluxes showed a strong correlation with early growing season precipitation, rather than whole growing season precipitation, across the 3 experimental years. After we incorporated water addition into the calculation of precipitation regimes, we found that monthly average ecosystem C fluxes correlated more strongly with precipitation frequency than with precipitation amount. These results highlight the importance of precipitation distribution in regulating ecosystem C cycling. Overall, ecosystem C fluxes in the studied ecosystem are highly sensitive to nitrogen deposition, but less sensitive to increased precipitation.     

1961-2009年淮河流域昼夜降水变化特征

利用淮河流域162个台站1961-2009年逐时降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、REOF分析、功率谱、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析淮河流域昼夜降水基本特征及其时空演变规律.结果表明:淮河流域昼夜降水空间差异明显,总体呈北少南多分布,年夜雨量和夜雨日略多于昼雨量和昼雨日,且不同季节和不同强度等级降水昼夜差异显著;气候变化导致淮河流域昼夜降水量格局发生改变,年夜雨量大部地区有增多趋势,年昼雨量呈东部减少而西部增多的趋势.REOF分析表明,年昼夜降水量空间模态基本划分为流域东北部、中北部、西北部、东部、西部和南部等6个高载场区;流域年昼夜降水量均存在7～9a显著主周期振荡,此外年昼雨量还存在2 a左右次周期变化.Mann-Kendall分析表明,年昼夜降水量均分别经历了一次减少和一次增多的突变,但未通过0.05的信度检验.     

Water-induced precipitation of cholesterol dissolved in organic solvents in the absence and presence of surfactants and salts

The precipitation of cholesterol dissolved in organic solvents, viz. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone and 1,4-dioxane, by the addition of water has been studied. The effects of the solvents towards the precipitation follow the order: methanol greater than ethanol greater than acetone greater than dioxane greater than n-propanol greater than iso-propanol, the solvent dioxane however exhibits a change in the order at higher concentration. Additives like Triton X-100, sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium dehydro cholate, sodium salicylate and sodium chloride have some protective action against precipitation, the maximum protection being that of Triton X-100. The additives have shown better protective action in propanols and dioxane than in methanol, ethanol and acetone. Analysis of solvent composition and dielectric constant has revealed specific solvent effects on the water-induced precipitation of cholesterol. Thermodynamic analysis of the precipitation phenomenon and the unique role of solvent structure on cholesterol precipitation has been discussed.