丁香属植物有性杂交试验的研究初报

１９８８－１９８９年在哈尔滨市第三苗圃进行了丁香属（Ｓｙｒｉｎｇａ Ｌ．）植物种间（内）杂交试验。结果表明：⑴不同杂交组合的亲和性差异很大,在试验的１８个杂交组合中有５个杂交组合得到了发育正常的杂种Ｆ１代种子,但结实率不同,其中以白丁香与洋丁香为亲本的杂交组合,无论是正交或反交,杂种Ｆ１代的结实率均达８６％以上,表现出较高的亲和力。而以重瓣洋丁香为母本,白丁香为父本和杂交组合,杂种Ｆ１代结实率仅有     

鸢尾属（Iris L.）植物的杂交育种

1994－1997年在南京进行了鸢尾属（Iris L.)的种间与种内杂交育种试验,结果表明：2个种间杂交组合 亲和力极弱,F1代杂种苗生长不良,6－8周内死亡,3个种内杂杂交组合亲和力较强,F1代杂种苗生长良好,其中2个杂交组合F1代的花色由单基因控制,。未出现花色的分离;不同花色的德国鸢尾（Iris germanica L.)品种LP和PP之间的杂交组合F1代花色受多基因控制F1代杂种花色出现明显分离,从中选出了“紫金”,彩带,金舞娃,红浪,水晶球,紫云和紫盘7个新栽培品种。     

薯蓣属植物人工杂交后代的检测

以湖北武当山的盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)为主要亲本,与重庆金佛山的盾叶薯蓣、小花盾叶薯蓣(D.parviflora C.T.Ting)及黄独(D.bulbifera L.)进行种内和种间杂交,并获得部分杂交组合的F1代植株。将F0代种子与F1代植株进行结实率及种子萌发率比较,并与亲本进行过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶比较。结果表明,不同亲本及其杂交后代的结实率、种子萌发率和实生苗存活率均存在明显差异;亲本和F1代的同工酶酶谱较丰富,部分杂种与亲本的相似度较高,并出现各自的特征酶带。运用同工酶技术可以鉴别杂种的真伪。     

普通小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性特点的研究

34个小麦品种(系)与黑麦进行了杂交,结果表明:亲和性在供试材料间存在明显差异,其中12个小麦品种表现了与中国春相似的亲和性;对34个小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)的回交结实率和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率的统计表明,杂种育性普遍较差,但不同组合间存在明显不同,其回交与自交结实率的变异幅度分别为0—4.50%和0—3.087粒/穗;小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性与杂交亲和性间存在明显相关,回交和自交结实率以及能够回交和自交结实组合的出现频率均随亲和性的增加而表现增加的趋势;在小麦品种演化过程中,亲和性与杂种育性均表现降低的趋势;小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)PMC MI染色体配对水平普遍较低,平均交叉结仅为0.359,但组合间存在一定差异,变幅为0—1.3;平均99.936%的杂种(F_1)花粉表现败育,仅有0.064%的杂种(F_1)花粉能被KI—I_2正常染色,杂种(F_1)染色体配对水平与正常染色花粉频率、正常染色花粉频率与自交结实率间存在一定程度的相关性,相关系数分别为0.209和0.205。     

兰属植物种间杂交亲和性研究

以10个中国兰品种和8个大花蕙兰品种为材料开展了兰属植物间的杂交试验,比较不同组合的杂交亲和性。结果表明:(1)54个杂交组合,共授粉582朵,获得杂交果实131个,平均结实率为22.51%;中国兰与大花蕙兰正交结实率(23.19%)高于反交结实率(9.27%)。(2)墨兰与大花蕙兰无论正交或反交均可获得较高的结实率,其亲和性高于春兰、建兰与大花蕙兰杂交的亲和性。(3)中国兰种间杂交亲和性较高,3类组合结实率均大于30%,但不同品种间杂交亲和性不一,春兰‘绿萼’,墨兰‘企黑’、‘白墨’,建兰‘金荷’,大花蕙兰‘黄金岁月’比较适宜做母本;春兰‘大富贵’,墨兰‘富贵’、‘白墨’,大花蕙兰‘月影’、‘日本绿’和‘黑珍珠’比较适宜做父本。     

节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间杂种的产生及其细胞遗传学研究

通过胚培养产生了节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间的杂种。结果表明节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交以节节麦作母本较易结实,3个组合的结实率分别为59.18%、67.72%和60.22%,胚培成苗率分别为39.13%、38.10%和50%。杂种F_1生活力旺盛,形态像父本硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体。杂种自交可孕,3个组合自交结实率平均为7.63%。杂种F_1(ABVD)的减数分裂平均构型为25.36个单价体,1.21个二价体和0.06个三价体,平均每个细胞交叉结频率为1.38,高于“中国春”单倍体的配对频率,推测V组和A、B、D组染色体间有部分同源关系。节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交可能是产生八倍体(AABBDDVV)的又一途径。     

甜菊不同杂交组合结实率及其F1代萌发和生长及对NaCl耐性的比较

以甜菊(Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)的耐盐性较强品种‘中山3号’和‘守田2号’及R-A高含量品种‘中山4号’和‘守田3号’为亲本配置7个杂交组合并获得杂交种子,对种子结实率和发芽率及F1代幼苗的存活率进行统计分析,在此基础上采用砂培和水培方法比较了亲本及F1代扦插苗对NaCl胁迫的耐性.结果表明:品种间杂交组合的结实率均显著高于同系列品种间杂交及自交组合,其中‘守田2号’ב中山3号’杂交组合的结实率最高,为74.9％;7个杂交组合F1代的种子发芽率为63.8％ ～ 89.0％,差异明显;‘守田2号’ב中山4号’杂交组合F1代幼苗存活率相对较低(79.80％),其他杂交组合F1代幼苗存活率均在93％以上.砂培条件下,用100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫7d,各杂交组合F1代扦插苗的存活率差异不显著;随NaCl胁迫时间的延长各杂交组合F1代扦插苗的存活率均明显下降;胁迫28 d,‘守田2号’ב守田 3号’杂交组合以及‘中山3号’自交组合F1代扦插苗的存活率显著高于其他杂交组合.水培条件下,用100、150、200和250 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫14 d,‘守田2号’ב中山3号’、‘中山3号’ב守田2号’和‘中山3号’ב守田3号’3个杂交组合F1代扦插苗的存活率均显著高于其耐盐亲本及其他杂交组合.研究结果说明:通过杂交提高甜菊耐盐能力是可行的,而亲本的耐盐能力及亲本配置对杂交后代目标性状有较大影响;‘中山3号’ב守田2号’、‘守田2号’ב中山3号’和‘中山3号’ב守田3号’是耐盐性较强的甜菊优良杂交组合.     

风信子品种间杂交与幼胚离体培养研究

选用5个风信子品种进行花粉生命力测定,对完全双列杂交获得的杂种种子剥胚进行离体培养.试验表明:(1)风信子不同品种花粉萌发率差别较大,其中Fondante的花粉萌发率最高为74.45%,Amsterdam的最低为12.68%,其他3个品种的花粉萌发率介于二者之间.(2)品种间自交杂交亲和力存在一定差异,结实率大于30%的组合从高到低依次为Fondante×Atlantic(61.2%)、Fondante×Fondante(54.0%)、Carnegie×Carnegie(42.6%)、JanBos×JanBos(36.0%)、Carnegie×Atlantic(32.7%)、Atlantic×Fondante(30.0%),组合Atlantic×Amster-dam、Carnegie×JanBos、Amsterdam×Fondante、Amsterdam×JanBos、JanBos×Amsterdam未得到果实,其余组合结实率介于0～30%之间.(3)适宜风信子杂交幼胚离体培养的初代培养基为MS+100 mg/L谷氨酰胺,其次为MS+0.2 mg/LIBA+0.02 mg/L6-BA+100 mg/L谷氨酰胺...     

水稻杂种F1结实率与亲本程氏指数差异和同工酶遗传距离的关系及其预测研究

以4个籼粳测验种做母本按NCII(4×90)设计配置的360个杂交F1组合为材料,研究亲本的程氏指数差异(ID)、同工酶遗传距离(GD)与杂种F1结实率的关系.结果显示ID、GD与杂种F1结实率呈极显著负相关(r=-0.540,p＜0.01;r=-0.316,p＜0.01),但决定系数不高,分别是0.2916、0.0999.D、GD与F1结实率的相关性受父本和母本影响,其中对非广亲和品种测交F1结实率的预测效果较好,对广亲和品种及南京11的测交F1的预测则无效.因此,在利用ID和GD对水稻杂种F1结实率进行预测时,宜在一定的亲本类型之间进行,ID比GD的预测效果更好.     

梅与山桃远缘杂交亲和性初步研究

为培育早花抗寒梅花新品种,以梅(Prunus mume)品种‘江梅’(P.mume‘Jiangmei’)、‘淡丰后’(P.mume‘Dan Fenghou’)与山桃(P.davidiana)、‘白花’山桃(P.davidiana‘Alba’)为亲本进行杂交试验,记录种间杂交结实率,观察花粉管生长,对未成熟胚进行培养。结果表明:(1)梅与山桃、‘白花’山桃杂交结实率很低,‘江梅’ב白花’山桃未结果,结实率最高的组合为‘淡丰后’×山桃,也仅有7.4%,且杂交果实的果核内部分胚干瘪、败育。(2)山桃和‘白花’山桃的花粉在梅柱头上都能正常萌发,但花粉管生长受抑制,多数花粉管到达花柱中部即弯曲、缠绕、断裂,花粉管生长过程中有大量的胼胝质产生,表现较低的杂交亲和性,但不同种间杂交亲和程度又有所不同。(3)通过未成熟胚培养获得了杂种苗。研究表明,梅与同属种杂交存在不亲和性,幼胚拯救是获得梅与李属其他种远缘杂交杂种苗的有效途径。     

A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of lilacs (Syringa, Oleaceae): plastome groups show a strong correlation with crossing groups

Phylogenetic relationships and genomic compatibility were compared for 60 accessions of Syringa using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers. A total of 669 cpDNA variants, 653 of which were potentially phylogenetically informative, was detected using 22 restriction enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses reveal four strongly supported plastome groups that correspond to four genetically incompatible crossing groups. Relationships of the four plastome groups (I(II(III,IV))) correlate well with the infrageneric classification except for ser. Syringa and Pinnatifoliae. Group I, which includes subg. Ligustrina, forms a basal lineage within Syringa. Group II includes ser. Syringa and Pinnatifoliae and the two series have high compatibility and low sequence divergence. Group III consists of three well-defined species groups of ser. Pubescentes. Group IV comprises all members of ser. Villosae and has the lowest interspecific cpDNA sequence divergences. Comparison of cpDNA sequence divergence with crossability data indicates that hybrids have not been successfully generated between species with divergence greater than 0.7%. Hybrid barriers are strong among the four major plastome groups, which have sequence divergence estimates ranging from 1.096 to 1.962%. In contrast, fully fertile hybrids occur between species pairs with sequence divergence below 0.4%. Three regions of the plastome have length variants of greater than 100 bp, and these indels identify 12 different plastome types that correlate with phylogenetic trees produced from cpDNA restriction site data. Biparentally inherited nuclear rDNA and maternally inherited cpDNA length variants enable the identification of the specific parentage of several lilac hybrids.     

香菇杂交子农艺性状与差异基因表达类型的相关性研究

以香菇(Lentinula edodes)4个菌株为亲本组成3个杂交组合,采用单孢菌株配对获得杂交子,观察锁状联合鉴别出真正的杂交子,测定杂交子及其亲本的农艺性状。在每个杂交组合中分别各选取3个杂交子,研究杂交子和亲本在子实体发育阶段差异基因表达情况。结果表明:杂交子共有4种基因表达类型:双亲沉默型(W1型),单亲沉默型(W2型),杂交子特异表达型(W3型),单亲表达型(W4型)。香菇杂交子农艺性状与基因差异表达类型的相关性分析表明:菌盖厚与双亲沉默型(W1型)呈极显著负相关,而菌柄长与单亲沉默型(W2型)呈显著负相关。     

Reproductive isolation of a new hybrid species, Senecio eboracensis Abbott & Lowe (Asteraceae)

The nature and extent of reproductive isolation was examined between a new self-compatible hybrid species Senecio eboracensis (2n=40) and its parents, self-incompatible S. squalidus (2n=20) and self-compatible S. vulgaris (2n=40). The triploid F(1) of S. eboracensis x S. squalidus exhibited very low seed set (x=0.63%), and F(2) and F(3) progeny were able to recover nominal levels of fertility (x=23.9 and 9.7%), while F(1) and F(2) offspring of S. eboracensis x S. vulgaris showed reduced seed set (x=63.8 and 58.8%). In both cases, evidence from previous work indicates that reduced fertility is associated with meiotic chromosome mispairing, and is a likely consequence of recombining both parental genomes within this new taxon. No hybrid offspring between S. eboracensis and S. squalidus were found in the wild, and only one such hybrid was recorded among 769 progeny produced by S. eboracensis surrounded by S. squalidus on an experimental plot. Natural crossing between S. eboracensis and S. vulgaris was recorded to be very low (between 0 and 1.46%) in the wild, but rose to 18.3% when individuals of S. eboracensis were surrounded by plants of S. vulgaris. It was concluded that strong breeding barriers exist between the new hybrid species and its two parents. Prezygotic isolation between S. eboracensis and S. vulgaris is likely to be largely due to both species reproducing by predominant self-fertilisation. However, differences recorded for germination, seedling survival, time of flowering and characters associated with pollinator attraction, plus significant clumping of juvenile and adult conspecifics in the wild, probably also contribute to reproductive isolation and ecological differentiation.     

The autonomic transfer of mitochondrial factors (cytoduction) during crossing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells]

When crossing the genetically marked yeast strains obtained from the Gif collection we observed the appearance of haploid nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrids carrying the 3 nuclear markers of the rho- parent and the mitochondrial markers (rho+ ER CR) of the other parent. The frequency of such cytoduction was about 1 per cent. The mitochondrial markers ER and CR were transmited to cytoductants together and did not segregate. The possible mechanisms of the cytoduction and its significance are discussed.     

Genetic assessment of the effects of self-fertilization in a Lilium L. hybrids using molecular cytogenetic methods (FISH and ISSR)

Self-fertilization (also termed selfing) is a mode of reproduction that occurs in hermaphrodites and has evolved several times in various plant and animal species. A transition from outbreeding to selfing in hermaphroditic flowers is typically associated with changes in flower morphology and functionality. This study aimed to identify genetic effects of selfing in the F2 progeny of F1 hybrid developed by crossing Lilium lancifolium with the Asiatic Lilium hybrid ‘Dreamland.’ Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) techniques were used to detect genetic variations in plants produced by selfing. The FISH results showed that F1 hybrid were similar to the female parent (L. lancifolium) regarding the 45S loci, but F2 individuals showed variation in the number and location of the respective loci. In F2 progeny, F2-2, F2-3, F2-4, F2-5, and F2-8 hybrids expressed two strong and one weak 5S signal on chromosome 3, whereas F2-7 and F2-9 individuals expressed one strong and two weak signals. Only two strong 5S signals were detected in an F2-1 plant. The ISSR results showed a maximum similarity value of 0.6269 between the female parent and the F2-2 hybrid. Regarding similarity to the male parent, a maximum value of 0.6119 was found in the F2-1 and F2-2 hybrids. The highest genetic distance from L. lancifolium and the Asiatic Lilium hybrid ‘Dreamland’ was observed in the F2-4 progeny (0.6352 and 0.7547, respectively). Phylogenetic relationships showed that the F2 progeny were closer to the male parent than to the female parent. Self-fertilization showed effects on variation among the F2 progeny, and effects on the genome were confirmed using FISH and ISSR analyses.     

百合‘Siberia’בManissa’种间杂交后代的染色体核型分析

以东方百合杂种系(Oriental hybrids group)品种‘Siberia’为母本,OT杂种系(interspecific hybrids betweenOriental and Longiflorum/OT group)品种‘Manissa’为父本杂交获得种间杂交F1代,对亲本及F1代株系的染色体数目和形态特征进行了分析。结果显示,母本东方百合‘Siberia’为二倍体即24条染色体,而父本‘Manissa’是高度杂合后代,为三倍体即36条染色体。杂交F1代的8个株系中有6个株系为二倍体即24条染色体,有2个株系为非整倍体,染色体条数分别为25和26条。母本‘Siberia’的核型为4m(1SAT)+10st(1SAT)+10t,父本‘Manis-sa’的核型为3m+18st(1SAT)+15t(1SAT),均属3B型。杂种F1代核型出现了多种类型,其中株系a、b、h为3B型,株系c、d、e、f为3A型,株系g为4B型。与亲本染色体形态相比,F1代株系出现了随体及端部着丝点染色体较多等染色体形态结构特征,而亲本没有这些特征。从染色体的形态、随体来看,子代为真杂种,在遗传上均偏向于母本。     

随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）标记用于丁香品种遗传分析及品种分类

采用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）标记分析了１５个丁香品种的ＤＮＡ扩增产物。研究选用了１６个随机引物,共扩增出９６条带,其中５５条带为可重复性条带,有价值条带大小多在５１７ｂｐ至１６３６ｂｐ之间。这些标记足以区分这些丁香品种。欧丁香（Ｓｙｒｉｎｇａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）与Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ间的相似系数为６１．５％,欧丁香与Ｓ．×ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎｉａｅ间的相似系数为４７．２％,Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ与Ｓ．×ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎｉａｅ间的相似系数为４３．６％。结果表明,欧丁香与Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ亲缘关系最近。应用ＲＡＰＤ资料分析讨论了一些品种的起源。ＲＡＰＤ技术为丁香品种分类鉴定提供了可靠方法。     

不同生境与花部特征对巫山淫羊藿结实特性的影响

对不同生境中巫山淫羊藿结实特性进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)三个种群在繁殖时期中不同花部特征的植株繁殖投资差异不大,如每株分枝数、每株花序数和每株开花数差异均不显著;(2)三个种群中每株结实数、每株结实率、每花序结实数在不同花部特征中差异显著,PLS和SAA要显著大于PESS;(3)三种花部特征在不同生境中单株分枝数和单株花序数均无显著差异。在不同花部特征中种群1开花数量相较少,因而在结实方面均值均要小于种群2和种群3;(4)不同花部特征的果实饱满种子数、败育数和败育率均具有显著差异,而种子数差异不大,但在种群间均无显著的差异。说明种子的多少更多地受到花部特征的影响。总之,巫山淫羊藿的结实特性受到生境和花部特征的双重影响,其中花型比生境对巫山淫羊藿结实特性的影响更为明显。     

Cytological affinities and interfertilities between Lolium temulentum and L. persicum (Poaceae) accessions

Interspecific crossing between L. temulentum L. and L. persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss. was performed to clarify their interfertility based on the results of chromosome pairing, pollen fertility and seed set. Both parents were normal with a high percentage of chromosome association of ring bivalents in contrast to rod bivalents at metaphase I, pollen fertility and seed set, but F1 hybrids showed different proportions of them for each crossing combination. Chromosome affinity expressed by pairing was certainly a factor affecting the pollen fertility or seed set in F1 hybrids, but it was not the most important. The positive correlation was generally found between pollen fertility and seed set of F1 hybrids. The L. persicum accession with relatively high interfertility with L. temulentum was supposed to be derived from natural hybridization between L. temulentum and L. persicum. The degree of cytogenetic differentiation between L. temulentum and L. persicum existed because of lower chromosomal pairing, pollen fertility and seed set, but their F1 hybrids were partially fertile.