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1.
Regulation of Senescence in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus): Effect of Abscisic Acid and Carbon Dioxide on Ethylene Production 下载免费PDF全文
Abscisic acid hastened senescence of carnation flowers and this was preceded by stimulation of accelerated ethylene production. Carbon dioxide delayed the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production in flowers regardless of treatment with abscisic acid. Flowers exhibited a low and transient climacteric of ethylene production without wilting while in 4% carbon dioxide and underwent accelerated ethylene production culminating in wilting when removed from carbon dioxide. Hypobaric ventilation, which lowers ethylene to hyponormal levels within tissues, extended flower longevity and largely negated enhancement of senescence by abscisic acid. Supplementing hypobarically ventilated flowers with ethylene hastened senescence irrespective of abscisic acid treatment. Collectively, the data indicate that abscisic acid hastens senescence of carnations largely as a result of advancing the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production. 相似文献
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Mitochondrial Changes in Harvested Carnation Flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) during Senescence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harvested carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers wereplaced in either a preservative solution or deionized waterand monitored through senescence during which time flower freshweight was measured as well as production of ethylene and CO2.Flower fresh weight, ethylene, and CO2 levels increased as theflowers aged, but fresh weight and CO2 levels fell once flowersbegan to senesce regardless of holding solution. Preservative-treatedflowers senesced at a slower rate than deionized water-treatedflowers. The amount of ADP phosphorylated to ATP per oxygenatom consumed, using mitochondria isolated from petal tissueprovided with either succinate or malate as substrates, wasfound to increase as flowers senesced and then to decrease inthe later stages of senescence. Respiratory control ratios withsuccinate as the substrate did not change appreciably untilthe final stages of senescence white respiratory control valuesusing malate showed greater variation but no consistent patternrelative to the progress of senescence. Cyanide-resistant respirationwas noted with isolated mitochondria oxidizing either substrate,but no correlation between cyanide-resistant respiration andsenescence could be found. (Received July 10, 1984; Accepted April 16, 1985) 相似文献
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Small pieces of different tissues from stems of young and oldcarnation plants were analyzed for lignification (lignin/celluloseratios) and lignin composition by means of pyrolysis-(gas chromatography)-massspectrometry. The epidermis and phloem of young and old stemswere essentially non-lignified. Pith parenchyma was only lignifiedin mature and senescing tissues. The type of lignin in sclerenchymadiffered from that in xylem and pith. Lignification in the xylemof very young tissues was a mainly guaiacyl-type lignin, whichgradually changed into a mixed guaiacyl-syringyl lignin in oldertissues. In mature tissues, the sclerenchyma was more highlylignified than the xylem. All tissues yielded comparatively large amounts of dihydroferulicacid, a compound which may be specific for carnation. Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus, epidermis, cortex, sclerenchyma, phloem, xylem, pith, lignification, aging, dihydroferulic acid, pyrolysis-(gas chromatography)-mass spectrometry 相似文献
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Isozymes of Superoxide Dismutase in Mitochondria and Peroxisomes Isolated from Petals of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) during Senescence 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
The balance between reactions involving free radicals and processes which ameliorate their effect plays an important role in the regulation of plant senescence. In this study a method was developed to isolate peroxisomes and mitochondria from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv Ember) petals. Based on electron microscopy and marker enzyme levels, the proportion of peroxisomes to mitochondria increases during senescence. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) content of these fractions was examined. Mitochondria and peroxisomes were shown to contain two electrophoretically distinct SODs, a manganese-, and an ironcontaining SOD. The Mn- and Fe-SOD were found to have relative molecular weights of 75,000 and 48,000 and isoelectric points of 4.85 and 5.00, respectively. The presence of a Fe-SOD in mitochondria and peroxisomes is unique because this enzyme is usually located in chloroplasts. The activity of these two isoenzymes decreased during senescence in mitochondria but remained high in peroxisomes from senescent tissue. It is suggested that peroxisomes play a particular role in the process of senescence. 相似文献
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MILLER ROBYN M.; KAUL VIJAY; HUTCHINSON JAMES F.; MAHESWARAN GOWRI; RICHARDS DENNIS 《Annals of botany》1991,68(6):563-568
Adventitious shoots were regenerated from fragmented flowerbuds, individual petals and receptacles in a number of differentcarnation cultivars. The major site of shoot formation was thesubepidermal cells at the proximal end of the petals. The yieldof shoots from a single flower bud was high, ranging between70 and 275, for the 11 cultivars tested. The regeneration mediumcontained Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with48 µm -naphthaleneacetic acid and 48 µmbenzyladenine. The preferred regeneration protocol appears highlysuited to the development of gene transfer systems. Adventitious shoots, Dianthus caryophyllus L., tissue culture, explant, auxin, cytokinin, cut flowers, floriculture, organogenesis 相似文献
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MILLER ROBYN M.; KAUL VIJAY; HUTCHINSON JAMES F.; RICHARDS DENNIS 《Annals of botany》1991,67(1):35-42
Adventitious shoots were regenerated from axillary bud explantsof 15 carnation cultivars. The use of leaf and stem explantswas not successful, largely due to explant senescence in thepresence of benzyladenine, kinetin and, to a lesser extent,zeatin. For axillary bud explants, a suitable optimum adventitiousregeneration medium contained Murashige and Skoog basal mediumsolidified with Gelrite and supplemented with 15 µm benzyladenineand 0.5 µM a-napthaleneacetic acid. Adventitious primordiaarose from the cut basal end of bud explants erupting as individualshoots after 23 weeks incubation. The axillary bud sizeand the time between subcultures of source material influencedthe production of adventitious shoots. Transfer of regeneratedshoots onto a medium solidified with agar minimized visiblesigns of vitrification. Regenerated shoots could be easily rooted,transferred to glasshouse conditions and grown to flowering. Vitrification, tissue culture, cut flowers, Dianthus caryophyllus L., carnation, cytokinins, explant 相似文献
7.
The translocation and distribution of dry matter were studiedin the floral and vegetative parts of the cut carnation duringsenescence. The change in dry weights of the tissues and theamount of radioactivity recovered from them after feeding with14C-sucrose were measured. Treatments with ethylene and sucrosewere used to alter the rate of senescence of the flowers. Sucrosemoved through the stem relatively unchanged but was rapidlyinverted and metabolized in the petals. During natural ageing,14C moved from the stem to the flower and the movement was enhancedby exogenous sucrose, which also reduced the loss of dry matterin the petals and promoted their growth. Treatment with ethylenecaused petals to wilt and lose dry weight, and ovaries to enlargeand increase in dry weight. The distribution of radioactivityin flowers fed with 14C-sucrose before and after ethylene treatmentsupported the observation that dry matter was translocated betweenthe flower parts. The results indicate that a change in thesource-ink relationships of the flower parts contributes tothe factors that determine the rate of flower senescence. 相似文献
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Masafumi Yagi Shunichi Kosugi Hideki Hirakawa Akemi Ohmiya Koji Tanase Taro Harada Kyutaro Kishimoto Masayoshi Nakayama Kazuo Ichimura Takashi Onozaki Hiroyasu Yamaguchi Nobuhiro Sasaki Taira Miyahara Yuzo Nishizaki Yoshihiro Ozeki Noriko Nakamura Takamasa Suzuki Yoshikazu Tanaka Shusei Sato Kenta Shirasawa Sachiko Isobe Yoshinori Miyamura Akiko Watanabe Shinobu Nakayama Yoshie Kishida Mitsuyo Kohara Satoshi Tabata 《DNA research》2014,21(3):231-241
The whole-genome sequence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. ‘Francesco’ was determined using a combination of different new-generation multiplex sequencing platforms. The total length of the non-redundant sequences was 568 887 315 bp, consisting of 45 088 scaffolds, which covered 91% of the 622 Mb carnation genome estimated by k-mer analysis. The N50 values of contigs and scaffolds were 16 644 bp and 60 737 bp, respectively, and the longest scaffold was 1 287 144 bp. The average GC content of the contig sequences was 36%. A total of 1050, 13, 92 and 143 genes for tRNAs, rRNAs, snoRNA and miRNA, respectively, were identified in the assembled genomic sequences. For protein-encoding genes, 43 266 complete and partial gene structures excluding those in transposable elements were deduced. Gene coverage was ∼98%, as deduced from the coverage of the core eukaryotic genes. Intensive characterization of the assigned carnation genes and comparison with those of other plant species revealed characteristic features of the carnation genome. The results of this study will serve as a valuable resource for fundamental and applied research of carnation, especially for breeding new carnation varieties. Further information on the genomic sequences is available at http://carnation.kazusa.or.jp. 相似文献
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Yunqing Bi Yixin Wu Guanhui lin Yueqiu He Zichao Mao 《Journal of Phytopathology》2013,161(11-12):850-854
In 2011, a wilt disease has been detected on carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivar ‘Light Pink Barbara’ in Kunming, Yunnan, China. A Fusarium sp. was consistently recovered from pieces of symptomatic tissues on Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). On the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular identification by DNA sequencing of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) and partial translation elongation factor‐1α (TEF) gene region, following their phylogenetic trees construction, the putative causal agent was identified as Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg, and its pathogenicity was finally confirmed by Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a wilt disease caused by F. proliferatum on carnation in China. 相似文献
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香石竹是世界四大切花之一,具有重要的观赏价值。其种质资源主要依靠田间种质圃和离体库进行保存。离体保存包括试管苗保存和超低温保存,这两种方法作为田间种质圃保存的补充可以分别对种质资源进行短中期和长期保存。本文对香石竹离体保存的相关研究进行了概括总结,旨在为香石竹种质资源的保存提供参考。 相似文献
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Endoglycanase-Catalyzed Degradation of Hemicelluloses during Development of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Petals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Large molecular-size hemicelluloses, including xyloglucan, decreased in quantity during development of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv White Sim) petals, along with a relative increase in polymers with an average size of 10 kilodaltons. An enzyme extract from senescing petal tissue depolymerized the large molecular-size hemicelluloses in a pattern similar to that occurring in vivo during petal development. The products generated in vitro were composed of polymeric and monomeric components, the latter consisting primarily of xylose, galactose, and glucose. The 10 kilodalton hemicelluloses were resistant to in vitro enzymic hydrolysis. Glycosyl-linkage composition of the large molecular-size polymers provided evidence for the presence of xyloglucan with smaller amounts of arabinoxylan and arabinan. The 10 kilodalton polymers were enriched in mannosyl and 4-linked glucosyl residues, presumably derived from glucomannan. During petal development or enzymic hydrolysis, no change was observed in the relative glycosyl-linkage composition of the large molecular-size hemicelluloses. The in vitro activity of carnation petal enzymes active toward native hemicelluloses increased threefold at the onset of senescence and declined slightly thereafter. Gel chromatography revealed 23 and 12 kilodalton proteins with hemicellulase activity. The enzymes hydrolyzed the large molecular-size hemicelluloses extensively and without formation of monomers. Endoxylanase activity was detected in the partially purified enzyme preparation. Xyloglucan was depolymerized in the absence of cellulase activity, suggesting the presence of a xyloglucan-specific glucanase. These data indicate that the hemicellulose molecular-size changes observed during development of carnation petals are due, in part, to the enzymic depolymerization of large molecular-size hemicelluloses. 相似文献
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Observations were made on the growth and development of carnationsgrown in containers under natural or 24 h days. The number ofleaf pairs produced before flower initiation and the final lengthof each flowering stem were affected by the date at which theshoot appeared and its position on the plant. Dusk-to-dawn lighting reduced the number of axillary shootsin each generation but increased their rate of development.This resulted in similar numbers of flowers being produced inboth treatments. Dianthus caryophyllus L., Carnation, growth, flowering, day length 相似文献
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The fungitoxic flavonol triglycoside, kaempferide 3‐O‐[2G‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl]‐β‐rutinoside, is a constituent of the carnation cultivar ‘Novada’, known as one of the most resistant cultivar to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, causative agent of Fusarium wilt. Due to its constitutive presence within the carnation tissues, this antifungal flavonol should be considered as a phytoanticipin; its biosynthesis, however, is stimulated by the inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, just as is the rule for a typical phytoalexin. The results seem to indicate that in carnation the concentration of some preformed antifungal flavonoids may be significantly increased by a fungal presence: owing to their fungitoxic properties, these molecules could cooperate, together with the unconstitutive and postinfectional anthranilic acid‐derivative phytoalexins, to the plant defensive response against Fusarium attacks. 相似文献
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Certain inorganic salts like KNO3, KCl, K2SO4, Ca(NO3)2 and NH4NO3 extend longevity of cut carnation flowers. The effect of KNO3 was studied in some detail. There is an osmotic adjustment in response to KNO3 treatment. The osmotic concentration change occurred in the external as well as in the internal compartments. The osmotic concentration change in the external compartment is well correlated with extension of longevity. The effect of KNO3 on the sensitivity to ethylene, and its significance in delaying senescence is discussed. 相似文献
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Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ethylene production and expression patterns of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (CARAO1) and of two ACC synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) genes (CARACC3 and CARAS1) were studied in floral organs of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. White Sim. During the vase life and after treatment of fresh flowers with ethylene, production of ethylene and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes first started in the ovary followed by the styles and the petals. ACC oxidase was expressed in all the floral organs whereas, during the vase life, tissue-specific expression of the two ACC synthase genes was observed. After treatment with a high ethylene concentration, tissue specificity of the two ACC synthase genes was lost and only a temporal difference in expression remained. In styles, poor correlation between ethylene production and ACC synthase (CARAS1) gene expression was observed suggesting that either activity is regulated at the translational level or that the CARAS1 gene product requires an additional factor for activity.Isolated petals showed no increase in ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes when excised from the flower before the increase in petal ethylene production (before day 7); showed rapid cessation of ethylene production and gene expression when excised during the early phase of petal ethylene production (day 7) and showed a pattern of ethylene production and gene expression similar to the pattern observed in the attached petals when isolated at day 8. The interorgan regulation of gene expression and ethylene as a signal molecule in flower senescence are discussed. 相似文献