2000年以来有毒蘑菇研究新进展

误食毒蘑菇而中毒一直被认为是一个对人类健康造成威胁的全球性问题,也是我国食物中毒事件中导致死亡的最主要因素。对2000年以来在有毒蘑菇新种类、新毒素与新症状、有毒蘑菇鉴定及毒素检测新方法、有毒蘑菇中毒机理、毒素基因克隆、中毒治疗以及鹅膏肽类毒素治疗肿瘤等领域取得的新进展进行了综述,并对一些热点研究领域做了展望。     

Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world

Mushrooms have long been considered as delicacies as well as used as important dietary supplements and food. However, there are major concerns with poisonous mushrooms as these pose threats to public health and safety. In this paper, we provide a review focusing on poisonous mushrooms, their toxins, symptoms and utilizations. In addition, this paper establishes a poisonous mushroom list which includes 643 species from two phyla, 16 orders, 51 families and 148 genera. The toxicity of all these species was verified and 332 species were ranked as P1 signifying that these species have toxic studies and or clinical poisoning case records and 311 species were P2 meaning they had previously been recorded as poisonous in other studies. Furthermore, we discuss advances in technology including how genomic studies could be used as a breakthrough tool in the field of toxic mushrooms. With this comprehensive review, we aim to promote public awareness of poisonous mushrooms, including how to avoid mushroom poisoning, and how to better utilize poisonous mushroom resources.     

几种不同鹅膏菌毒素对真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ抑制作用的比较研究

用鹅膏菌属（Amanita）含α-毒伞肽的毒素粗提液培养新鲜绿豆,结果在36小时后,各种不同毒苗的毒素粗提液培养的绿豆生长情况有明显不同,用紫外吸收法测定蛋白质含量,发现毒素粗提液培养的绿豆细胞中蛋白质含量比蒸馏水培养的有明显下降,这表明α-毒伞肽的作用机理的确是通过抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅱ而寻致蛋白质合成减少。     

Explaining Dioscorides' "double difference": why are some mushrooms poisonous, and do they signal their unprofitability?

The adaptive significance of toxins in mushrooms has received very little consideration, although it is clear that poisons have appeared (and/or disappeared) many times in mushrooms' evolutionary history. One possibility is that poisons have evolved in some mushroom species to deter their consumption by would-be fungivores before spore dispersal. If this is so, then one might expect poisonous mushrooms to signal their unprofitability in some way. In this study, we have conducted the first formal analysis of the ecological and morphological traits associated with edible and poisonous mushrooms in North America and Europe. Poisonous mushrooms do not tend to be more colorful or aggregated than edible mushrooms, but they are more likely to exhibit distinctive odors even when phylogenetic relationships are accounted for. This raises the intriguing possibility that some poisonous species of mushrooms have evolved warning odors (and perhaps tastes) to enhance avoidance learning by fungivores.     

毒蘑菇的组学研究

毒蘑菇似乎是一个永恒的话题：一方面毒蘑菇每年在世界范围内造成相当数量的人中毒甚至死亡事件;另一方面,毒蘑菇的价值也逐渐被认识,应用毒素进行癌症等疾病治疗的研究取得了重要成果。近年来,毒蘑菇的基因组等组学研究迅速升温,极大地促进了这一领域的研究,揭示了一些毒素的生源合成基因及合成机制,几种毒素合成的进化历史也日益清晰。本文总结了近10余年来毒蘑菇研究在基因组、转录组、蛋白组学等方面取得的最新研究进展,归纳了研究的主要方向和动态,并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

云南蘑菇中毒事件中的毒蘑菇物种多样性

近年来,云南省每年发生超过500起蘑菇中毒事件,造成2 000余人中毒,约30人死亡,成为我国蘑菇中毒危害最为严重的省份。系统研究蘑菇中毒事件中的毒蘑菇多样性,可以为蘑菇中毒精准防控提供科学依据和技术支撑。本研究对云南省2013年以来开展过科学物种鉴定的223起中毒事件进行了系统分析,发现云南省蘑菇中毒一年四季均有发生,主要集中在6-9月份,中毒事件数和中毒人数7月份达到高峰,而6月份死亡人数最多。地区分布分析发现云南省蘑菇中毒事件涉及14个市州,中毒事件数前5位分别为德宏、玉溪、保山、楚雄和普洱,均位于云南中部及以南地区。223起中毒事件中共成功鉴定出47种毒蘑菇,分属6种中毒类型(急性肝损害型、急性肾衰竭型、横纹肌溶解型、胃肠炎型、神经精神型和光敏性皮炎型)。这些毒蘑菇包含发现于中国的新物种16种,以及2019年以来发现的中国新记录种3种。致命鹅膏Amanita exitialis和亚稀褶红菇Russula subnigricans分别造成19人和9人死亡,是云南省最危险的2种剧毒蘑菇。青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites、日本红菇R. japonica、光硬皮马勃Scleroderma cepa、近江粉褶菌Entoloma omiense和发光类脐菇Omphalotus olearius位列胃肠炎型中毒的前5位。热带紫褐裸伞Gymnopilus dilepis、毒歧盖伞近似种Inosperma cf. virosum和兰茂牛肝菌Lanmaoa asiatica位列神经精神型中毒的前3位。叶状耳盘菌Cordierites frondosus是目前云南省造成光敏性皮炎型中毒的唯一物种。     

贵州施秉云台山大型真菌生态调查

在贵州省施秉县云台山国家级自然保护区采集并鉴定了大型真菌55科,132属,261种。其中腐生菌195种,菌根菌59种,虫生菌7种。包括贵州省新记录种22种,食用菌85种,药用菌74种,有毒种类21种。     

中国毒蘑菇名录

根据文献报道和实际考察收录了我国毒蘑菇435种,对拉丁学名和中文名称进行了订正,文献常用的名称作为异名保留,纠正了以往文献中出现的毒蘑菇的拉丁学名,包括拼写错误和鉴定错误,同时列举出毒素成分及中毒类型,并引证了相关参考文献。     

东北地区非鹅膏属真菌中鹅膏肽类毒素的分布

本文采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对采自中国东北地区的95份非鹅膏属真菌样本进行鹅膏肽类毒素（α-amanitin、β-amanitin、phalloidin）检测。为获得更准确的实验结果,对57份阳性反应样品利用UPLC-MS/MS进一步测定,值得注意的是,测定结果中褶纹丝盖伞Inocybe leiocephala确认同时含有以上3种毒素。本研究通过检测鹅膏肽类毒素在非鹅膏属真菌中的分布,对误食中毒事件的发生起到一定程度的预防和警示作用,另一方面筛选出含有鹅膏肽类毒素的新型毒菌资源,为毒菌资源的开发利用提供基础资料。     

The mycetisms and their relevancy in medicine.

Poisonous mushrooms play an important role in public health, since the poisonings caused by their toxins have very high morbidity-mortality rates. No real data are available on this problem because diagnosis is often difficult. This work points out the important role of poisonous mushrooms. An analysis is included of the clinical features of the most important mycetisms, the mushrooms that produce them and the toxins that cause this pathology. A guide to aid clinical doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of mycetisms and recomendations to prevent these poisonings are provided.     

一种简便、快速测定鹅膏多肽毒素的方法——抑芽法*

低浓度（5-10ngml-1）的鹅膏毒肽(amatoxins) 能专一性抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的活性,高浓度（为RNA聚合酶Ⅱ103-104倍的浓度）也能抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅲ的活性,因而影响细胞mRNA的转录和蛋白质的合成,抑制种子的萌发和生长。根据此原理我们建立了一种以植物种子萌发试验检测鹅膏毒肽的方法,称之为“抑芽法”（bud-inhibited assay）。该方法简便、实用、准确。操作流程：45℃干燥至恒重的鹅膏菌等子实体菌盖;水提法提取毒素并用氯仿沉淀蛋白质等;粗毒液浓度为0.025-0.05gml-1干子实体;萝卜或绿豆种子培养温度为28℃,培养时间为24-72h。绿豆芽下胚轴生长被抑制率在95%以上,可能为鹅膏毒肽含量高的剧毒鹅膏菌;当被抑制率在60-80%,可能为鹅膏肽含量较低的微毒鹅膏菌;当被抑制率在30%以下时,可能是不含鹅膏菌肽的鹅膏菌。     

广东已知毒蘑菇种类

广东毒蘑菇种类有112种,分别隶属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的1科1属和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的18科41属。其中种类最多的是鹅膏属(Amanita),有20种,占17.8%;其次为红菇属(Russula),有10种,占8.9%;第3是丝盖伞属(Inocybe),有8种,占7.1%。致命鹅膏(Amanitaexitialis)、铅绿褶菇(Chlorophyllum molybdites)和粗柄白鬼伞(Leucocoprinuscepaestipe)等是近几年在广州引起中毒的常见毒蘑菇种类,其中致命鹅膏的中毒死亡率最高。     

Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film.

Fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were inoculated in the stem, gill, or cap with Clostridium botulinum spores. They were placed with uninoculated mushrooms in paper board trays, which were then covered and sealed in a polyvinyl chloride stretch film to simulate prepackaged mushrooms available at retail stores. When incubated at 20 C, botulinum toxin could be detected as early as day 3, or 4, when the mushrooms still appear edible. Mushrooms inoculated in the stem with 1,000 type A spores frequently became botulinogenic; higher spore levels were needed if gills or caps were inoculation sites. Type B spores were less apt to produce toxic mushrooms. Respiration of the fresh mushrooms used up O2 more rapidly than could enter through the semipermeable wrapping film, so that the equilibrium O2 concentration became low enough for growth of C. botulinum. Inoculated mushrooms did not become botulinogenic when held at 4 C.     

西双版纳野生有毒植物资源调查研究

通过野外及走访调查,对西双版纳野生有毒植物资源进行了调查,同时对其科属分布、生活型组成、毒性、有毒部位进行了分析。结果显示,西双版纳野生有毒植物289种,隶属于79科214属,其中优势科集中在豆科、大戟科、天南星科、夹竹桃科、芸香科,优势属为大戟属和茄属;生活型以草本植物居多,占36.68%;有毒部位以全株或全草有毒为主,占37.37%;毒性以小毒植物占大多数,剧毒植物有5种,大毒植物有11种。通过走访调查了解到,商陆、钩吻、相思子、曼陀罗、洋金花、油桐、蓖麻等有毒植物种类在民间曾多次发生误食中毒甚至死亡事例,需要特别注意识别。今后应加强对常见有毒植物的辨识与防范科普宣传,同时加强对有毒植物的开发和应用研究。     

Identification of medicinal mushroom species based on nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences

The purpose of this study was to develop molecular identification method for medical mushrooms and their preparations based on the nucleotide sequences of nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA. Four specimens were collected of each of the three representative medicinal mushrooms used in Korea: Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor, and Fomes fomentarius. Fungal material used in these experiments included two different mycelial cultures and two different fruiting bodies from wild or cultivated mushrooms. The genomic DNA of mushrooms were extracted and 3 nuclear LSU rDNA fragments were amplified: set 1 for the 1.1-kb DNA fragment in the upstream region, set 2 for the 1.2-kb fragment in the middle, and set 3 for the 1.3-kb fragment downstream. The amplified gene products of nuclear large subunit rDNA from 3 different mushrooms were cloned into E. coli vector and subjected to nucleotide sequence determination. The sequence thus determined revealed that the gene sequences of the same medicinal mushroom species were more than 99.48% homologous, and the consensus sequences of 3 different medicinal mushrooms were more than 97.80% homologous. Restriction analysis revealed no useful restriction sites for 6-bp recognition enzymes for distinguishing the 3 sequences from one another, but some distinctive restriction patterns were recognized by the 4-bp recognition enzymes AccII and HhaI. This analysis was also confirmed by PCR-RFLP experiments on medicinal mushrooms.     

外生菌根蘑菇分离技术折DNA鉴定方法

外生菌根真菌中存在一些食用蘑菇,由于其食药用价值极高而自然资源稀少,人们正努力探索驯化栽培的可能途径,作为供试菌种的各种分离培养物的真伪鉴定就成了研究者关注的焦点.评述了国内外近年来发展的几种外生菌根蘑菇分离菌株的DNA鉴定方法,并对它们进行了分析讨论.     

Detection and Identification of Amanitins in the Wood-Rotting Fungi Galerina fasciculata and Galerina helvoliceps

More than 600 strains of wood-rotting fungi were screened for the detection of amanitins. Three strains of Galerina fasciculata and 18 strains of Galerina helvoliceps contained amanitins. These strains contained mainly α- and β-amanitins in the native fruit bodies, while α- and γ-amanitins were found in liquid-cultured mycelia. Purified amanitins were confirmed by their chromatographic profiles, spectra (UV, Fourier transform infrared, and atmospheric ionization mass), cytotoxicity for mammalian cell lines (3T3 and SiHa), and inhibitory effects on RNA polymerase II. The results revealed that the purified amanitin fractions from these species are identical to authentic amanitins and suggest that these two species must be handled as poisonous mushrooms.     

Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics

Empirical approaches to discover anticancer drugs and cancer treatments have made limited progress in the past several decades in finding a cure for cancer. The expanded knowledge of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis and metastasis, together with the inherently vast structural diversity of natural compounds found in mushrooms, provided unique opportunities for discovering new drugs that rationally target the abnormal molecular and biochemical signals leading to cancer. This review focuses on mushroom low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites targeting processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, cell cycle regulation, and signal transduction cascades. Also discussed in this review are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides or polysaccharide–protein complexes from mushrooms that appear to enhance innate and cell-mediated immune responses, exhibit antitumor activities in animals and humans, and demonstrate the anticancer properties of selenium compounds accumulated in mushrooms.     

Effect of packaging conditions on the growth of micro-organisms and the quality characteristics of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) stored at inadequate temperatures

Mushrooms were packed in two polymeric films (perforated and non-perforated PVC) and stored at 17 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The carbon dioxide and oxygen content inside the packages, aerobic mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp., faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic spores and major sensory factors (colour, texture, development stage and presence of moulds) were determined. The non-perforated packages had the highest contents of CO2 (6-7%), the lowest contents of O2 (0.013-0.17%) and the most desirable quality parameters (texture, development stage and absence of moulds). Pseudomonas spp. counts were around 1 logarithmic unit lower in mushrooms packaged in non-perforated film as the O2 concentrations were lower than in perforated film. The mushrooms themselves were inoculated with an enterotoxin A-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus, packaged in overwrapped trays and stored at 17 and 25 degrees C. Staphylococcus aureus did not grow in the samples stored at 17 degrees C. Only slight growth was observed in mushrooms packaged with non-perforated film after 1 day at 25 degrees C. No enterotoxin was detected in any package. Faecal coliform counts were <2 log cfu g(-1). Escherichia coli was not isolated in any of the samples. At 25 degrees C, counts of anaerobic spores of around 2 log cfu g(-1) were detected in those mushrooms packaged in non-perforated film.