安徽珍稀濒危植物区系探讨

在深入调查的基础上,对安徽珍稀濒危植物区系组成和地理成分进行了详细的统计分析,探讨了该区系的组成特点及地理分布特征。结果表明,该区系属温带亚热带性植物区系,具有珍稀濒危物种丰富,古老、孑遗植物众多;地理成分复杂,区系联系广泛;过渡性质明显,温带亚热带成分占优;特有现象显著,华东区系特征典型等基本特征。在植物区系亲缘上,该区系隶属东亚植物区、中国-日本森林植物亚区、华东地区,与华中植物区系关系密切,受西南植物区系影响深刻。     

云南大围山种子植物区系海拔梯度格局分析

 海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,因而研究山地植物区系的海拔梯度格局对揭示植物区系的环境梯度变化规律、了解生物适应性和生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化趋势等具有重要意义。为了探讨山地植物区系构成特征及其海拔梯度的生态意义,该文根据对大围山国家级自然保护区植被线路调查和垂直样带调查,并结合文献研究等获得的植物区系资料,分析了该保护区种子植物区系构成的基本特征及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势;利用系统聚类的方法寻找和研究大围山植物区系沿海拔梯度变化的断点位置。研究结果表明：1)大围山大多数热带成分分布的上限位于海拔1 500 m左右,以此为界划分热带雨林和常绿阔叶林是合理的。 2)湿润雨林分布于海拔700 m以下;山地雨林分布于海拔700～1 500 m;季风常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 300～1 800 m;山地苔藓常绿阔叶林分布于海拔1 800 m以上;在海拔2 100 m以上的迎风坡面、土层瘠薄的地段分布有不甚典型的山地苔藓矮林。     

三峡大老岭植物区系的垂直梯度分析

为探讨山地植物区系构成特征及其垂直梯度的生态意义,根据对三峡大老岭地区植被垂直样带 调查获得的植物区系资料,分析了该地区植物区系成分构成的基本特征及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势,寻找了区系平衡点的位置;并利用聚类方法分析了山地气候垂直分异对区系成分构成的影响。结果表明：①大老岭植物区系具有温带性质,但仍反映了与热带区系的历史联系,有强烈的区域性;②属的分布区类型可归为热带分布、温带分布、地中海—中亚中心和东亚中心4组,各组区系成分的垂直梯度特征不同;热带、亚热带成分与温带成分的平衡点大致位于海拔650m;③区系成分构成和属的物种数量构成的聚类分析结果一致显示了植物区系构成与山地气候和植被垂直带相对应的格局。     

云南省小黑山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

小黑山自然保护区有野生种子植物170科787属2195种。分析表明该区种子植物区系的地理成分复杂,联系广泛。热带性质的属有506属,占总属数的68.6%,温带性质的属有224属,占总属数的30.4%。热带性质的种890种,占总种数的40.9%,温带性质的种有1267种,占总种数的58.3%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的亚热带性质,同时深受热带植物区系的影响。植物区系来源主要由东亚成分、热带亚洲成分(印度—马来西亚成分)、中国特有成分三部分融合而成。特有现象明显,有东亚特有科5科,中国特有属6属,中国特有种778种,占种总数的35.8%,而云南特有种有355种,占中国特有种的45.6%。保护区还拥有众多的珍稀濒危植物。     

Floristic composition and endemism pattern of vascular plants in Ethiopia and Eritrea

Traditional attempts to delineate floristic regions are typically based on the qualitative analysis of species distribution, often ignoring the phylogenetic relationships among their taxa. Ethiopia and Eritrea are in the Horn of Africa, known as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. We quantitatively classified the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea into meaningful geographical units by analyzing the taxonomic and phylogenetic β‐diversity at genera, total species, and endemic species levels at a scale of 0.5° × 0.5° grid cells. Hierarchical clustering was used to quantitatively delimitate the flora and analysis of similarities was used to test the significant difference between the derived groups in taxonomic composition and phylogenetic relatedness. In total, two floristic subprovinces, five floristic districts, and 13 floristic subdistricts, as well as three centers of species endemism associated with three floristic subdistricts were identified. Our results also showed that the species diversity, endemism, and turnover of the highlands in Ethiopia and Eritrea were much higher than the lowlands, indicating that the floristic differences are closely related to the topography of the East African Rift. In this study, we provided a scientific framework for the composition and relationships of the floristic units in the Horn of Africa, and similarly provided a scientific basis for better conservation of the diversity in this region.     

The impact of naturalized legumes on plant communities in Northern Taiwan: are we worrying too much?

Habitat transformation caused by naturalized legumes has been considered as a profound environmental threat worldwide. However, the weight of the impact on species diversity of local native and naturalized flora has yet to be revealed. In order to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon, we developed and tested the following hypotheses: (1) naturalized legumes promote local species diversity; (2) naturalized legumes increase local naturalized species diversity rather than native biodiversity; and (3) the impact of naturalized legumes varies with habitat type. Four counties in Northern Taiwan were selected to form the study site. Nine major habitat types were identified in 100 sampling sites (1 km²/each site) in northern Taiwan, and a total of 2,242 plots (1 m²/each plot) were sampled. Species, cover, and biodiversity indices of both native and naturalized floras were obtained, and soil samples were collected from plots with and without naturalized legumes analyzed. The biodiversity and cover of the whole and naturalized flora were increased significantly by naturalized legumes, while no effects on native flora were found. The significant increase in the species diversity and cover of the whole flora and naturalized flora disappeared when naturalized legumes were excluded from the data set; the same trend was observed when habitat type was considered. Soil nitrogen was marginally significantly higher in the plots with naturalized legumes. The effects of naturalized legumes on native and naturalized floristic composition are divergent. Although species diversity and cover were increased by naturalized legumes, the additional species were naturalized legumes per se, which were the only beneficiaries of the enriched soil. The naturalized legumes did not facilitate further invasion by other exotic species, nor did they have an impact upon the native community in terms of cover, species diversity, or composition.     

基于植物区系的雷州半岛天然林群落树种特征研究

传统涉及植物区系和重要值的研究思路通常先分析该地区的植物区系组成,然后再分析该区域某个区系中某个优势种的重要值。该种思路存在未能完全同时反映不同区系不同植物物种参与群落构建和其在群落中的地位等缺陷。为了解决上述问题,构建物种群落指数,以雷州半岛天然季雨林的木本植物为对象开展研究。基于雷州半岛8个区域的80个20 m×20 m固定样地的实测数据,通过植物区系+重要值的方式构建物种群落指数开展研究。(1)湛江云脚村群落、湛江湖光岩、雷州鹰峰岭、雷州足荣村、徐闻双洋村、廉江高桥和廉江谢鞋山皆以热带区系分布为主导,数值皆大于0.8以上。廉江根竹嶂地理位置特殊,以9区系东亚和北美洲间断分布为主,数值接近0.5。(2)第2区系树种在雷州半岛群落树种组成和构建中处于优势地位,最高值为0.4261,朴树和鹅掌柴为优势种;第3区系树种和第6区系树种处于劣势地位;第4区系树种处于优势地位,最高值为0.3339,橄榄为优势种;第5区系树种处于优势地位,最高为0.3787,阴香和樟树为优势种;第7区系树种在雷州半岛地区群落内分布较为均衡,普遍适应各个样地。本研究表明,雷州半岛地区带有明显的热带性区系特征;物种群落指数能够较好的体现雷州半岛样地各个区系树种在植物群落组成的特征。     

甘肃裸子植物区系地理分析

在对甘肃产裸子植物进行系统整理的基础上,探讨了甘肃裸子植物的区系特征和区系分区。甘肃裸子植物种类丰富,产５科１５属４５种。其特点是：松柏类发达;北温带分布型属和中国特有种占优势;富含第三纪残遗成分;区系乱分具明显交汇过渡性质。依据甘肃各区域生态地理因子分异特点和裸子植物地理分布规律,将甘肃裸子植物区系划分为５个自然的区系小区：走廊区、中部小区、甘南小区、陇南小区。     

The impact of changing the season in which cereals are sown on the diversity of the weed flora in rotational fields in Denmark

1. Surveys have shown that there has been a dramatic decrease in the weed flora of fields under rotational cultivation during the last 30 years. This trend has been particularly noticeable in winter cereals, a crop of increasing importance in the landscape.
2. The weed flora of spring and winter cereals was compared in 19 unsprayed fields during a 5-year study to test the hypothesis that cereal type exerts no effect on the flora or on the absolute and relative abundance of single species.
3. Plant and species densities, and accumulated species richness, were lower in winter than in spring cereals.
4. Floristic similarity was greater among spring cereal fields and between spring and winter cereals within the same fields than among winter cereal fields.
5. Species that occurred with unequal density in spring and winter cereals occurred at higher densities in the spring cereals; these species germinated mainly in the spring. However, for a few species the relative plant abundance was highest in winter cereals; these species were able to germinate both in the spring and autumn.
6. Some species – on the relative scale – occurred indifferently of season of sowing; all but one of these species were able to germinate both in the spring and autumn.
7. Plant species and taxa that are important food resources for arthropod herbivores occurred at greater densities in spring than in winter cereals and, in addition, occurred with the highest relative abundance in spring cereals.
8. Change in land use from spring to winter cereals involves not only an immediate reduction of more than 25% in the density of plants and species, but also a change and increased uncertainty in the composition of the weed flora. These findings may have serious implications for the ecology of wildlife in the agricultural landscape.     

A Comparative Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of the East Side and the West Side of the Northern Gaoligong Mts . in Northwestern Yunnan,China

The differences in rainfall and temperature between the east and west sides of the northern GaoligongMts. leads to distinct differences in the plant diversity and floristic characteristics between the two sides . Recorded taxa on the east side include 1 475 native species and 192 varieties (or subspecies) belonging to 580 genera in 152 families and for the west side include 1 804 native species and 186 varieties ( or subspecies) belonging to 659 genera in 162 families . Based on the statistics and analysis of families, genera, and species, a comparative floristic study on the seed plants for the east side and the west side of the northern Gaoligong Mts. was carried out. The results are as follows: 1) The present flora on the east and west sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts . have the same floristic origins, but the relative contribution from these different sources has changed through time . The result is that the floristic similarity of families, genera, and species between the east side and the west side has decreased through time; 2) The floristic characteristic of seed plants for the west side has become more greatly influenced by tropical floristic elements than has that of the east side, and the influence by the temperate floristic elements has become less influenced on the west side but greater on the east side; 3) The flora of the west side is more closely linked with that of the eastern Himalayans than is the flora of the east side, and the flora of the east side is more closely linked with the other floras farther to the east. Owing to the obstruct of the Gaoligong Mts. ridge itself, it is seemingly difficult for the species interchange between the two sides of the northern Gaoligong Mts. ; 4) The ecological-geographical environment has made it more conducive to species conservation and the speciation on the west side than on the east side, so the west side is not only a refuge for some ancient floristic elements but also as a cradle of some new species.     

青藏高原特有种子植物区系特征及多样性分布格局

青藏高原拥有丰富的种子植物, 但对该地区特有植物的区系特征以及多样性还鲜有报道。本文通过植物志(书)以及在线数据库, 整理了只分布于青藏高原地区的种子植物名录及其地理分布, 分析了它们的科属特征、区系成分以及多样性空间分布格局。结果表明: 青藏高原共有特有种子植物3,764种, 隶属113科519属, 多数为草本植物(76.3%); 包含100种以上的科有菊科、毛茛科、列当科等15个, 属有马先蒿属(Pedicularis)、杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)、紫堇属(Corydalis)等7个; 从属的区系成分来看, 温带成分占主导(67.5%)。青藏高原特有植物多样性格局呈现从高原东南部向西北部逐渐递减的趋势, 其中东喜马拉雅-横断山脉的物种多样性非常丰富, 而且多数物种分布在高原的中海拔地带。理解青藏高原特有物种的特征及多样性格局对探讨高原植物区系的演化历史和物种保护有重要启示。     

Floristic changes in the River Tees

Summary The floristic composition of the Rivers Tees and Skerne in 1963–1966 was compared in detail with that recorded by a previous worker in 1929–1933. In spite of the long time interval during which considerable changes have taken place in the rivers there was only one marked change in the flora. This is the apparent invasion of Enteromorpha intestinalis. Other changes were very few and did not involve common species.     

Diversity,geographic variation and conservationof the serpentine flora of Tuscany (Italy)

The specialised flora of serpentine outcrops in Tuscany (Italy) is analysed in terms of species richness and geographic variation, in order to identify main centres of diversity and provide a basis for conservation programmes. Five edaphic groups are distinguished, among which obligate endemics, serpentine-preferential taxa, facultative basiphilous and facultative calcifuge serpentinophytes. Relatively low diversity (87 taxa) and high taxonomic distinctiveness (28.7% of endemics plus preferentials) underscore the insular condition of the ophiolitic outcrops. Hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes are the dominat life-forms, in line with the mainly continental character revealed by the phytogeographical analysis. Presence/absence of the taxa in 10 serpentine island systems was assessed using literature and original field data. Number of species and surface of the areas are significantly correlated. Cluster analysis identifies five groups of areas, while ordination indicates the species which are more effective in determining the floristic differences among the areas. Cecina valley, Monte Ferrato, Murlo hills and upper Tiber valley are the main centres of endemism and taxonomic diversity. However, the positive relationship between floristic and geographic distances and the remarkable proportion of species with frequency < 50% highlights a considerable among-area variation. To ‘catch’ such variation, a network of distant protected sites appears more effective than to search for single areas with high diversity. At least one site in each of the five clusters should be included in a ‘Important Plant Area’ network which would ensure the conservation of such a peculiar component of the Italian vascular flora.     

How general are global trends in biotic homogenization? Floristic tracking in Chile,South America

Aim   To quantify the occurrence of floristic change in the vascular flora of Chile. We test whether continental areas have experienced floristic modification leading to either homogenization, differentiation or tracking.
Location   Continental Chile.
Methods   On the basis of the geographical distribution of native (1806 species) and naturalized plants (552 species) in continental Chile, we quantified change between two floristic stages: (1) pre-European flora, including native extant and extinct species; and (2) current flora, including native and naturalized species, but excluding extinct plants. We compared changes in compositional similarity (calculated by Jaccard's index, Δ J ) between pairs of regions, and similarity decay with respect to geographical distance. Additionally, by means of Whittaker's index, we examined species turnover, distinguishing between native and naturalized plants.
Results   Between floristic stages (pre-European vs. current flora) no significant changes in floristic similarity were noted at national or regional scales. Similarity decay showed no statistical differences between pre-European and current flora. Analysing patterns of geographical turnover, we found that species turnover of naturalized plants over their geographical range is similar to that of native plants.
Conclusions   The composition of the continental flora of Chile does not show significant modifications in similarity patterns after considering naturalized species, thus indicating floristic tracking. The causes of this phenomenon may be related to the current geographical distribution of naturalized plants, which closely parallels that of native plants. Our results differ from those obtained in Northern Hemisphere continents, thus indicating that trends of biotic change may differ between hemispheres.     

Species Composition, Diversity and Local uses of Tropical Dry Deciduous and Gallery Forests in Nicaragua

The floristic composition and diversity of tropical dry deciduous and gallery forests were studied in Chacocente Wildlife Refuge, located on the Pacific coast in Nicaragua during 1994 and 2000. Density, dominance and frequency as well as species and family important values were computed to characterize the floristic composition. A variety of diversity measures were also calculated to examine heterogeneity in each forest community. A total of 29 families, 49 genera and 59 species were represented in 2 ha dry deciduous forest. In the gallery forest, the number of families, genera and species recorded in 2000 inventory was 33, 48 and 58, respectively and slightly higher than the 1994 inventory. The number of stems ⩽ 10 cm dbh varied from 451 to 489 per hectare in the deciduous forest, and from 283 to 298 per hectare in the gallery forest. The basal area was much larger for species in the gallery than dry deciduous forest. Fabaceae, sub family Papilionoideae, was the most specious family in the deciduous forest while Meliaceae was the dominant family in the gallery forest. Similarity in species composition and abundance between deciduous and gallery forests was low. In terms of species diversity, the gallery forest was found more diverse than the deciduous forest using Fisher's diversity index. Both forest communities were characterized by a typical inverse J shape. Therefore, emphasis should be given to the protection of rare species, i.e. as the forests are still under continued human pressure, an immediate action should be taken to conserve the remaining flora.     

Transit towards floristic homogenization on oceanic islands in the south-eastern Pacific: comparing pre-European and current floras

Aim  To quantify the occurrence of processes of homogenization or differentiation in the vascular flora of six oceanic islands.
Location  Six islands in the south-eastern Pacific drawn from the Desventuradas Archipelago, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Archipelago.
Methods  Using published floristic studies, we determined the floristic composition of each island at two different stages: (1) pre-European colonization and (2) current flora. We compared changes in the number of shared plants and the floristic similarity among islands for each stage.
Results  The number of plant species doubled from 263 in pre-European flora to 531 species currently. Only three native species became extinct, four natives were translocated among the islands and 271 plant species were introduced from outside. The frequency of plant species shared by two or more islands is higher in the post-European floras than prior to European contact, and the level of floristic similarity between islands increased slightly.
Main conclusions  Considering the low naturalization rate of alien plants, the small number of extinctions and the meagre increase in floristic similarity, these islands are undergoing a slow process of floristic homogenization.     

上海大金山岛种子植物区系的研究

上海大金山岛共有野生种子植物61科110属145种。植物区系组成复杂,地理成分多样;在区系组成,性质和发生上,与同纬度的天目山植物区系相比具有很大的相似性,表现出与大陆植物区系极为密切的关系。并以滨海植物区系丰富,广布性成分增多,热带亲缘特征明显等为特色。     

Pre-Columbian Floristic Legacies in Modern Homegardens of Central Amazonia

Historical ecologists have demonstrated legacy effects in apparently wild landscapes in Europe, North America, Mesoamerica, Amazonia, Africa and Oceania. People live and farm in archaeological sites today in many parts of the world, but nobody has looked for the legacies of past human occupations in the most dynamic areas in these sites: homegardens. Here we show that the useful flora of modern homegardens is partially a legacy of pre-Columbian occupations in Central Amazonia: the more complex the archaeological context, the more variable the floristic composition of useful native plants in homegardens cultivated there today. Species diversity was 10% higher in homegardens situated in multi-occupational archaeological contexts compared with homegardens situated in single-occupational ones. Species heterogeneity (β-diversity) among archaeological contexts was similar for the whole set of species, but markedly different when only native Amazonian species were included, suggesting the influence of pre-conquest indigenous occupations on current homegarden species composition. Our findings show that the legacy of pre-Columbian occupations is visible in the most dynamic of all agroecosystems, adding another dimension to the human footprint in the Amazonian landscape.     

Diversity and biogeography of vascular epiphytes in Western Amazonia, Yasuní, Ecuador

Aim Although vascular epiphytes are important components of species richness and complexity of Neotropical forests, vascular epiphytes are under‐represented in large scale biogeographical analyses. We studied the diversity, biogeography and floristic relationships of the epiphytic flora of the Yasuní region (Western Amazonia) in a Neotropical context, with special emphasis on the influence of the Andean flora on floristic composition and diversity of surrounding lowland forests. Location Western Amazonian lowland rainforest, Tiputini Biodiversity Station (0°38′ S 76°09′ W, 230 m a.s.l., 650 ha), Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. Methods We compared the vascular epiphyte flora of Yasuní with 16 published Neotropical epiphyte inventories. Secondly, based on a floristic database with records of more than 70,000 specimens of vascular epiphytes from the Neotropics the elevational composition of eight selected inventories was analysed in detail. Results The vascular epiphyte flora of Yasuní is characterized by a very high species richness (313 spp.). A moderate portion of species is endemic to the Upper Napo region (c. 10%). However, this figure is much higher than previous analyses primarily based on woody species suggested. Geographical ranges of these species match with a proposed Pleistocene forest refuge. Compared with Northern and Central Amazonian sites, Western Amazonian epiphyte communities are characterized by a higher portion of montane and submontane species. Species richness of vascular epiphytes at the sites was correlated with the amount of rainfall, which is negatively correlated with the number of dry months. Main conclusion Recent and historic patterns of rainfall are the driving forces behind diversity and floristic composition of vascular epiphytes in Western Amazonia: high annual rainfall in combination with low seasonality provides suitable conditions to harbour high species richness. The proximity to the Andes, the most important centre of speciation for most Neotropical epiphytic taxa, in combination with the climatic setting has allowed a continuous supply of species richness to the region. At least for epiphytes, the borderline between the Andean and Amazonian flora is much hazier than previously thought. Moreover, the comparatively moist climate in Western Amazonia during the Pleistocene has probably led to fewer extinctions and/or more speciation than in more affected surrounding lowlands.     

中国帕米尔高原种子植物的区系地理研究

中国帕米尔高原约有种子植物59科303属963种(包括变种)。分析表明:该区种子植物区系的地理成分较为复杂,联系广泛。温带性质的属有254属,占总属数的83.8%,热带性质的属有13属,占总属数的4.3%;温带性质的种有723种,占总种数的75.1%,热带性质的种有17种,占总种数的1.8%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的温带性质,同时受到热带植物区系的影响。另外在区系科属分级水平上,寡属科、单属科占绝对优势,而超过20属的大科在该区仅有3科,却占总属数、总种数的35.9%和38.6%,区系优势现象十分明显;单种或少种属也较多,属种比值偏高,表明区系组成上的复杂性。