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1.
Medha Shrikhande S. R. Thengane A. F. Mascarenhas 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1993,29(1):38-42
Summary Media for induction of somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledonary tissues ofAzadirachta indica (Neem) were determined. Callus was initiated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·liter−1 of indol-3 acetic acid, 1.0 mg·liter−1 of 6-benzyl amino purine, and 1000 mg·liter−1 of casein hydrolysate. Effect of kinetin was also studied for embryo induction. Carbohydrate source in the form of sucrose
and glucose alone and in combination was tested for embryogenic efficiency. Seventy percent embryos showed germination. Healthy
plants were potted in sand and soil. Histologic studies confirmed indirect somatic embryogenesis. 相似文献
2.
A three-stage procedure for embryogenesis in Trachyspermum ammi was developed from cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium supplemented
with 0.2 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Globular somatic embryos without intervening callus phase developed in 4 wk. The
development of embryos to heart and torpedo stages required second-stage subculture of the explants (along with developing
embryos) in liquid medium with lower concentrations of 2,4-D. Further development of embryos required a third-stage subculture
in hormone-free liquid medium supplemented with 100 mg l−1 casein hydrolysate. Regeneration of complete plantlets occurred after the fully developed somatic embryos were transferred
to solidified half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 gibberellic acid. 相似文献
3.
V. M. Chavez R. E. Litz P. A. Moon K. Norstog 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1992,28(2):59-63
Summary Embryogenic callus was induced from explanted pinnae of newly emerged leaves of mature plants ofCeratozamia mexicana var. Robusta (Gymnospermae, Cycadales) on a modified B5 formulation with 1 mg·liter−1 kinetin and 1 mg·liter−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Proembryos developed on induction medium, but they were more numerous after subculture onto
phytohormone-free medium, which also enabled suspensors to elongate. For nearly 1.5 yr after explanting, subsequent development
of somatic embryos was not observed as suspensors dedifferentiated to form embryogenic callus on phytohormone-free medium.
After this time, cotyledonary somatic embryos developed at the distal end of the suspensors. Somatic embryos have germinated
on phytohormone-free medium. This is the first report of regeneration by somatic embryogenesis of a gymnosperm species from
a mature tree. This technique has great potential for preservation of the highly endangered cycads. 相似文献
4.
Plantlet regeneration through indirect somatic embryogenesis was attempted from rhizome derived callus of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (cv. Jorlab2). Optimum callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 4 mg dm−3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Initially the callus was friable, shiny white and watery in nature. After subculturing
on MS medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin (Kn), callus was transferred onto the MS medium supplemented with 2,4 -D, Kn and
coconut water to induce somatic embryogenesis. Optimum somatic embryogenesis (78.33 %) was achieved on MS medium containing
3.0 mg dm−3 2,4-D and 0.5 mg dm−3 Kn. High frequency (65 %) plantlet conversion from embryos was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg dm−3 N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 mg dm−3 Kn, 0.2 mg dm−3 calcium pantothenate and 0.2 mg dm−3 biotin. 相似文献
5.
E. Plata A. Ballester A. M. Vieitez 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1991,27(4):183-189
Summary An anatomical study was carried out during the sequences of events which lead to the differentiation of secondary embryos
ofCamellia reticulata cv ‘Mouchang’. Secondary embryogenesis can be induced by culturing somatic embryos on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg·liter−1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg·liter−1 indole-3-butyric acid. After about 12 days of culture, globular-shaped secondary embryos became apparent, and by 18 to 20
days of culture cotyledonary stages were formed. Embryos developed mainly on the hypocotyl of primary embryos without an intermediate
callus. Histologic monitoring revealed that secondary embryos apparently had a multicellular origin from embryogenic areas
originating in both epidermal and subepidermal layers of the hypocotyl region. This morphogenetic competence is related to
the presence, at the time of culture, of relatively undifferentiated cells in superfical layers of the primary embryo hypocotyl.
Microcomputer image analysis was applied for quantifying cytological events associated with somatic embryogenesis. This method
showed an increasing gradient in the nucleus-to-cell area ratio from differentiated cells passing through preembryogenic cells
to embryogenic cells. The formation of embryogenic areas was preceded by accumulation of starch in the surrounding cortical
cells. The cells underlying globular secondary embryos still contained abundant starch, but it declined as the secondary embryos
developed. 相似文献
6.
Ma Dolores Lledó Manuel B. Crespo Juan Bta Amo-Marco 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1995,31(4):199-201
Summary
Vella lucentina M. B. Crespo is a threatened Spanish species that is endemic to a small area in eastern Alicante Province (SE Spain). Micropropagation
techniques were applied forex situ conservation of this plant. Aseptic epicotyls bearing the apical bud were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented
with 6-furfurylaminopurine (Kin), N6-benzyladenine (BA) or 6-(γ,γ,-dimethilalylamino) purine (2iP). High multiplication rates were obtained with 0.5, 1, or 2
mg·liter−1 BA, or 1 or 2 mg·liter−1 2iP. Indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid were utilized for rooting in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium.
Regenerated plants were transferred to a potting mix and gradually acclimated to field conditions. No morphological differences
were observed amongin vitro andin vivo plants. 相似文献
7.
Root explants excised from carnation plants maintained in vitro formed off-white, friable calluses after three weeks of culture
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1 mg l−1 α-naphthalaneacetic acid (NAA). These calluses were subsequently transferred to MS basal medium where, after an additional
four weeks of culture, approximately 50% of the calluses formed somatic embryos. However, calluses formed on root explants
that had been cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid did not produce somatic embryos upon
transfer to MS basal medium. Somatic embryos developed into plantlets and subsequently were grown to maturity. These results
indicate that root explants have a high competence for somatic embryogenesis in carnation.
J. Seo and S.W. Kim contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
8.
A. Śliwińska O. Olszowska M. Furmanowa A. Nosov 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(2):69-77
Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was achieved in Polyscias filicifolia. Embryogenic calluses were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP; type I callus) and on MS medium with 2.0 mg l−1 2,4-D and 0.01 mg l−1 kinetin (type II callus) from leaf explants of a 2-yr-old plant. Primary somatic embryos (PSEs) developed after four passages
of suspension culture established from embryogenic callus when cultured in liquid half-strength MS medium (1/2 MS) without
growth regulators. PSEs in the cotyledonary stage were multiplied by adventitious embryogenesis. Single secondary somatic
embryos (SSEs) or their clusters developed at the base of PSE hypocotyls and regenerated into plantlets in a one-step process
on plant growth regulator-free 1/2 MS medium. Low sucrose concentration of 15 g l−1 promoted development of normal SSEs. All SSEs regenerated into single, well-rooted plantlets on a Nitsch and Nitsch medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 kinetin, 0.1 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid, and 10 mg l−1 adenine sulfate. Subsequent two subculture cycles on the same medium were necessary to obtain plantlets sufficiency developed
to allow successful transfer to the soil. Rooted plantlets were established in a peat mixture with 90% survival, with the
plants showing normal morphological characteristics. 相似文献
9.
The development of a rapid protocol for high-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from seed-derived embryogenic
callus cultures of California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) is reported. The optimized procedure required less than 13 weeks from the initiation of seed cultures to the recovery
of plantlets and involved the sequential transfer of cultures onto solid Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing three
different combinations of growth regulators. All steps were performed at 25 °C. Friable primary callus was induced from seeds
of E. californica cultured on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The primary callus was transferred to medium containing 1.0 mg l−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine to establish embryogenic callus and promote somatic embryogenesis. Regenerated plantlets were recovered
after the conversion of somatic embryos on medium containing 0.05 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine and showed normal development. Embryogenic callus was induced at a frequency of 85%, an average of 45
somatic embryos were produced per callus, 90% of the somatic embryos converted, and about 70% of the plantlets were recovered
in soil. The growth rate of somatic embryo-derived shoots could be increased by gibberellic acid treatment, but the resulting
plantlets were hyperhydritic.
Received: 14 February 1999 / Revision received: 27 April 1999 / Accepted: 14 May 1999 相似文献
10.
Yongxue Yang Guofeng Liu Manzhu Bao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2006,42(6):520-524
Summary A protocol of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from petiole segments of Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch. has been developed. Embryogenic tissue was induced on B5 (Gamborg) basal medium supplemented with 2.25–9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 500 mg l−1 casein hydrolysate (CH), and 0.1 gl−1 activated charcoal. Somatic embryos were induced on B5 medium containing various concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) (4.44,
6.66, and 8.88 μM) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.54, and 1.61 μM) plus 500 mg l−1 CH. Ninety percent of normal somatic embryos were converted into plantlets directly on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium free
of plant growth regulators. Shoots could be induced from abnormal somatic embryos on MS medium containing 4.44 μM BA, 0.05 μM NAA, and 500 mg l−1 CH. Genotypic differences were found in the process of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Histological analysis
confirmed the process of somatic embryogenesis. Regenerated plantlets with well-developed roots were successfully acclimatized
in greenhouse and all plants showed normal morphological characteristics. 相似文献
11.
A system for rapid plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from shoot tip explants of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is described. Somatic embryogenesis was observed after incubation of explants in dark for 6–7 weeks through
a friable embryogenic callus phase. Linsmaier and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 mg l−1) and kinetin (0.1 mg l −1) was used for induction of friable embryogenic calli and somatic embryos. Germination of somatic embryos was achieved about
5 weeks after transfer onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (2 mg l−1) and indole-3-acetic acid (0.5 mg l −1) under light. Seeds from in vitro-regenerated plants produced a normal crop in a field trial, and were comparable to the crop grown with the seeds of the mother
plant used to initiate tissue culture. The simplicity of the protocol and possible advantages of the system for transformation
over other protocols using different explants are discussed.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons, hypocotyls and leaves in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was achieved. The influences of basal media, carbon sources, plant growth regulators (PGRs) with different concentrations
and combinations on embryogenesis capacity of explants were studied. The highest frequency of somatic embryos production and
germination was obtained on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (SH) supplemented with 1.0 mg dm−3 kinetin and 0.2, 0.5 mg dm−3 indole-3-acetic acid. Granulated sugar was the optimal carbon source. The embryo-derived plantlets with well-developed roots
and shoots were transferred successfully to the greenhouse with a maximum survival rate of 55 %. Histological observation
revealed that the somatic embryos were similar to those of zygotic embryos. 相似文献
13.
Influence of boron on somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Honey Dew was investigated. Immature zygotic embryos were grown in the induction medium containing Murashige and
Skoog basal salts, with B5 vitamins, picloram (1 mg dm−3) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2 mg dm−3) and different concentrations of boric acid (30 to 500 mg dm−3). Maximum somatic embryo initiation was observed at 62 mg dm−3 boric acid irrespective of the growth regulator used. The cotyledonary stage somatic embryos were germinated on MS basal
medium devoid of growth regulators. The regenerated plantlets were hardened under greenhouse conditions and transferred to
field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Summary High-frequency embryogenesis systems were established for hybrid yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera×L. chinense) and hybrid sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua×L. formosana) by modifying a medium originally developed for embryogenic yellow-poplar cultures. Embryogenic cultures of both hybrids,
consisting of proembryogenic masses (PEMs), were initiated from immature hybrid seeds on an induction-maintenance medium (IMM)
supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzyladenine (BA), and casein hydrolyzate (CH). For hybrid yellow-poplar,
as many as 2100 germinable somatic embryos per 4000 cells or cell clumps were produced when PEMs were grown in liquid IMM
lacking CH, at a pH that varied with genotype (3.5 or 5.6), followed by size fractionation and plating on semisolid embryo
development medium (DM; IMM lacking 2,4-D and BA) without CH, but supplemented with 4.0 mgl−1 (15 μM) abscisic acid. For hybrid sweetgum, up to 1650 germinable somatic embryos per 4000 cells or cell clumps were produced when
PEMs were grown in liquid IMM without CH, but with 550 mgl−1
l-glutamine, 510 mg l−1 asparagine, and 170 mg l−1 arginine at pH 5.6. Somatic embryos developed from cell clumps on DM without any plant growth regulators or other supplements.
Hundreds of somatic embryos of both hybrids were germinated on DM without CH, transferred to potting mix, and hardened off
in a humidifying chamber for transfer to the greenhouse. 相似文献
15.
S. Kiran Ghanti K. G. Sujata M. Srinath Rao P. B. Kavi Kishor 《Biologia Plantarum》2010,54(1):121-125
A protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was developed in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars ICCV-10 and Annigeri. Somatic embryos were induced from immature cotyledons on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium
supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T),
α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and picloram alone or in combination with 0.5 — 2.0 mg dm−3 N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (KIN). NAA was better for somatic embryo induction compared to other auxins. The well formed,
cotyledonary shaped embryos germinated into plantlets with 36.6 % frequency on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg dm−3 BA + 0.5 mg dm−3 abscisic acid (ABA). The frequency of embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration was higher in cv. ICCV-10 as compared to cv.
Annigeri. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil (40 % survival) and grown to maturity. Histological studies of explants
at various developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis reveled that somatic embryos developed directly from the cotyledon
cells and they were single cell origin. 相似文献
16.
Vishwanath M. Patil 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1998,34(3):240-243
Summary The purpose of this study was to developin vitro techniques for conserving wild and endemic species ofCeropegia by mass multiplication for subsequent reintroduction in their natural habitat. Micropropagation involving a combination of
axillary bud culture, shoot multiplication, somatic embryogenesis andin vitro tuber formation forCeropegia jainii, a rare plant of the Indian sub continent,C. bulbosa var.bulbosa andC. bulbosa var.lushii, common species, was developed. Nodal explants from all species were cultured on 0.5 MS medium with 8.8 μM (2 mg·l−1) N6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) to regenerate the axillary buds. These produced multiple shoots when transferred to multiplication
medium consisting of 0.5 MS medium with 2.2 μM (0.5 mg·l−1) BA, or microtubers when transferred to 0.5 MS medium with 22.2 μM (5 mg·l−1) BA and 23.2 μM (5 mg·l−1) kinetin.In vitro flowering occurred inC. jainii and not in the other two varieties when the plants were cultured on multiplication media with spermine at 0.25 μM (50 μg·l−1) as an additive. Shoot pieces produced callus on MS medium with 9.05 μM (2 mg·l−1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. Regeneration of the calli by somatic embryogenesis was achieved when they were transferred
to 0.5 MS medium with 2.2 μM (0.5 mg·l−1) BA. Rooting of the shoots was possible both byin vitro andex vitro means. 相似文献
17.
Plants of two cytotypes (2n=2x=20, and 2n=3x=30) of pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory) were regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic calli were induced from shoot tips or
immature leaves dissected from in vitro growing plants. In the case of the diploid peanut the best somatic embryogenesis was achieved when shoot tips were cultured
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 10 mg dm−3
Picloram (PIC) and 0.1 mg dm−3 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or when explants from immature leaves were cultured on MS + 10 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. In the case of triploid peanut the highest number of somatic embryos was obtained when shoot tips were cultured on MS
+ 10 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP or when immature leaves were cultured on MS + 20 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. Somatic embryos were converted into plants by culture on MS + 0.01 mg dm−3 naphthaleneacetic acid + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. Plants were successfully transferred to pots in greenhouse. 相似文献
18.
Repetitive Somatic Embryogenesis of Ocotea catharinensis Mez. (Lauraceae): Effect of Somatic Embryo Developmental Stage and Dehydration 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Claudete Santa Catarina Alessandra dos Santos Olmedo Geraldine de Andrade Meyer Jonice Macedo Wagner de Amorim Ana Maria Viana 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2004,78(1):55-62
Repetitive embryogenesis of Ocotea catharinensis from globular/early cotyledonary somatic embryos was successfully supported by WPM supplemented with 22.7 g l−1 sorbitol, 20 g l−1 sucrose, 400 mg l−1 glutamine and 2 g l−1 Phytagel. The best medium to induce repetitive embryogenesis in cotyledonary somatic embryos was half strength WPM supplemented
with 20 g l−1 sucrose, 400 mg l−1 glutamine, 1.5 g l−1 activated charcoal and 2 g l−1 Phytagel. The mature somatic embryos gradually air dehydrated showed repetitive embryogenesis after subculture on half strength
B5 medium supplemented with 20 g l− sucrose, 20 g l−1 Phytagel, 1.5 g l−1 activated charcoal, 115.6 μM gibberellic acid and 214.8 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. The early cotyledonary, cotyledonary and
mature somatic embryos tolerated respectively 95, 86 and 54% fresh weight losses without losing their repetitive embryogenesis
potential. Cotyledonary and mature somatic embryos gradually air dehydrated in sealed Petri dishes showed 40–41% repetitive
embryogenesis respectively after 20 days and 12 weeks desiccation storage. Repetitive embryogenesis in cotyledonary somatic
embryos was significantly stimulated by chemical dehydration with 0.5 M sorbitol and 56% repetitive embryogenesis was achieved
even after exposure to 2 M sorbitol for 24 h. The cotyledonary somatic embryos when alginate-encapsulated showed 47% repetitive
embryogenesis even after chemical dehydration in 1.5 M sorbitol for 4 days followed by 1 h air dehydration, but failed to
survive to the same dehydration conditions without encapsulation. The optimized repetitive embryogenesis and desiccation protocols
offer the possibility to use in vitro techniques for continuous reliable somatic embryo production and short term germplasm storage. 相似文献
19.
In the present study an efficient somatic embryogenesis method has been developed in Catharanthus roseus. Friable embryogenic callus was induced from hypocotyl of in
vitro germinated seeds on Murashige and Skoog basal nutrient media supplemented with various auxins particularly 2,4-D (1.0 mg l−1). However, only NAA (1.0 mg l−1) produced somatic embryos in cultures. Embryo proliferation was even high on the same medium added with BAP. Cotyledonary
somatic embryo germinated and converted into plantlets in BAP (0.5 mg l−1) added medium following a treatment with gibberellic acid (1.0 mg l−1) for maturation. Carbon sources and concentrations had a marked influence on maturation process. Plantlet conversion was
better achieved when embryos were matured on 3% fructose or 3–6% maltose. The result discussed in this paper indicates that
somatic embryos were produced in numbers and converted plantlets can be used as raw material, genetic modification to embryo
precursor cell may improve alkaloid yield further. 相似文献
20.
Wei Tang Zhongchen Guo Fan Ouyang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(5):558-563
Summary Mature zygotic embryos of eight (open-pollinated) families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were cultured on eight different basal salt formulations, each supplemented with 36.2 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 17.8 μM 6-benzyladenine, 18.6 μM kinetin, 500 mg l−1 casein hydrolysate, and 500 mg l−1
l-glutamine for 9 wk; embryogenic tissue was formed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radieles of mature zygotic embryos. Callus
was subcultured on the callus proliferation medium, the same as the induction medium but with one-fifth concentration of auxin
and cytokinin for 9 wk. On this medium a white to translucent, glossy, mucilaginous embryogenic callus containing embryogenic
suspensor masses (ESMs) was obtained. The highest frequency of explants forming embryogenic tissue, 17%, occurred on a modified
Murashige and Skoog salts basal medium containing the concentration of KNO3, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, NH4NO3, KCl, ZnSO4·7H2O, and MnSO4·H2O, 720, 1900, 400, 250, 25.8, and 25.35 mg l−1, respectively. Embryogenic suspension cultures were established by culturing embryogenic callus in liquid callus proliferation
medium. Liquid cultures containing ESMs were transferred to medium containing abscisic acid, polyethylene glycols, and activated
charcoal for stimulating the production of cotyledonary somatic embryos. Mature somatic embryos germinated for 4–12 wk on
medium containing indole-butyric acid, gibberellic acid, 6-benzyladenine, activated charcoal, and reduced sucrose concentration
(15 g l−1). Two hundred and ninety-one regenerated plantlets were transferred to a perlite:peatmoss:vermiculite (1∶1∶1) mixture, then
the plants were transplanted to soil in the earth, and 73 plantlets survived in the field. 相似文献