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1.
Biofouling produces concentrated microbial populations with highly resistive biofilms and is considered to be a serious obstacle for a wide range of membrane technology applications. An antibacterial super-hydrophilic barrier could help to reduce biofouling by preventing direct contact between membranes and bacteria. In this study, an antibacterial super-hydrophilic barrier consisting of a layer of TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) was developed on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based membrane via a facile technique. The results demonstrated that the presence of TiO 2 NPs eliminated the first step of biofouling, ie bacterial adhesion to the membrane. In addition, after bacterial deposition onto the membrane during ultrafiltration (UF), the TiO 2 NPs significantly retarded bacterial growth and reproduction (the second step of biofouling). During UF, the membrane flux decreased due to bacterial deposition, but 85% of the flux was recovered through physical cleaning using water. This study sheds light on the potential advantages of antibacterial super-hydrophilic membranes for biofouling mitigation. 相似文献
2.
Wide applications and extreme potential of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) increase occupational and public exposure and may
yield extraordinary hazards for human health. Exposure to NPs has a risk for dysfunction of the vascular endothelial cells.
The objective of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of six metal oxide NPs to human cardiac microvascular endothelial
cells (HCMECs) in vitro. Metal oxide NPs used in this study included zinc oxide (ZnO), iron(III) oxide (Fe 2O 3), iron(II,III) oxide (Fe 3O 4), magnesium oxide (MgO), aluminum oxide (Al 2O 3), and copper(II) oxide (CuO). The cell viability, membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, intracellular reactive oxygen
species, permeability of plasma membrane, and expression of inflammatory markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular
adhesion molecule-1, macrophage cationic peptide-1, and interleukin-8 in HCMECs were assessed under controlled and exposed
conditions (12–24 h and 0.001–100 μg/ml of exposure). The results indicated that Fe 2O 3, Fe 3O 4, and Al 2O 3 NPs did not have significant effects on cytotoxicity, permeability, and inflammation response in HCMECs at any of the concentrations
tested. ZnO, CuO, and MgO NPs produced the cytotoxicity at the concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner, and elicited
the permeability and inflammation response in HCMECs. These results demonstrated that cytotoxicity, permeability, and inflammation
in vascular endothelial cells following exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles depended on particle composition, concentration,
and exposure time. 相似文献
3.
The development of nanotechnologies has increased the amount of manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles in the environment. In the view of nanoparticle dispersion to the environment, assessment of their toxicity becomes very crucial. Aluminum oxide (Al 2O 3) nanoparticles have wide range of use in industry as well as personal care products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose dependent effects of 13-nm-sized Al 2O 3 nanoparticles on wheat correlating with the appearance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense response. Wheat roots were exposed to different concentrations of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles (5, 25 and 50 mg mL ?1) for 96 h. The effects of Al 2O 3 nanoparticles were studied using different parameters such as H 2O 2 content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, total proline, photosynthetic pigment and anthocyanin content. The results indicated that while Al 2O 3 nanoparticles caused a dose dependent increase in H 2O 2 content, superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation and proline contents, the catalase activity was decreased in compare the control. Moreover, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and anthocyanin contents reduced in the highest concentration 50 mg mL ?1. In conclusion, Al 2O 3 nanoparticles caused oxidative stress in wheat after 96 h. 相似文献
4.
The chemical decontamination of infected dental implants is essential for the successful treatment of peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of a hydrogen peroxide-titanium dioxide (H 2O 2–TiO 2) suspension against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Titanium (Ti) coins were inoculated with a bioluminescent S. epidermidis strain for 8 h and subsequently exposed to H 2O 2 with and without TiO 2 nanoparticles or chlorhexidine (CHX). Bacterial regrowth, bacterial load and viability after decontamination were analyzed by continuous luminescence monitoring, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial regrowth was delayed on surfaces treated with H 2O 2–TiO 2 compared to H 2O 2. H 2O 2-based treatments resulted in a lower bacterial load compared to CHX. Few viable bacteria were found on surfaces treated with H 2O 2 and H 2O 2–TiO 2, which contrasted with a uniform layer of dead bacteria for surfaces treated with CHX. H 2O 2–TiO 2 suspensions could therefore be considered an alternative approach in the decontamination of dental implants. 相似文献
5.
Metal oxide nanoparticles have been suggested as good candidates for the development of antibacterial agents. Cerium oxide (CeO 2) and iron oxide (Fe 2O 3) nanoparticles have been utilized in a number of biomedical applications. Here, the antibacterial activity of CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles were evaluated on a panel of gram positive and gram negative bacteria in both the planktonic and biofilm cultures. Additionally, the effect of combining CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles with the broad spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin on tested bacteria was investigated. Thus, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles that are required to inhibit bacterial planktonic growth and bacterial biofilm, were evaluated, and were compared to the MICs of the broad spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin alone or in the presence of CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles. Results of this study show that both CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles fail to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm biomass for all the bacterial strains tested. Moreover, adding CeO 2 or Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles to the broad spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin almost abolished its antibacterial activity. Results of this study suggest that CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles are not good candidates as antibacterial agents, and they could interfere with the activity of important antibiotics. 相似文献
6.
BackgroundTitanium is widely used in biomedicine. Due to biotribocorrosion, titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be released from the titanium implant surface, enter the systemic circulation, and migrate to various organs and tissues including the brain. A previous study showed that 5 nm TiO 2 NPs reached the highest concentration in the brain. Even though TiO 2 NPs are believed to possess low toxicity, little is known about their neurotoxic effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of 5 nm TiO 2 NPs on a human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line. MethodsCell cultures were divided into non-exposed and exposed to TiO 2 NPs for 24 h. The following were evaluated: reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, cellular antioxidant response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. ResultsExposure to TiO 2 NPs induced ROS generation in a dose dependent manner, with values reaching up to 10 fold those of controls (p < 0.001). Nrf2 nuclear localization and autophagy, also increased in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis increased by 4- to 10-fold compared to the control group, depending on the dose employed. ConclusionsOur results show that TiO 2 NPs cause ROS increase, induction of ER stress, Nrf2 cytoplasmic translocation to the nucleus and apoptosis. Thus, neuroblastoma cell response to TiO 2 NPs may be associated with an imbalance of the oxidative metabolism where endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signal pathway seems to be the main neurotoxic mechanism. 相似文献
7.
In this report, Ag nanoparticles were fabricated using the single-step glancing angle deposition (SS-GLAD) technique upon In2O3/TiO2 thin film. Afterward, a detailed analysis was done for the two samples such as In2O3/TiO2 thin film and In2O3/TiO2 thin film/Ag nanoparticles, to inspect the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and electrical properties. The reduction in bandgap energy for the samples of In2O3/TiO2 thin film/Ag nanoparticles (~4.16 eV) in comparison with the In2O3/TiO2 thin film (~4.28 eV) was due to trapped e–h recombination at the oxygen vacancies and electron transmission of Ag to the conduction band of the In2O3/TiO2 thin films. Moreover, under irradiation of photons Ag nanoparticles generated inorganic Ag–O compound attributable to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Also, a?~90% high transmittance,?~60% and?~25% low reflectance in UV and visible region, fill factor (FF) of 53%, as well as power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.12% was observed for In2O3/TiO2 thin film/Ag nanoparticles than the In2O3/TiO2 thin film. Therefore, the use of Ag nanoparticles textured In2O3/TiO2 thin film–based device is a promising approach for the forthcoming photovoltaic applications. 相似文献
8.
PurposeTitanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) have been investigated for their role as radiosensitisers for radiation therapy. The study aims to increase the efficiency of these NPs by synthesising them with samarium. MethodsSamarium-doped TiO 2 NPs (Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs) were synthesised using a solvothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed for characterising of the Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs. The intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro using A549 and DU145 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the effect of dose enhancement and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to 6 MV X-rays was evaluated. Additionally, the image contrast properties were investigated using computed tomography (CT) images. ResultsThe synthesised Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs were about 13 nm in diameter as determined by TEM. The XRD pattern of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs was consistent with that of anatase-type TiO 2. EDS confirmed the presence of samarium in the nanoparticles. At 200 μg/ml concentration, no differences in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were observed between TiO 2 NPs and Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs in both A549 and DU145 cells. However, the combination of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs and X-rays elicited higher cytotoxic effect and ROS generation in the cells than that with TiO 2 NPs and X-rays. The CT numbers of Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs were systematically higher than that of TiO 2 NPs. ConclusionsThe Ti(Sm)O 2 NPs increased the dose enhancement of MV X-ray beams than that elicited by TiO 2 NPs. Samarium improved the efficiency of TiO 2 NPs as potential radiosensitising agent. 相似文献
9.
Plants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to low oxygen (O 2). Much experimental evidence has demonstrated the existence of an oxidative burst when there is an O 2 shortage. This originates at various subcellular sites. The activation of NADPH oxidase(s), in complex with other proteins, is responsible for ROS production at the plasma membrane. Another source of low O 2‐dependent ROS is the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which misfunctions when low O 2 limits its activity. Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proteins playing a role in ROS production display an intolerant phenotype to anoxia and submergence, suggesting a role in acclimation to stress. In rice, the presence of the submergence 1A ( SUB1A) gene for submergence tolerance is associated with a higher capacity to scavenge ROS. Additionally, the destabilization of group VII ethylene responsive factors, which are involved in the direct O 2 sensing mechanism, requires nitric oxide (NO). All this evidence suggests the existence of a ROS and NO – low O 2 mechanism interplay which likely includes sensing, anaerobic metabolism and acclimation to stress. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on this topic, formulating hypotheses on the basis of the latest advances. 相似文献
10.
Nanoparticles with a high atomic number are of interest as radiosensitizers for radiation therapy of cancer. A variety of nanoparticles and radiation sources makes the challenge of selecting their optimal combinations to achieve maximum irradiation efficacy relevant. In this work, we calculated the values of the dose enhancement factors of elemental compositions of metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3, TiO2, MnO2, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, NiO, GeO2, ZrO2, CeO2, Gd2O3, Tm2O3, HfO2, Ta2O5, and Bi2O3), as well as GeO2 and HfO2 doped with the rare-earth elements lanthanum or ytterbium in combination with monochromatic photons (1–500 keV) and X-ray radiation corresponding to the radiation of kilovoltage X-ray therapy machines. At a nanoparticle concentration of 10 mg/mL, the maximum values of the dose enhancement factors were from 1.03 to 2.55 for monochromatic radiation and from 1.01 to 2.33 for the studied X-ray spectra. Doping GeO2 with 20% lanthanum or ytterbium led to an increase in the maximum value of dose enhancement factors by ~10%. Doping HfO2 did not lead to significant changes in the value of dose-enhancement factors. Thus, all studied elemental compositions of nanoparticles, with the exception of Al2O3 (a dose enhancement factor ~1.02), are promising for application in kilovoltage X-ray radiotherapy. At the same time, the complex dependence of dose enhancement factors on the spectral composition of X-ray radiation requires detailed studies of the impact of irradiation conditions on the magnitude of the radiomodifying effect of nanoparticles. 相似文献
11.
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic to cells exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. Using the technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping, we have confirmed that the primary damaging species produced on irradiation of TiO 2 nanoparticles is the hydroxyl (OH) radical. We have applied this technique to TiO 2-treated fish and mammalian cells under in vitro conditions and observed the additional formation of carboxyl radical anions (CO 2?) and superoxide radical anions (O 2?). This novel finding suggests a hitherto unreported pathway for damage, involving primary generation of OH radicals in the cytoplasm, which react to give CO 2? radicals. The latter may then react with cellular oxygen to form O 2? and genotoxic hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). 相似文献
12.
This study is aimed to explore the toxicity of TiO 2 nanoparticles at low concentrations (0.25, 0.50 & 1.00 μg/ml); on five bacterial isolates and their consortium in waste water medium both in dark and UVA conditions. To critically examine the toxic effects of nanoparticles and the response mechanism(s) offered by microbes, several aspects were monitored viz. cell viability, ROS generation, SOD activity, membrane permeability, EPS release and biofilm formation. A dose and time dependent loss in viability was observed for treated isolates and the consortium. At the highest dose, after 24h, oxidative stress was examined which conclusively showed more ROS generation & cell permeability and less SOD activity in single isolates as compared to the consortium. As a defense mechanism, EPS release was enhanced in case of the consortium against the single isolates, and was observed to be dose dependent. Similar results were noticed for biofilm formation, which substantially increased at highest dose of nanoparticle exposure. Concluding, the consortium showed more resistance against the toxic effects of the TiO 2 nanoparticles compared to the individual isolates. 相似文献
13.
Rhodococcus strain GIN-1 (NCIMB 40340) can be used to enrich and isolate a titanium-rich fraction from coal fly ash. The gram-positive bacterium was isolated by its ability to adhere strongly and rapidly to suspended particles of pure titanium dioxide or coal fly ash. Adsorption depends on the salt concentration and occurs in seawater. Lowering of the salt concentration or washing of particles with pure water did not, however, cause desorption of the bacteria from TiO 2 particles; this was achieved by strong alkaline treatment or combined treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea but not with dilute acids, alcohols, or cationic or nonionic detergents. The bacterium exhibits higher affinity towards oxides of Ti and Zn than to other oxides with similar distribution of particle size. Moreover, it adheres much faster to TiO 2 than to magnetite (Fe 3O 4) or Al 2O 3. After about 1 min, more than 85% of the cells were adsorbed on TiO 2, compared with adsorption of only 10 and 8% to magnetite and Al 2O 3, respectively. Adsorption of the bacteria on TiO 2 occurs over a pH range of 1.0 to 9.0 and at temperatures from 4 to over 80°C. Scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray analysis revealed preferential adherence of the bacterium to coal ash particles richer in Ti. Stronger adhesion to TiO 2 was also demonstrated in the translocation of bacteria, preadsorbed on magnetite, to TiO 2 particles. The temporary co-adhesion to magnetite and TiO 2 was exploited for the design of a prototype biomagnetic separation process in which bacterial cells serve as an adhesive mediator between magnetite and TiO 2 particles in a mixture of Al, Si, and Ti oxides that simulates their proportion in the ash. 相似文献
14.
Nanolayers of Al 2O 3 and TiO 2 coatings were applied to lithium‐ and manganese‐rich cathode powder Li 1.2Ni 0.13Mn 0.54Co 0.13O 2 using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The ALD coatings exhibited different surface morphologies; the Al 2O 3 surface film appeared to be uniform and conformal, while the TiO 2 layers appeared as particulates across the material surface. In a Li‐cell, the Al 2O 3 surface film was stable during repeated charge and discharge, and this improved the cell cycling stability, despite a high surface impedance. The TiO 2 layer was found to be more reactive with Li and formed a Li xTiO 2 interface, which led to a slight increase in cell capacity. However, the repetitive insertion/extraction process for the Li + ions caused erosion of the surface protective TiO 2 film, which led to degradation in cell performance, particularly at high temperature. For cells comprised of the coated Li 1.2Ni 0.13Mn 0.54Co 0.13O 2 and an anode of meso‐carbon‐micro‐beads (MCMB), the cycling stability introduced by ALD was not enough to overcome the electrochemical instability of MCMB graphite. Therefore, protection of the cathode materials by ALD Al 2O 3 or TiO 2 can address some of the capacity fading issues related to the Li‐rich cathode at room temperature. 相似文献
15.
Cymbopogon citratus-mediated pure aluminium oxide (Al 2O 3) and europium (Eu)-doped Al 2O 3 with different amounts of metal ion were prepared using a green synthesis method. Synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Synthesis of nanoparticles is confirmed by using UV-visible spectroscopy showing maximum absorption at 411 and 345 nm for Al 2O 3 and Eu-doped Al 2O 3, respectively. The antibacterial activity of prepared nanoparticles was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using a well-diffusion technique. The effect of pure Al 2O 3 and Eu-doped nanoparticles shows excellent results against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. 相似文献
17.
Fertilizer use has dramatically increased the availability of nitrate (NO 3 ?) in aquatic systems. Microbe-mediated denitrification is one of the predominant means of NO 3 ? removal from freshwaters, yet oxygenation (O 2)-induced disruptions—e.g., extreme precipitation events—can occur, resulting in a disproportional increase in nitrous oxide (N 2O) production and efflux as facultative anaerobic bacterial populations use of O 2 as a terminal electron acceptor increases. We examined the effects of 12- and 24-h passive O 2 exposure on previously anaerobic bacterial communities focusing on denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), N 2O production, and bacterial community 16S rRNA and nitrous oxide reductase gene ( nosZ) profiles after 12, 24, and 48 h of anaerobic recovery. Treatments experiencing 24-h O 2 exposure had significantly higher DEA 12 h into anaerobic recovery than treatments undergoing 12-h O 2 exposure. Initial N 2O emissions were significantly lower in the 24-h O 2 exposure treatments although by 24 h a dramatic spike (tenfold relative to the 12-h O 2 exposure treatments) in N 2O concentrations was observed. However, within 6 h (30-h anaerobic recovery) these differences were gone. Community nosZ profiles experiencing 24-h O 2 exposure exhibited reduced diversity after 24-h recovery, which corresponded with an increase in N 2O emissions. However, after 48 h of anaerobic recovery, nosZ diversity had recovered. These observations highlight the effects of short-term aerobic disruption on denitrification, as well as the effects on the denitrifier community profile. Together, these data suggest that recovery to ambient N cycling is exacerbated by disturbance length due to increased lag time and subsequent loss of denitrifier community diversity. 相似文献
18.
We studied oxidative stress in lignin peroxidase (LIP)-producing cultures (cultures flushed with pure O 2) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by comparing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cumulative oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzymes with those found in non-LIP-producing cultures (cultures grown with free exchange of atmospheric air [control cultures]). A significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration and the degree of oxidative damage to macromolecules, e.g., DNA, lipids, and proteins, was observed when the fungus was exposed to pure O 2 gas. The specific activities of manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and the consumption of glutathione were all higher in cultures exposed to pure O 2 (oxygenated cultures) than in cultures grown with atmospheric air. Significantly higher gene expression of the LIP-H2 isozyme occurred in the oxygenated cultures. A hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mM), added to the culture every 12 h, completely abolished LIP expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was confirmed by in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which significantly enhanced LIP expression. The level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) was correlated with the starvation conditions regardless of the oxygenation regimen applied, and similar cAMP levels were obtained at high O 2 concentrations and in cultures grown with atmospheric air. These results suggest that even though cAMP is a prerequisite for LIP expression, high levels of ROS, preferentially hydroxyl radicals, are required to trigger LIP synthesis. Thus, the induction of LIP expression by O 2 is at least partially mediated by the intracellular ROS. 相似文献
19.
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles are one of the most highly manufactured and employed nanomaterials in the world with applications in copious industrial and consumer products. The liver is a major accumulation site for many nanoparticles, including TiO 2, directly through intentional exposure or indirectly through unintentional ingestion via water, food or animals and increased environmental contamination. Growing concerns over the current usage of TiO 2 coupled with the lack of mechanistic understanding of its potential health risk is the motivation for this study. Here we determined the toxic effect of three different TiO 2 nanoparticles (commercially available rutile, anatase and P25) on primary rat hepatocytes. Specifically, we evaluated events related to hepatocyte functions and mitochondrial dynamics: (1) urea and albumin synthesis using colorimetric and ELISA assays, respectively; (2) redox signaling mechanisms by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); (3) OPA1 and Mfn-1 expression that mediates the mitochondrial dynamics by PCR; and (4) mitochondrial morphology by MitoTracker Green FM staining. All three TiO 2 nanoparticles induced a significant loss (p < 0.05) in hepatocyte functions even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm with commercially used P25 causing maximum damage. TiO 2 nanoparticles induced a strong oxidative stress in primary hepatocytes. TiO 2 nanoparticles exposure also resulted in morphological changes in mitochondria and substantial loss in the fusion process, thus impairing the mitochondrial dynamics. Although this study demonstrated that TiO 2 nanoparticles exposure resulted in substantial damage to primary hepatocytes, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to determine the complete toxicological mechanism in primary hepatocytes and subsequently liver function. 相似文献
20.
AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii is a biofilm forming multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections. In this study, aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al 2O 3 NPs) were synthesized and characterized by TEM and EDX and shown to be spherical shaped nanoparticles with a diameter < 10 ?nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the Al 2O 3 NPs ranged between 125 and 1,000 ?µg ml ?1. Exposure to NPs caused cellular membrane disruption, indicated by an increase in cellular leakage of the contents. Biofilm inhibition was 11.64 to 70.2%, whereas attachment of bacteria to polystyrene surfaces was reduced to 48.8 to 51.9% in the presence of NPs. Nanoparticles also reduced extracellular polymeric substance production and the biomass of established biofilms. The data revealed the non-toxic nature of Al 2O 3 NPs up to a concentrations of 120 ?µg ml ?1 in HeLa cell lines. These results demonstrate an effective and safer use of Al 2O 3 NPs against the MDR A. baumannii by targeting biofilm formation, adhesion and EPS production. 相似文献
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