造血祖细胞基因转染在造血细胞体外扩增中的作用

如何有效地扩增早期造血祖细胞而避免其过度分化,是造血细胞体外扩增领域中急待解决的问题之一。应用基因转染技术促进早期造血祖细胞体外是一种新方法,该方面的研究已日益受到重视。     

冻存时间对脐血造血细胞体外增殖潜能的影响

目的研究冻存时间对脐血造血细胞增殖潜能的影响.方法在所分离的脐血有核细胞中加入联合低温保护剂Dextran-40+10%DMSO,经梯度降温后置液氮深低温保存.采用无血清造血细胞扩增液对冻存不同时间的脐血造血细胞进行体外扩增,动态监测扩增潜能.结果将冻存1个月、4个月脐血造血细胞体外扩增5周,其总有核细胞分别被扩增了(1499.0±115.6)倍和(1513.0±110.4)倍,FCs均于体外扩增的第3周达到高峰,分别扩增了(53.8±6.3)倍和(54.8±6.7)倍,D34+造血细胞于体外扩增的第2周均达到高峰,分别扩增了(63.8±6.1)倍和(62.4±5.7)倍;统计分析冻存1个月与4个月后造血细胞扩增结果,不存在显著性差异,>0.05.结论在适宜深低温条件下冻存脐血造血细胞,在一定时间内,冻存时间的长短不会导致其增殖潜能下降.     

用悬浮搅拌培养体系体外大量扩增人脐血造血干/祖细胞

目的 :建立一种简便、有效的脐血造血干 /祖细胞体外大量扩增培养体系。方法 :淋巴细胞分离液分离的脐血单个核细胞在SCF ,IL - 3,IL - 6三种细胞因子的作用下 ,于悬浮搅拌培养体系中培养 ,分析其总细胞数、CFU -GM、CD34+ 细胞的扩增倍数。结果 :脐血单个核细胞在悬浮搅拌培养体系中培养 12天后 ,其总细胞数、CFU -GM、CD34+ 细胞的扩增倍数分别为 6 .31± 1.5 2 ,2 0 .6 3± 1.5 4和 7.11± 1.12。结论 :悬浮搅拌培养体系是脐血造血干 /祖细胞体外大量扩增的有效培养体系。     

脐血造血细胞的体外扩增：2.造血细胞生长因子和培养液更换的作用

研究了造血干细胞生长因子、白介素-3、白介素-6、粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子及红细胞生成素对脐血造血细胞体外培养的影响及其剂量关系,考察了造血细胞因子单独与联合作用对造血细胞体外培养的影响,证实细胞因子组合使用比细胞因子单独使用效果更好,发现SCF+IL-3+IL-6+GM-CSF+G-CSF+EPO组合对总细胞扩增最佳,SCF+IL-3+IL6+GM-CSF组合对CFU-GM扩增最佳。实验发现培养液更换可大大提高脐血造血细胞总数和祖细胞数产出。在每天更换50%培养液下,脐血总细胞数在第三周扩增了27倍,祖细胞数扩增了21倍。     

肝素促进脐血巨核祖细胞体外扩增

目的 :探索肝素在脐带血CD34⁺ 细胞定向扩增巨核祖细胞中的作用。方法采用免疫磁珠法 (MACS)分选CD34⁺ 细胞 ,在TPO ,IL 1 1的扩增体系中加入肝素 ,巨核祖细胞集落分析 (CFU MK)测定巨核祖细胞扩增倍数 ,流式细胞仪检测巨核祖细胞分化过程中的特异性标记 (CD34⁺ ,CD41a⁺ ,CD61⁺ ,CD34⁺ CD41a⁺ ,CD41a⁺ CD61 ⁺ ) ,巨核细胞特异性抗体 (CD41a)免疫组化染色和透射电镜观察鉴定巨核细胞形态及超微结构 ,血小板体外活化实验及NOD/SCID小鼠异种体内移植实验评价扩增的巨核祖细胞的功能。结果 :TPO( 5 0ng/ml)与IL-1 1 ( 5 0ng/ml)双因子联合应用 ,7天巨核祖细胞克隆扩增倍数为 83 1 7± 39 41倍 ,1 0天为 2 0 5 0 6± 74 2 6倍 ,流式细胞仪分析显示 7天CD34⁺ CD41a+ 细胞扩增 1 0 5 1± 4 79倍 ,0天加入肝素后 ,7天巨核祖细胞克隆扩增倍数为 1 0 8 2 5± 32 67倍 ,1 0天为 333 0 6± 2 7 5 4倍 ,7天CD34⁺ CD41a⁺ 细胞扩增到 2 9 93± 6 39倍 ,为无肝素组的 2.85倍 ,与双因子组相比有统计学差异 (P <0.0 1 ) ,肝素在第 5天及第 7天加入没有增加巨核祖细胞扩增效果。经全身照射预处理的NOD/SCID小鼠静脉输注扩增第 7天的巨核细胞 (TPO、IL-11、肝素联合 ) ,可明显加速其血小板及白细胞计数的恢复并提高生存率 ;同时 ,体外血小板活化实验证实扩增的巨核细胞在体外可产生血小板 ,有正常巨核细胞功能。结论 :TPO、IL-11组合的扩增体系中加入肝素可进一步改善脐带血巨核祖细胞的扩增效果 ,优化体外扩增体系。     

巨细胞病毒感染对多向造血祖细胞体外增殖的影响

探讨人巨细胞病毒(Human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)对脐血多向造血祖细胞(CFU-Mix)体外增殖的抑制作用,采用造血祖细胞体外半固体培养技术,培养、观察、计数HCMV-AD_(169)株对脐血CFU-Mix集落产率、抑制率、集落峰值时间和集落维持时间;用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测集落细胞内HCMV-DNA。结果发现HCMV-AD_(169)株感染的CFU-Mix集落产率较对照组明显减少(P<0.01),集落产率随病毒感染滴度的增高而减少,抑制率随病毒滴度的增高而逐渐增加:各组CFU-Mix集落峰值时间为10～12d(P>0.05),不同滴度病毒感染组集落维持时间(15～18d)较对照组(22～24d)明显宿短(P<0.01);经PCR检测病毒感染组,发现CFU-Mix集落细胞内有HCMV-AD_(169) DNA存在。因此认为多向造血祖细胞是HCMV的宿主细胞之一,HCMV-AD_(169)能直接感染多向造血祖细胞,抑制多向造血祖细胞的增殖和分化,此可能是临床HCMV感染患儿出现粒细胞减少、血小板减少和贫血的主要原因。     

体外扩增后脐血来源Treg细胞的有效性及安全性研究

通过检测扩增后调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)的有效性和安全性,研究脐血来源的CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+Treg细胞的临床运用前景。实验中,新鲜分离的Treg细胞通过CD3/CD28抗体包被微磁珠进行体外扩增,以检测脐血来源Treg细胞的体外增殖能力,同时利用流式细胞术检测新鲜分离的Treg细胞与扩增后细胞的表型。随后,采用混合淋巴实验(mixed lymphocyte reaction,MLR)检测Treg细胞的功能,利用刺激实验检测扩增后Treg细胞的免疫原性,并且利用NOD-Prkdc~(scid)IL2rg~(null)免疫缺陷小鼠进行体内安全性检测。结果显示,4周后脐血来源的Treg细胞能够扩增到1 000倍以上,与新鲜分离的Treg细胞相比,扩增后的细胞CD45RA表达降低,CD45RO和CD39表达升高;同时,MLR结果显示扩增后的Treg细胞具有较强的抑制能力,并且免疫原性低;此外,体内结果显示扩增后的Treg细胞不会引起移植物抗宿主反应。实验结果初步表明,脐血来源体外扩增后的Treg细胞不仅在数量和功能上能够满足临床移植的需要,并且免疫原性低安全性高。     

人脐带血来源造血干细胞体外扩增的研究进展

造血干细胞（HSCs）是血液系统中的一类成体干细胞群,具有自我更新和多谱系分化两个基本特征。造血干细胞移植（HSCT）可以治疗退行性疾病和多种血液系统疾病。脐带血来源造血干细胞（CB HSCs）是降低HLA配型要求的突破点,但单份脐带血中HSCs数量不能满足使用要求,为了获得足够数量的CB HSCs,体外扩增是一种可行的方法。近几年,学者们探索了多种体外扩增方法,包括优化细胞生长因子混合物、与基质细胞共培养及加入小分子化合物（SMCs）激动剂等。目前应用细胞因子联合小分子的扩增方法在多个临床试验中获得成功。本文对目前体外扩增CB HSCs的研究进展做一综述。     

一种新型生物反应器在造血干/祖细胞体外扩增中的应用

针对造血干/祖细胞体外扩增对培养环境的需求, 结合静/动态培养的特点, 开发了一种新型的生物反应器用于造血干/祖细胞的体外扩增。在该生物反应器内, 采用SCF+TPO+Flt-3细胞因子组合, 比较了静态和循环培养两种方式体外扩增脐血CD34+细胞的效果。培养7 d后, 总细胞分别扩增了(13.86 ± 4.26)和(7.23 ± 2.67)倍, 显示静态培养有利于总细胞的扩增; CD34+细胞扩增倍数、培养物中CD34+细胞含量均相近, 无显著性差异; 而CD34+CD38-细胞扩增倍数以及培养物中CD34+CD38?细胞的百分含量分别为(1.82 ± 0.58)和(3.90 ± 0.85)倍以及(9.45 ± 4.85)和(37.47 ± 14.06)%, 循环培养明显高于静态培养。可见, 在该生物反应器内, 采用静态和循环两种培养方式, 均能实现造血干/祖细胞的体外扩增, 但静态培养促使造血干细胞向定向祖细胞分化, 而循环培养则更有利于早期造血干细胞的扩增。     

造血细胞体外悬浮培养和生物反应器开发

为解决造血细胞的静态培养中由浓度梯度引起的培养不稳定、环境不均一、难放大等问题,首先采用转瓶对脐血单个核细胞进行了悬浮培养研究,结果表明,悬浮培养中总细胞、集落和CD34^＋细胞的扩增都高于静态的方瓶培养。在测试了所用材料生物相容性的基础上,开发了可以控制溶氧和pH的生物反应器,并将其应用到造血细胞的批培养中,结果表明反应器的培养环境均一,可实现较高密度的培养,而且总细胞、集落和CD34^＋细胞的扩增都优于静态培养。大规模的反应器培养有利于解决临床应用中细胞数量不足的问题。     

Ex vivo expansion of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells in a novel three-dimensional culture system

A novel three-dimensional culture system for the ex vivo expansion of human umbilical cord blood (CB) hematopietic progenitor cells (HPCs) was developed by growing CB mononuclear cells on highly porous CultiSpher G microspheres coated with human bone marrow stromal cells in stirred flasks in the presence of supplemented cytokines. After 12 days, the number of total viable cells, colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) and CD34⁺ cells present in the cultures reflected average increases of 7.7, 23.3 and 9.6-fold, respectively, and marked hematopoietic islands were formed on the surface of CultiSpher G.     

Experimental study on ex vivo expanded hematopoietic stem/progenitor in the two step culture from human umbilical cord blood transplanted into NOD/SCID mice

The effects of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) expanded in the two step coculture with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the hematopoietic reconstruction of irradiated NOD/SCID mice were studied. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) and cultured in the non-coculture scheme of rhSCF + rhG-CSF + rhMDGF combination and the coculture scheme of rhSCF + rhG-CSF + rhMDGF + hMSCs. Sublethally-irradiated NOD/SCID mice were transplanted with ex vivo expanded HSPCs with the dose of 8.5 × 10⁶ cells per mouse. After transplantation, the dynamics of WBC in the transplanted mice was measured periodically, and the Alu sequence fragment special for human in the transplanted mice was inspected by PCR. Results showed that the coculture scheme increased proliferation of UCB-derived HSPCs. After transplantation with expanded HSPCs, the population of WBC in the transplanted mice increased in 12 d and reached the first peak in 25 d, then showed the second increasing of WBC in 45∼55 d. Expanded cells from the coculture scheme appeared to be favorable for the second increasing of WBC in the transplanted mice. After 85 d, the Alu sequence fragment was detected in the probability of 87.5% (7/8) for the non-coculture scheme and 88.9% (8/9) for the coculture scheme. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 2005, 32 (4) [译自: 浙江大学学报 (理学版), 2005, 32 (4)]     

Experimental study on ex vivo expanded hematopoietic stem/progenitor in the two step culture from human umbilical cord blood transplanted into NOD/SCID mice

The effects of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells(HSPCs)expanded in the two step coculture with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs)on the hematopoietic reconstruction of irradiated NOD/SCID mice were studied.Mononuclear cells(MNCs)were isolated from human umbilical cord blood(UCB)and cultured in the non-coculture scheme of rhSCF+rhG-CSF +rhMDGF combination and the coculture scheme of rhSCF+rhG-CSF+rhMDGF+hMSCS.Sublethally-irradiated NOD/SCID mice were transplanted with ex vivo expanded HSPCS with the dose of 8.5×106 cells per mouse.After transplantation.the dynamics of WBC in the transplanted mice was measured periodically,and the Alu sequence fragment special for human in the transplanted mice was inspected by PCR.Results showed that the coculture scheme increased proliferation of UCB-derived HSPCs.After transplantation with expanded HSPCS,the population of WBC in the transplanted mice increased in 12 d and reached the first peak in 25 d,then showed the second increasing of WBC in 45～55 d.Expanded cells from the coculture scheme appeared to be favorable for the second increasing of WBC in the transplanted mice.After 85 d,the Alu sequence fragment was detected in the probability of 87.5%(7/8)for the non-coculture scheme and 88.9%(8/9)for the coculture scheme.     

Cytokine effect on ex vivo expansion of haemopoietic stem cells from different human sources

Human pluripotential stem cells (PSC) are currently the target for transplantation attempts and genetic manipulation. We have therefore investigated the frequency and the expansion potential of PSC’s in different types of blood samples. CD 34⁺ cells were thus obtained from human bone marrow (BM), as well as from peripheral blood (PB) and cord blood (CB) samples. After immuno-magnetic separation the highest yields of CD 34⁺ cells were from BM (1.08–2.25%) and CB (0.42–1.32%) while PB samples gave much lower values. Suspension cultures of PSC’s from the three sources were then set up, in the presence of combinations of haemopoietic growth factors. A remarkable amplification of the nucleated cell pool was observed reaching a maximum between 10 and 15 days of culture; earliest and maximum expansion (up to 220-fold) was achieved when Erythropoietin (Epo) was added to the culture medium, but this resulted in reduction of colony-forming cells and differentiation into erythroid progenitors. Clonogenic tests for BFU-E’s derived colonies showed a peak value at 5 days of liquid culture. Further studies are advisable to establish the best cytokine combination for a valuableex vivo expansion, coupled with preservation of stem cell properties.     

Initial CD34+ cell-enrichment of cord blood determines hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell yield upon ex vivo expansion

Since umbilical cord blood (UCB), contains a limited hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) number, successful expansion protocols are needed to overcome the hurdles associated with inadequate numbers of HSC collected for transplantation. UCB cultures were performed using a human stromal‐based serum‐free culture system to evaluate the effect of different initial CD34⁺ cell enrichments (Low: 24 ± 1.8%, Medium: 46 ± 2.6%, and High: 91 ± 1.5%) on the culture dynamics and outcome of HSC expansion. By combining PKH tracking dye with CD34⁺ and CD34⁺CD90⁺ expression, we have identified early activation of CD34 expression on CD34^? cells in Low and Medium conditions, prior to cell division (35 ± 4.7% and 55 ± 4.1% CD34⁺ cells at day 1, respectively), affecting proliferation/cell cycle status and ultimately determining CD34⁺/CD34⁺CD90⁺ cell yield (High: 14 ± 1.0/3.5 ± 1.4‐fold; Medium:22 ± 2.0/3.4 ± 1,0‐fold; Low:31 ± 3.0/4.4 ± 1.5‐fold) after a 7‐day expansion. Considering the potential benefits of using expanded UCB HSC in transplantation, here we quantified in single UCB units, the impact of using one/two immunomagnetic sorting cycles (corresponding to Medium and High initial progenitor content), and the average CD34⁺ cell recovery for each strategy, on overall CD34⁺ cell expansion. The higher cell recovery upon one sorting cycle lead to higher CD34⁺ cell numbers after 7 days of expansion (30 ± 2.0 vs. 13 ± 1.0 × 10⁶ cells). In particular, a high (>90%) initial progenitor content was not mandatory to successfully expand HSC, since cell populations with moderate levels of enrichment readily increased CD34 expression ex‐vivo, generating higher stem/progenitor cell yields. Overall, our findings stress the importance of establishing a balance between the cell proliferative potential and cell recovery upon purification, towards the efficient and cost‐effective expansion of HSC for cellular therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1822–1831, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Ex vivo differentiation of umbilical cord blood progenitor cells in the presence of placental conditioned medium

Hematopoetic stem cells (HSC) are the progenitors for the lympho-hematopoietic system, with long lifespan and high proliferation potential. Transplantation of HSC from bone marrow or peripheral blood represents a standard therapy in severe hematological conditions. A possible alternative source of HSC is the umbilical cord blood, prepared by various separation procedures followed by expansion in cultures supplemented with hematopoietic growth factors. In order to check the effects of placental conditioned medium (PCM) from placental cells culture upon viability of HSC, we added plasma, PCM, dimetil sulfoxyde or hemin in HSC cultures. Flow cytometry or direct scoring of solid cultures using CD45+, CD34+, CD71+ and CD14+ fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies evaluated the effects upon cell proliferation and colony forming ability of HSC cultures, versus controls. PCM produced the highest proliferation, followed by plasma, DMSO and hemin. PCM improved the survival time and maintained a higher proportion of immature cells. PCM stimulates the differentiation towards myeloid lineage progenitor cells (>90% being CD45+), increasing the percentage of CD14+, granulocites /monocytes precursors. It is highly suggestive that PCM contains growth factors or cytokines, which regulate the development of HSC. Characterization of these factors is in progress.     

脐带血移植的应用进展及脐带血库建设

脐带血(umbilical cord blood)作为公认的造血干细胞重要来源之一,已经被广泛地用于治疗儿童和成人的良恶性血液系统疾病以及中枢神经系统疾病、实体瘤、缺血性下肢血管病和组织再生等。相对于骨髓移植和外周血来源的造血干细胞移植,脐带血移植(UCBT)在细胞收集使用、干细胞增殖能力以及移植物抗宿主反应等方面都具有明显的优势。目前的数据显示,因为HLA配型等原因而无法进行骨髓移植的患者应该尽早进行UCBT。此外,UCBT的增多促进了脐带血库的快速建设。本文针对UCBT和脐带血库的最新进展进行了综述。     

脐带血干细胞的基础与应用研究

作为造血干/祖细胞(hematopoieticstemcells/hematopoieticprogenitorcells,HSCs/HPCs)的另一来源,脐带血已经应用于临床治疗多种恶性和非恶性疾病。脐带血中HSCs/HPCs的质与量是决定其临床应用效果的最重要因素。同时,脐带血中还存在多种非造血的干细胞和前体细胞,如间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)、内皮前体细胞(endothelialprogenitorcells,EPCs)和非限制性体干细胞(unrestrictedsomaticstemcells,USSCs)等,这些细胞可能会在未来的细胞治疗和再生医学中发挥重要作用。本综述还讨论了脐带血的临床应用及HSCs/HPCs的体外扩增、增加HSCs归巢和再植能力等提高其临床应用能力的相关研究。