达斡尔族学生体表面积研究

调查了1739例（男854例,女885例）达斡尔族学生的身高、体重值,采用Stevenson公式计算了每位学生的体表面积,并求得6—19岁14个年龄组男女学生的体表面积均数。研究表明：（1）达斡尔族学生体表面积随年龄增大而增加。（2）11岁女生体表面积均数超过男生,14岁男生体表面积均数又超过女生。（3）15岁以后,男女学生体表面积值之差加大。     

哈萨克族学生体质发育状况的10年比较分析

报道新疆阿勒泰地区1995年2589名城镇7—18岁哈萨克族(哈族)中小学生身高、体重、胸围、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽6项体质发育指标的调查结果。男女生体质发育指标随年龄增加而增长,各项指标的年均增长值皆为男生大于女生。与1985年比较,哈族学生的身高、体重、胸围皆有不同程度增长。哈族男女生的身高突增年龄仍分别为14岁和10岁,但是其身高增长却不伴有相应比例的坐高增长,女生部分年龄组的肩宽和男女生各年龄组的骨盆宽呈现负增长,提示哈族学生的体型与10年前相比已经开始有所改变。     

甘肃省会宁县高一学生皮褶厚度与体成分分析

本文抽样测量会宁地区高一学生身高、体重、肱三头肌皮褶厚度, 肩胛下皮褶厚度, 腹部皮褶厚度, 分析BMI值, 估测身体密度, 计算体成分, 目的是分析会宁高一学生皮褶厚度和体成分发育规律和特点。结果发现, 调查对象主要存在问题是体重过低, 仅有2.96%男生和8.33%的女生处于超重状态。男女生身高、体重和身体质量指数随年龄增加而增加,整体状况好于甘肃省状况而低于全国状况。调查对象三个部位皮褶厚度值男生以16岁组, 女生以15岁组为最低; 男生三个部位皮褶厚度16岁组以前均呈递减趋势, 16岁以后呈上升趋势。男女生随年龄增加16岁以前体脂含量呈下降趋势, 16岁以后逐渐成上升趋势。男生肱三头肌和肩胛下联合部位体脂含量高于肱三头肌而低于肩胛下角部位体脂含量。男生去脂体重随年龄的增加而增加, 女生去脂体重随年龄增加变化趋势不明显, 但由联合部位皮褶厚度计算出来的去脂体重均最高。调查对象皮褶厚度百分位数男生P3, P5, P10高于全国正常值, 其余低于全国正常值; 女生14岁高于全国正常值, 其余均低于全国正常值,这说明会宁高一学生目前的体脂含量不高。结论认为, 调查结果符合青春期男孩和女孩的生长发育特征, 主要存在问题是体重过低。会宁高一学生男生主要以去脂体重增长为主, 女生主要以体脂增长为主。建议加强宣传教育, 加强体育锻炼, 养成良好的饮食和生活习惯, 增加膳食热量和优良蛋白质摄取。     

达斡尔族中小学生体质发育现状及20多年来的变化

本文报道了6~18岁1993名达斡尔族学生8项体质指标(身高、坐高、体重、肩宽、骨盆宽、胸围、腰围和臀围)的测量结果,并计算了10项体质指数。结果发现,达斡尔族在我国属体质发育较高的民族,并表现为一定的城乡差异;20多年来达斡尔族学生身高、体重、胸围全面增长,男女生身高最大增长年龄均提前约1岁左右,男生高年龄组身高和身体充实度增幅较大,但女生变化不大且肩宽和骨盆宽呈下降趋势。提示达斡尔族青少年体质发育表现为以生长突增提前为主的生长长期趋势,但女生高年龄组身高增长不明显、身体充实度有待提高,应采取营养和锻炼等措施促进其生长发育水平全面提高。     

环境因素对中国城市青少年体表面积发育的影响

用Stevenson和Du Bois公式计算30个省市城市7~18岁男女青少年的体表面积均值,并对其进行因子分析求得发育分。采用发育分与自然因素和社会经济因素进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,研究环境因素对中国城市青少年体表面积发育的综合影响。结果显示,中国城市青少年体表面积发育存在地域差异,男女青少年体表面积发育分排在前5位的均位于环渤海地区;发育分与地球经度、地球纬度、年日照时数、气温年较差、人均GDP、人均可支配收入以及每千人中卫生技术人员数呈显著性正相关,与海拔、年降水量、年均相对湿度、恩格尔系数、人口出生率、人口增长率以及儿童负担率呈显著性负相关;影响中国城市青少年体表面积发育的关键因素为海拔、年均相对湿度、恩格尔系数和儿童负担率。青少年体表面积发育在环境因素方面是受自然环境因素与社会经济生活两者之间共同相互作用的结果。     

关于中国人体表面积公式的研究

以纸模法测量１００名成人（男女各５０名）体表面积,并测量其身高、体重,比较以Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓｏｎ公式计算之人体表面积与实测体表面积的差异。结果表明,Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓｏｎ公式已不适用于计算当代中国人体表面积,据男女各５０例所得到的男女体表面积计算公式分别为：Ｓ男＝０００５７×身高＋００１２１×体重＋００８８２,Ｓ女＝０００７３×身高＋００１２７×体重－０２１０６,若不区别男和女,为中国人适用的通式为Ｓ＝０００６１×身高＋００１２４×体重－０００９９。     

新疆维吾尔族手掌侧投影面积测定

应用WT-2型数字图像处理仪测定了123名维吾尔族青年手的掌侧投影面积。各指掌侧投影面积的平均值,以中指最大(15.32平方厘米),食指(13.72平方厘米)及环指(13.16平方厘米)次之,拇指再次(12.11平方厘米),小指最小(9.36平方厘米)。全手掌侧投影总面积平均156.97平方厘米。指掌侧投影总面积平均63.67平方厘米,占全手掌侧投影总面积的40.67％。手掌投影面积平均93.30平方厘米,占全手掌侧投影总面积的59.33％。按照Stevenson(1937)公式,根据身高和体重,计算出体表面积的估计值,进而求得全手掌侧投影面积占身体表面积的1.008％。经计算机处理,求得手长、手宽、身高、体重与手面积的相关系数,并建立了由手长和手宽推算手掌侧投影面积的多元回归方程。     

儿童最大有氧活动能力的发展特征

本文报告了我国４６３名１０－１９岁儿童青少年的最大有氧活动能力的发展特征。在青春早期,男女童的最大吸氧量绝对值均随年龄增长而增加,男童由１．７５升／分增至３．１０升／分,女童由１．４４升／分增至２．０７升／分,女童增长较少;以后女童即稳定于这一水平,男童仍略有增长。按身高及按最大心率计标的相对值与其有相似的特征。按体重和瘦体重计算的相对值,在男女童都未见随年龄增长的规律。男童ＶＯ２ｍａｘ绝对值及各     

体表因素同心脏关系的医学数学研究

用现代医学数学的方法,对3000个原始数据进行分析研究发现,在单因素状态下,影响正常人心脏的三个主要因素是：体表面积、体重和身高。三个次要因素是：性别、年龄和舒张压。通过体表10因素逐步回归分析,制定了心脏六个个体化标准公式,通过内、外标本验证其正确率在95%左右,高于国内、外现行的群体化标准。证实了国内统一标准中对男性室间隔厚度正常范围的规定欠妥,应予修正。此个体化标准公式同国外类似公式作了对照。     

北京市丰台区学龄儿童营养状况及膳食摄入调查

目的：了解北京市丰台区某小学学生的膳食结构与营养状况。方法：2013年4月对丰台区某小学1~6年级208名学生进行3d膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和“中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量”作出评价。将身高、体重指标与2002年全国营养调查城市儿童数据进行比较,并根据《中国学龄儿童青少年BMI 超重、肥胖筛查分类标准》算出超重、肥胖率。结果：该小学学生身高、体重较2002年全国营养调查有所增长,各年龄组的男女生超重、肥胖现象均很普遍;随年龄增加维生素摄入不足的现象有所增加,维生素A、C摄入不足现象严重;膳食结构不合理,豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类摄入不足,鱼、虾、肉、禽类输入超过推荐值。结论：该人群超重与肥胖率较高、营养素摄入不均衡、膳食结构不合理,应尽快采取合理的综合干预措施,有效地改善其膳食营养状况。     

贵州布依族体质人类学研究

本文对773名(男379人,女394人)生活在贵州的布依族进行活体观察和测量(观察项目28个,测量项目64个)。调查对象年龄20—55岁三代均为布依族。分析结果表明:布依族中头型多见;男性多为中面型,女性以阔面型为主;属阔鼻型;亚中等偏矮型身材。布依族与我国南方其他29个民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示布依族的体质特征与广西壮族、海南黎族最为接近,与湖南土家族、瑶族、贵州苗族、广西彝族次之,与湖南侗族、贵州毛南族、白裤瑶较远。布依族属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有现代黄种人的容貌特征。     

白裤瑶体质人类学研究

本文对953名(男605人,女348人)生活在贵州和广西接境地带的白裤瑶民族进行了活体调查(观察28个项目,测量63个项目)。调查对象年龄为22—55岁,三代均系白裤瑶。分析结果表明：白裤瑶属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有典型现代黄种人的容貌特征。多为圆头型,以超狭面型多见,属中鼻型,矮型身材。白裤瑶与南方16个少数民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示白裤瑶人群的体质特征与贵州毛南族、湖南侗族、云南苗族最为接近,与广西苗族、彝族、侗族、瑶族次之,与贵州苗族、水族以及湖南土家族、瑶族等民族较远。     

Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children

The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed-longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while girls have greater age specific mean cortical thickness and percent cortical area than boys. When the effects of stature, weight and age are removed boys still have significantly larger periosteal and medullary diameters and less cortical thickness and percent cortical area than girls. These differences between boys and girls therefore cannot be explained by sex differences in body size. However, no sex differences in cortical area remain after accounting for differences in stature, weight and age.     

大连学生体质发育的研究

为了解大连地区城乡学生生长发育状况及其规律,采用人体测量学方法,调查测量了大连地区7—18岁3834（城市男630,城市女645,乡村男1285,乡村女1274）名汉族学生23项形态指标,并利用以往资料,研讨了大连学生主要形态指标的生长发育规律、生长发育趋势、性差和地区差别。结果表明：1生长发育特点：大连学生测量项目的均值随年龄的增长而增加,生长曲线呈上升趋势并且男女有交叉现象。2性差：大连学生各测量项目均有明显的性差,除女生青春期（10—12岁）外,在其他年龄组均为男生大于女生。3生长的长期变化：大连7—17岁男女学生26年来身高、体重、胸围有较大幅度的增长,其每10年平均增长值分别为2.52cm和1.92cm、4.05kg和2.39kg、1.77cm和1.38cm。4城乡差：大连男女学生身高、体重、胸围仍存在城乡差别。     

Synthetic standards for body weight

Growth charts represent body stature, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) from birth to maturity. Due to secular changes in these parameters, growth charts tend to become outdated, and must be revised from time to time. Recently, we developed alternative strategies that facilitate developing and renewing growth charts, and suggested synthetic standards for body stature. The increasing prevalence of obesity has made it necessary to develop similar techniques also for monitoring body weight and BMI. Two-hundred-and-forty historic and modern growth studies (108 studies of male growth, 132 studies of female growth) were selected from 22 European, 6 American, 3 African, and 6 Asian nations, published between 1831 and 2001. The studies contained annual information on weight and stature, either between birth and 6 years, or between 6 years and maturity, or information on the whole age range between birth and maturity. Since historic studies up to the mid-20th century usually ignore the fact that body weight (in contrast to body stature) is not normally distributed, a group of 92 more recent studies (45 male, 47 female), published between 1943 and 2001, presenting centiles for weight, was chosen for additional analysis. Furthermore, the skewness of body weight distributions, was investigated in original raw data of body weight obtained from five well reputed longitudinal growth studies, performed at Jena, Germany, Lublin, Poland, Paris, France, Prague, Czech Republic, and Zürich, Switzerland. Average body stature and average weight differ markedly between different populations. But within the same population, both parameters are closely interrelated. In males, birth length and weight correlated with r = 0.503, stature and weight correlated with r = 0.873 at the age of 2 years; with r = 0.882 at the age of 6 years; with r = 0.935 at the age of 14 years, and with r = 0.891 at the age of 18 years. Similar results were obtained in females. At birth, length and weight correlated with r = 0.619. Stature and weight correlated with r = 0.863 at the age of 2; with r = 0.912 at the age of 6; with r = 0.935 at the age of 12; and with r = 0.918 at the age of 15 years. Tables of linear regression coefficients for relative stature and weight at all ages enable the reversal of the process of the meta-analysis and allow the generation of synthetic growth references for stature and weight. Synthetic reference charts help in the revision of current growth charts without much additional effort, and may be used for populations for which autochthonous growth standards are not available.     

Standards of arm muscle by stature for the assessment of nutritional status of children

This study is based on a sample of 9,134 children ranging in age from 2 to 17 years from which the excessively lean and fat children by skinfold thickness were excluded. This sample was derived from the combined data sets of the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) of 1971-1974 and 1976-1980. Means and percentiles of upper arm muscle area were calculated for 3 cm increments in stature from 84 to 184 cm for boys and from 84 to 176 cm for girls. Based on means, Z-score units, and percentile ranges of upper arm muscle area by stature, five operational categories of nutritional status have been established. It is recommended that these standards and this classification system be used to supplement current standards of weight for age and weight for height in order to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.     

The natural history of the growth of the hand: I. Hand area as a percentage of body surface area

The use of a patient's own hand as a tool to estimate the area of burn injury is well documented. The area of the palmar surface of one hand has been estimated to be 1 percent of the body surface area. The area of the palmar surface of the hand was measured to test the accuracy of this estimate and then compared with the body surface area as calculated by formulas in common use. This study also sought to determine the natural history of the growth of the hand to permit development of a readily available, bedside means of estimating hand area and body surface area. Bilateral hand tracings were obtained from 800 volunteers ranging in age from 2 to 89 years. The area of each tracing was determined using an integrating planimeter. The height and weight of each individual were measured, and his/her body surface area was calculated. The palmar hand's percentage of body surface area was determined by calculating the quotient for hand area divided by body surface area. Additionally, the width of the hand was measured from the ulnar aspect at the palmar digital crease of the small finger to the point where the thumb rested against the base of the index finger. The length of the hand was measured from the middle of the interstylon to the tip of the middle finger. These two figures were multiplied together to obtain a product which approximated the area of the hand. Based on the most commonly used DuBois formula for calculating body surface area, the area of palmar surface of the hand corresponds to 0.78 +/- 0.08 percent of the body surface area in adults. The percentage varies somewhat with age and reaches a maximum of 0.87 +/- 0.06 percent in young children. Multiplying the length of the hand by its width overestimates the area of the hand as determined by planimetry by only 2 percent. A patient's own hand may be used as a complementary, readily available template for estimation of burn area or other areas of disease or injury. In adults, the area of tracing of the outline of the hand is 0.78 percent of the body surface area, whereas in children, this number tends to be slightly higher. In the emergency room or on the wards, a simple product of length multiplied by width of the hand will closely approximate the area as determined by planimetry. This method allows a more accurate determination of the area of the palmar surface of the hand than the 1 percent estimate, which may lead to an overestimation of the size of a burn wound in adults.     

北京市幼儿园2—6岁儿童生长情况

1985年5月—8月,作者对北京市幼儿园833名2—6岁儿童进行了人体测量调查,并对所获得的数据进行了统计分析。结果表明2—6岁儿童身高增长较快,平均每年增加70毫米,身体各部分的长度变化基本与身高的增长相协调;围度的变异范围大于长度的变异范围。同1975年调查结果相比,儿童的体重、身高、胸围等项目数值都有所增加,但身高的增加速度已减慢。     

Adult lipids associated with early life growth in traditional melanesian societies undergoing rapid modernization: A longitudinal study of the mid‐20th century

Both poor fetal development and accelerated post‐natal growth have been linked to adult dyslipidemias in many studies conducted in developed societies. It is not known, however, whether these relationships only characterize populations with typical Western diets or if they also may develop in groups at the early stages of a dietary transition. Our longitudinal study of traditional rural populations in the Southwest Pacific during a period of extremely rapid modernization in diet and life‐styles shows a nascent association between child growth retardation, subsequent growth acceleration, and adult lipid values in spite of a continuing prevalence of very low lipid levels. However, our results do not entirely conform to results from populations with “modern” diets. Outcome (i.e., young adult) cholesterol and triglyceride levels are more consistently related to initial measures of body fat and growth in body fat measures than with stature, while outcome apo A‐1 is more consistently related to initial stature or stature growth than to measures of body fat. We suggest this may reflect a pattern characteristic of the initial stages of “modernization” associated with dietary change, with stronger and more pervasive relationships emerging only later as populations complete the dietary transition. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:551–558, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.