利用小球藻净化村镇生活污水的预处理研究

为提高小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)净化村镇生活污水的效率,基于原水、沉淀、活性炭过滤、秸秆粉过滤等8种方法对村镇生活污水进行预处理,根据小球藻在不同预处理条件下的生长情况以及对污水中的TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N去除情况,筛选出最佳预处理方法.结果表明:经秸秆粉过滤之后,小球藻比生长速率在第8天达...     

污水再生利用微生物控制标准及建议

对污水再生利用微生物的控制,是确保再生水水质安全、减少环境污染的重要前提.由于中国污水再生利用微生物控制的技术标准不健全,污水处理和再生存在一定的难度.文章分析了相关概念,梳理了中国污水再生利用微生物控制标准制定存在的问题,提出了污水再生利用微生物的控制标准及制定方法以有效保证中国再生水质的安全,减少环境污染.     

城市生活污水浇灌对金盏菊生长的影响

用三种稀释倍数的城市生活污水[污水:清水(v/v)为1:0、1:0.5、1:1]处理金盏菊种子及盆花,结果表明,污灌处理不仅显著地降低种子的萌发率,还增加萌发后幼苗病害的发生率;未经稀释的原生污水显著抑制金盏菊幼苗的生长,而稀释后抑制作用降低,当稀释至适当浓度时,则对幼苗生长起促进作用;对于金盏菊成年植株,污灌处理(不论稀释与否)显著地增加其茎、叶和根的鲜重,分别较对照增加161.63%~215.12%、86.77%~109.23%和23.89%~34.13%。综合分析表明,原生污水经过适当稀释后用于草花污灌,可以使污水中的营养盐得到回用,提高草花的观赏性。     

分子筛联合硫酸铝处理生活污水技术初探

分子筛和硫酸铝联合处理生活污水,分析絮凝率变化,研究二者联合使用的最佳投加比例。分子筛联合硫酸铝处理生活污水可以提高污水的处理效果,降低化学絮凝剂用量,减少化学絮凝剂二次排放,降低经济成本。     

广州市代表性家庭的居民生活污水排放特征

针对目前城市生活污水排放量大、但居民排放底数不清的问题,选择广州市代表性家庭开展居民生活污水的定期调查,采用全天候全面收集、观测方法,定量分析广州城市居民的生活污水排放系数及特征.结果表明:城市居民人均日用水123.10 L,排出污水112.43 L.在居民日常生活排污中,洗衣水是最大的废水来源之一,而洗头水占比重最小.季节变化对居民用水量有一定影响,秋冬季节的日均用水及排水最要大于春夏季;家庭不同人群组成也对排水量有一定的影响,成年女性的生活污水排水量要高于成年男性和未成年人.     

城市生活污水中腺病毒浓度与病例腺病毒感染的初步研究

了解上海市浦东新区不同来源样本中腺病毒的检出情况,初步探讨城市生活污水中腺病毒浓度与病例腺病毒感染的关系。收集2023年7月1日-2024年6月30日上海市浦东新区污水处理厂、监测哨点医院的急性呼吸道感染和急性胃肠道感染样本,用微流体芯片检测污水中的腺病毒和急性呼吸道感染样本中的呼吸道腺病毒,通过实时荧光PCR方法检测腹泻样本中的胃肠道腺病毒。利用不同浓度梯度腺病毒标准品检测结果制作浓度梯度曲线,计算污水样本中腺病毒浓度并与病例检出结果进行分析。研究期间共采集临床样本5097份,其中急性呼吸道感染样本3995份,检出呼吸道腺病毒阳性样本116份,检出率为2.90%(116/3995),急性胃肠道感染样本1102份,检出胃肠道腺病毒阳性样本21份,检出率为1.91%(21/1102)。污水样本357份,检出呼吸道腺病毒342份,检出率为95.80%(342/357),胃肠道腺病毒检出310份,检出率为86.83%(310/357)。城市生活污水中的呼吸道腺病毒和胃肠道腺病毒浓度范围分别在1.09×10～5拷贝/L～2.20×10～7拷贝/L和2.58×10～5拷贝/L～7.10×10～7拷贝/L。污水中胃肠道腺病毒的浓度与病例中胃肠道腺病毒检出率呈现正相关。城市生活污水中的腺病毒浓度与病例检出率之间存在相关性。可以利用污水监测对病例监测进行补充。     

生活污水中新冠病毒检测方法的研究及应用

随着全球COVID-19疾病负担的降低和新型冠状病毒（Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2）检测频率的降低,生活污水中新冠病毒的监测已成为了解新冠病毒感染情况的关键工具。本研究通过对污水中新冠病毒富集浓缩方法的应用研究,筛选最佳检测方法,用于监测分析德州市2023年1月至2024年10月污水中新冠病毒阳性检出率、浓度、变异株变化趋势,同时对同期社会面人群中新冠病毒感染情况进行监测。结果显示铝盐混凝沉淀法为最优检测方法,污水中新冠病毒阳性检出率、病毒浓度和变异株的变化趋势同社会面人群监测情况相一致。通过建立预警模型,可为疫情研判和评估提供科学依据。     

生活污水对稀有(鱼句)鲫的毒性效应研究

利用稀有鲫个体小、性成熟时间短、在实验室控制条件下容易饲养等特点 ,将其作为一种毒性实验材料 ,从形态学和组织学水平对生活污水可能产生的毒性效应进行了初步研究。研究结果表明 ,在早期生命阶段 ,高浓度的生活污水对稀有鲫有急性毒性效应。受排污口污水暴露的稀有鲫鱼卵根本无法孵化 ;对处于性腺发育期稀有鲫的暴露则引起肝脏细胞水平上的毒性效应 ,且随污水浓度的增高 ,对鱼体性发育的阻碍效应也越强 ,而整个生命期即使仅暴露于低浓度的生活污水中 ,其个体发育和性发育也均受到影响 ,肝细胞也表现出强烈的毒性效应     

基于生活污水监测的诺如病毒分子流行病学研究

为了解生活污水中诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)检出情况、基因型分布和分子流行病学特征,进一步探索环境监测技术用于研究病毒性胃肠炎病原区域性流行的必要性,本研究于2016年1～12月在山东省济南和临沂两地采集生活污水,通过阴离子膜吸附洗脱法对收集到的24份污水样品进行浓缩后,提取核酸,经过逆转录-聚合酶链反应扩增NoV VP1基因片段,经TA克隆后测序,进行分型和系统进化树分析。结果显示,监测地区生活污水标本中GⅠ的检出率为100%,GⅡ为95.8%。共获得412条NoV序列,分别属于6个GⅠ基因型和8个GⅡ基因型,其中GⅠ.6(32.3%,133/412)、GⅡ.3(14.1%,58/412)和GⅡ.17(25.7%,106/412)检出数量最多。GⅡ.17检出序列均属于Kawasaki 308变异株,而前些年大流行的GⅡ.4的检出序列占比仅1.0%,属于Sydney 2012变异株。本研究描述了2016年山东省本地流行的诺如病毒基因型分布和序列特征,证明了可以通过对城市污水进行监测来探索人群中循环的诺如病毒的遗传多样性。     

生活污水分散处理技术的进展

为了确保我国水体清洁,生活污水除了集中处理之外,分散式的净化槽系统也是不可缺少的。对生活污水分散处理的特点、难点及发展状况进行了论述,探讨了生活污水分散处理技术在应用中存在的问题及解决方法,指出厌氧和好氧生物膜联合处理的小型一体化生活污水净化槽的发展方向。     

Anaerobic Processes as the Core Technology for Sustainable Domestic Wastewater Treatment: Consolidated Applications, New Trends, Perspectives, and Challenges

Anaerobic digesters have been responsible for the removal of large fraction of organic matter (mineralization of waste sludge) in conventional aerobic sewage treatment plants since the early years of domestic sewage treatment (DST). Attention on the anaerobic technology for improving the sustainability of sewage treatment has been paid mainly after the energy crisis in the 1970s. The successful use of anaerobic reactors (especially up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors) for the treatment of raw domestic sewage in tropical and sub-tropical regions (where ambient temperatures are not restrictive for anaerobic digestion) opened the opportunity to substitute the aerobic processes for the anaerobic technology in removal of the influent organic matter. Despite the success, effluents from anaerobic reactors treating domestic sewage require post-treatment in order to achieve the emission standards prevailing in most countries. Initially, the composition of this effluent rich in reduced compounds has required the adoption of post-treatment (mainly aerobic) systems able to remove the undesirable constituents. Currently, however, a wealth of information obtained on biological and physical-chemical processes related to the recovery or removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur compounds creates the opportunity for new treatment systems. The design of DST plant with the anaerobic reactor as core unit coupled to the pre- and post-treatment systems in order to promote the recovery of resources and the polishing of effluent quality can improve the sustainability of treatment systems. This paper presents a broader view on the possible applications of anaerobic treatment systems not only for organic matter removal but also for resources recovery aiming at the improvement of the sustainability of DST.     

Effectiveness of Biosorption-Assisted Microfiltration Process for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater

The efficiency of a biosorbent prepared from Eichhornia crassipes roots (ECR) was explored for the treatment of domestic sewage water in combination with low-cost ceramic microfiltration membrane. Batch sorption studies were conducted as a function of biosorbent dose, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading, and temperature. Sorption equilibrium data of varying initial COD values (116–800 mg/L) indicated high potential of ECR for COD removal. Using 0.25 g/L of biosorbent dose, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was obtained as 2480 mg/g at 20°C for an initial COD loading of 800 mg/L. Microfiltration study was performed using ceramic membrane made from composition of α-alumina and clay. The effect of operating parameters on filtration characteristics was observed in terms of permeate flux. Permeate samples were characterized in terms of various parameters both for the direct filtration, as well as biosorbent-assisted filtration. The filtration behavior of wastewater at varying transmembrane pressure was explained using various membrane fouling models. The results suggested that microfiltration of domestic wastewater with incorporation of biosorbent (0.25 g/L) was highly effective for removal of organic load (>90%), turbidity (>99%), and total suspended solids (TSS) (93–95%) and the treated water quality was suitable for reuse in various purposes, such as gardening, floor and car washing, etc.     

Post-Treatment Options for the Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Wastewater

This paper focuses on the post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater. Initially, the main limitations of anaerobic systems regarding carbon, nutrients and pathogen removal are presented. In sequence, the advantages of combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment and the main post-treatment options currently in use are discussed, including the presentation of flowsheets and a comparison between various post-treatment systems. Lastly, the paper presents a review of emerging options and possible improvements of current post-treatment alternatives.     

Frustration Behaviors in Domestic Dogs

During extinction a previously learned behavior stops being reinforced. In addition to the decrease in the rate of the instrumental response, it produces an aversive emotional state known as frustration. This state can be assimilated with the fear reactions that occur after aversive stimuli are introduced at both the physiological and behavioral levels. This study evaluated frustration reactions of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) during a communicative situation involving interactions with a human. The task included the reinforcement and extinction of the gaze response toward the experimenter's face when the dogs tried to obtain inaccessible food. The dog's frustration reactions during extinction involved an increase in withdrawal and side orientation to the location of the human as well as lying down, ambulation, sniffing, and vocalizations compared with the last acquisition trial. These results are especially relevant for domestic dog training situations in which the extinction technique is commonly used to discourage undesirable behaviors.     

Treatment of Biogas Produced in Anaerobic Reactors for Domestic Wastewater: Odor Control and Energy/Resource Recovery

Anaerobic municipal wastewater treatment in developing countries has important potential applications considering their huge lack of sanitation infrastructure and their advantageous climatic conditions. At present, among the obstacles that this technology encounters, odor control and biogas utilization or disposal should be properly addressed. In fact, in most of small and medium size anaerobic municipal treatment plants, biogas is just vented, transferring pollution from water to the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse gas inventory. Anaerobic municipal sewage treatment should not be considered as an energy producer, unless a significant wastewater flow is treated. In these cases, more than half of the methane produced is dissolved and lost in the effluent so yield values will be between 0.08 and 0.18 N m³ CH₄/kg COD removed. Diverse technologies for odor control and biogas cleaning are currently available. High pollutant concentrations may be treated with physical-chemical methods, while biological processes are used mainly for odor control to prevent negative impacts on the treatment facilities or nearby areas. In general terms, biogas treatment is accomplished by physico-chemical methods, scrubbing being extensively used for H₂S and CO₂ removal. However, dilution (venting) has been an extensive disposal method in some small- and medium-size anaerobic plants treating municipal wastewaters. Simple technologies, such as biofilters, should be developed in order to avoid this practice, matching with the simplicity of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. In any case, design and specification of biogas handling system should consider safety standards. Resource recovery can be added to anaerobic sewage treatment if methane is used as electron donor for denitrification and nitrogen control purposes. This would result in a reduction of operational cost and in an additional advantage for the application of anaerobic sewage treatment. In developing countries, biogas conversion to energy may apply for the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. This would increase the economic feasibility of the project through the marketing of certified emission reductions (CERs).     

Studies on Stabilization Ponds for Domestic Sewage in India

For one year a single cell stabilization pond, T. T. Nagar, Bhopal (August, 1968 to July, 1969) and series stabilization ponds, Shahpur, Bhopal (January, 1969 to December, 1969) were studied. Climatological conditions in Bhopal were favourable for the treatment of sewage in stabilization ponds. There was a considerable reduction in BOD, total nitrogen, phosphate, coliforms and enterococci during the process of treatment. The reductions were highest in series ponds. Studies on diurnal variations showed that highest pH, dissolved oxygen, algal cell number and lowest alkalinity values occurred around 4.00 p.m. Algal flora present in the single cell pond consisted of 31 species representing 27 genera. In the series ponds 33 species belonging to 30 genera and 37 species belonging to 33 genera were recorded for the primary and secondary ponds, respectively.     

关于苏北地区某三甲医院进口与国产医疗设备和耗材使用情况及反馈的研究．

目的：初步了解了进口与国产医疗设备与耗材的发展状况和使用反馈情况,并对国内医疗设备与耗材行业的发展提供合理化建议。方法：通过对苏北地区某三级甲等医院设备科工作人员、医生、护士长、患者及患者家属进行调研或访谈,并以调研和访谈的统计结果为依据得出结论并提出建议。结果：技术成熟的中小型医疗设备或耗材,从质量、价格等因素综合考虑,国内产品优于进口产品,一定程度上得到了医务人员和消费者的认可。在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面,进口产品具有较大的技术优势。结论：国内医疗设备生产企业应当积极开展研发工作,提高产品的技术含量与质量,巩固自身在中小型医疗设备与耗材方面的优势,并努力在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面取得突破。     

中国主要家鹅品种的遗传分化研究

利用PCR和DNA测序技术扩增了15个中国家鹅品种线粒体DNA控制区部分序列（1042bp）。研究结果表明：伊犁鹅与14个品种间的核苷酸分歧度最高,为3．805％～4．067％;不同品种内核苷酸多样度表现出较大的差异,为0～0．116％。除伊犁鹅外的14个家鹅品种中,豁眼鹅与其他品种间的核苷酸分歧度为0．211％～0．272％,明显高于其他品种间的0～0．094％。中国家鹅品种的遗传分化格局与地理分布有关,豁眼鹅的分歧时间较早,遗传漂变是导致豁眼鹅遗传分化的主要因素（Nm=0．02～0．54）,基因流则是另外13个家鹅品种间遗传分化不明显的主要因素（Nm=12．0～65．33）．