Enzyme purification using temperature-induced phase formation.

A new type of aqueous two-phase system composed of an ethylene oxide and propylene oxide random co-polymer, UCON 50-HB-5100, as the upper phase polymer and either dextran or hydroxypropyl starch as the lower phase polymer has been characterized and used to purify 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) from bakers' yeast. The UCON 50-HB-5100 polymer has a cloud point of 55 degrees C at which temperature it phase separates from water. This cloud point can be lowered to 40 degrees C by the addition of 0.2 M sodium sulfate salt. The low cloud point of this UCON polymer makes it possible to obtain the target enzymes in a water and buffer solution, and to recover and recycle the UCON 50-HB-5100 polymer. The phase diagrams for the systems UCON 50-HB-5100/Dextran T500 and UCON 50-HB-5100/hydroxypropyl starch have been determined. Yeast homogenate was first partitioned in a system composed of a top phase containing UCON 50-HB-5100 and a bottom phase containing either dextran or hydroxypropyl starch. The top phase containing the enzyme free of cell debris was removed and the temperature increased above the cloud point of the UCON until a new two phase system composed of water as the top phase and a concentrated liquid UCON 50-HB-5100 bottom phase was formed. The water phase containing the enzyme was removed and the bottom phase containing the UCON 50-HB-5100 could be recycled to perform a second extraction.     

Partial purification and characterization of a bacteriolytic enzyme secreted by Tetrahymena.

Tetrahymena pyriformis strain HSM secretes large quantities of acid hydrolases into the culture medium. An enzyme secreted by the ciliate and capable of degrading walls of streptococci was identified and purified to a considerable degree. The pH optimum of this enzyme was 3--4, and it was eluted after cytochrome c from Sephadex G-75 columns. Unlike lysozyme, the enzyme was thermolabile at pH 2.9, but relatively thermostable at pH 8.1. It degraded 14C-labeled cell walls of streptococci releasing reducing groups. Cell walls prepared from different strains of streptococci differed in susceptibility to this enzyme, the most sensitive strain tested being of group A, type T12. It was shown in immunologic studies that this hydrolase released the group-specific carbohydrate from the walls. Secretions of Tetrahymena from early stationary-phase cultures had more bacteriolytic activity than those from cells from late stationary-phase cultures. Further, cells from cultures grown in glucose-supplemented medium secreted less of the enzyme than ciliates of comparable age grown in unsupplemented proteose-peptone. The newly isolated bacteriolytic enzyme, presumably of lysosomal origin, may be helpful in characterizing streptococcal cell walls.     

Partial separation of allelic forms of N-acetyltransferase from the rabbit liver using a new method of enzyme purification

A new effective method for purification of rabbit liver N-acetyltransferase to apparent homogeneity has been developed. The method consists in polymin P and ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sephacel and Ultragel AcA 44 chromatography and chromatofocusing. In final preparations the enzyme was purified 2500-3000-fold and its specific activity was found to be about 3000-4000 units per mg of protein. During chromatofocusing of enzyme preparations on a middle pressure chromatograph FPLC (Pharmacia, Sweden) a partial separation of acetyltransferase allelic forms from fast and slow-acetylators took place. The supposed allelic acetyltransferase forms differ in some biochemical properties. In particular, the slow acetyltransferase form is much more sensitive towards 0.1 M KCl against the rapid enzyme form. It is assumed that the differences between the catalytic properties of acetyltransferase from rapid and slow acetylators may be explained by differences between their polypeptide primary structures.     

Synthesis of dye conjugates of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers and application in temperature-induced phase partitioning.

Synthesis of conjugates of the ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymer UCON 50-HB-5100 and the triazine dyes Cibacron Blue F3G-A and Procion Yellow HE-3G is described. The UCON-dye conjugate of Procion Yellow HE-3G is used as a ligand for affinity partitioning of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from bakers' yeast. The enzyme is first partitioned in a two-phase system composed of UCON, UCON-ligand and dextran, and the two phases isolated in separate containers. A small amount of salt is then added to the upper phase, which contains the UCON-ligand-enzyme complex, and the temperature increased above the cloud point of the UCON polymer to give a new two-phase system. The new two-phase system consists of an upper salt/water phase containing free enzyme and a lower UCON/water phase containing free UCON-ligand. Temperature-induced phase partitioning is thus seen to be of much assistance in dissociating enzyme-ligand complex, recovering enzyme and recycling UCON-ligand.     

Partial purification and characterization of a pyruvate dehydrogenase-complex-inactivating enzyme from rat liver.

An enzyme inactivating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (inactivase) was purified about 8000-fold from rat liver by differential centrifugation, acid extraction of a lysosomerich 25000 g pellet, acetone fractionation, and adsorption on calcium phosphate gel. By exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 a molecular weight of 21 000 was estimated. The purified enzyme was most stable at pH 5.8 in potassium phosphate buffer, and at pH 4.5 in McIlvaine buffer. At high dilutions the enzyme was very labile and was remarkably stabilized by high salt concentrations. Enzyme activity is inhibited by native rat blood serum, iodoacetamide and leupeptin, but not by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, suggesting that it belongs to the class of thiol proteinases. Among various enzymes tested, only 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was attacked by the inactivase to a similar extent to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Studies on the inactivation mechanism indicate that although the overall reaction is completely lost after treatment with inactivase, each individual step of the multienzyme complex retains full catalytic activity. As judged from sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the transacetylase subunit appears to be degraded into several smaller fractions.     

Partial purification of new milk-clotting enzyme produced by Nocardiopsis sp

Numerous attempts have been made to replace calf rennet with other milk clotting proteases because of limited supply and increasingly high prices. The aim of this work was to investigate the characteristic of the milk-clotting enzyme from Nocardiopsis sp. The partial purification extract was obtained by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate. Of the fractions obtained by precipitation, 40-60% possessed the milk-clotting activity (156.25 U/mg). The chromatography of 40-100% ammonium sulphate fraction in DEAE-cellulose yielded four fractions (F4, F5, F6, F7) with milk-clotting activity. The F5 yielded the best milk-clotting activity (20 U/ml). Both crude and partially purified extract were active at the range pH 4.5-11.0, however, optimum activity was displayed at pH 11.0 and pH 7.5, respectively. The milk-clotting activity was highest at 55 degrees C for both crude and partially purified extract. The crude and partial purification extract were inactivated at 65 and 75 degrees C after 30 min.     

Partial purification of a thermostable dextranase using Sephacryl S-300 adsorption

Thermostable dextranase (1,6-α- d -glucan 6-glucanohydrolysase) from a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium strain Rt364, isolated from a New Zealand hot spring, was partially purified from the cell-free supernatant fluid by adsorption onto Sephacryl S-300, a dextran-based chromatographic resin. It was competitively eluted with 2% T10 dextran, dialysed, concentrated and examined by SDS–PAGE. The overall recovery was 47% and the increase in specific activity by this procedure was 25-fold. The Rt364 dextranase had previously been found to have an optimum temperature of 80 °C and hydrolysed both α-1,6 and α-1,4 glucosidic bonds. Sephacryl S-300 adsorption is a simple, useful step with general application for concentrating and purifying bacterial enzymes that hydrolyse dextrans.     

Three phase partitioning of carbohydrate polymers: separation and purification of alginates

Three phase partitioning, a technique described for protein purification, has been employed for precipitation and purification of three different commercial preparations of alginates. Three phase partitioning works by the addition of t-butanol to aqueous solution of the polymer containing 20–30% ammonium sulphate (w/v). Three phases formed are: upper t-butanol layer, interfacial polymer precipitate and lower aqueous phase. In all the three cases, the process optimization was carried out by varying ammonium sulphate concentration, volume of t-butanol, alginate concentration and temperature. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to show that repeated cycles of TPP also resulted in considerable reduction in polyphenol content of a crude alginate preparation.     

The development and application of a new affinity partitioning system for enzyme isolation and purification.

A reactive water-soluble polymer was synthesized by copolymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide and glycidyl acrylate. The reactive polymer could react with the amino groups of enzymes/proteins or other ligands to form an affinity polymer. As a model, the reactive polymer was allowed to react with paraaminobenzamidine, a strong trypsin inhibitor. The affinity polymer could easily form an aqueous two-phase system with either dextran or pullulan, and the phase diagram was compared favorably to that of the well-known polyethylene glycol-dextran system. Once trypsin was attracted to the affinity polymer dominant phase, the enzyme could be dissociated from the polymer at low pH. Owing to the N-isopropylacrylamide units, the affinity polymer could be isolated from the solution by precipitation at a low level of ammonium sulfate. The enzyme recovery was always greater than 50%, and the affinity polymer could be reused in several cycles of affinity partitioning and recovery.     

Partial purification and characterization of a bacterial enzyme catalyzing reductive cleavage of anthracycline glycosides.

A bacterial enzyme catalyzing the NADH-dependent reductive cleavage of certain anthracycline glycosides has been partially purified. The enzyme is acidic, stable in solution and has an estimated molecular weight of 35,000. The enzyme activity is strongly inhibited by molecular oxygen but not by cyanide or EDTA. No evidence has been found for an enzyme system or associated elements of electron transport.     

Novel procedure for extraction of a latent grape polyphenoloxidase using temperature-induced phase separation in triton x-114

Polyphenoloxidase from grape berries is extracted only by nonionic detergents with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance between 12.4 and 13.5. The enzyme was partially purified in latent form, free of phenolics and chlorophylls, by using temperature phase partitioning in a solution of Triton X-114. This method permits the purification of the enzyme with the same fold purification as the commonly used method, but with a yield three times higher and a 90% reduction in time needed. The latent enzyme can be activated by different treatments, including trypsin and cationic and anionic detergents. Cetyltrimethylamonium bromide was found to be the most effective detergent activator, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polyphenoloxidase in grape berries, in spite of being an integral membrane protein, had an anomalous interaction with Triton X-114, remaining in the detergent-poor phase after phase separation. This could be explained by its having a short hydrophobic tail that anchors it to the membrane.     

Partial purification of an enzyme hydrolyzing indole-3-acetamide from rice cells

The activity of indole-3-acetamide (IAM) hydrolase from rice cells was enriched ca. 628-fold by gel filtration and anion exchange column chromatography. The molecular masses of the IAM hydrolase estimated by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were approximately 50.5 kD and 50.0 kD, respectively. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0–6.5. The enzyme was stable against heat treatments between 4 and 50°C and works optimally at 52°C. The activity remained constant at 4°C for at least 143 days. The purified enzyme fraction hydrolyzed indoleacetic acid ethyl ester (Et-IAA) in addition to IAM and its homologue, 1-naphthalene-acetamide, but not indole-3-acetonitrile. Km values of the enzyme were 0.96 mM and 0.55 mM for IAM and Et-IAA, respectively. Although the molecular mass of the enzyme was very similar to that of IAM hydrolase of Agrobacterium tumefaciens involved in tumor formation, the biochemical properties of the enzyme including its high Km value were considerably different from those of the A. tumefaciens enzyme. Based on these enzyme properties, we will discuss whether the amidohydrolase is involved in auxin biosynthesis in rice cells.     

Partial purification of d-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from bakers' yeast by affinity partitioning using polymer-bound triazine dyes

d-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP⁺ 1-oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.49) has been purified from bakers' yeast by liquid-liquid extraction using phase-restricted triazine dyes (Procion Yellow HE-3G, Procion Olive MX-3G, Procion Navy MX-RB and Cibacron Blue F3G-A). This method was combined with fractional precipitation with poly(ethylene) glycol) and batchwise treatment with DEAE-cellulose. This rapid procedure gave an enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 0.92 kat per kg protein within 5 h. The affinity extraction step can easily be scaled up and the good recovery of ligand-poly(ethylene glycol) should make the process useful for larger amounts of enzyme. The technical possibilities are discussed.     

Modeling of crude oil biodegradation using two phase partitioning bioreactor

In this work, crude oil biodegradation has been optimized in a solid‐liquid two phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) by applying a response surface methodology based d ‐optimal design. Three key factors including phase ratio, substrate concentration in solid organic phase, and sodium chloride concentration in aqueous phase were taken as independent variables, while the efficiency of the biodegradation of absorbed crude oil on polymer beads was considered to be the dependent variable. Commercial thermoplastic polyurethane (Desmopan®) was used as the solid phase in the TPPB. The designed experiments were carried out batch wise using a mixed acclimatized bacterial consortium. Optimum combinations of key factors with a statistically significant cubic model were used to maximize biodegradation in the TPPB. The validity of the model was successfully verified by the good agreement between the model‐predicted and experimental results. When applying the optimum parameters, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry showed a significant reduction in n‐alkanes and low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This consequently highlights the practical applicability of TPPB in crude oil biodegradation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:797–805, 2014