氨基酸L-和D-异构体对离体小麦胚植株生长的影响

5种氨基酸L-和D-异构体对离体小麦胚植株生长的影响结果表明,在1~7 mmol.L-1浓度范围内,脯氨酸异构体均不抑制植株生长;缬氨酸和蛋氨酸的L-型严重抑制生长,D-型不抑制或轻微抑制;丙氨酸则相反,L-型无抑制作用,D-型是严重抑制类型;丝氨酸的L-型轻微抑制生长,D-型严重抑制生长。生长结果也表明,DL-异构体的抑制作用介于D-型和L-型之间。     

11种非必需氨基酸对离体植物生长的胁迫作用

研究了11种非必需氨基酸对小麦、水稻等植物离体胚植株以及拟南芥、白菜等植物种子植株生长的影响,结果显示,L-半胱氨酸、L-酪氨酸和L-丝氨酸在浓度达到3mmol·L“时开始抑制植株生长,而L-谷氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺、L-甘氨酸和L-天冬氨酸4种氨基酸在5—7mmol·L^-1时才有轻微抑制作用;L-胱氨酸、L-天冬酰胺和L-丙氨酸3种氨基酸,在5．7mmol·L^-1内没有抑制作用。脯氨酸的3种异构体在9mmol·L^-1浓度下没有抑制作用发生,且还表现出有约1个生长级别（3．4cm左右）的生长促进作用。丝氨酸和丙氨酸的D-异构体在3mmol·L^-1浓度即有强烈的生长抑制作用。这些结果表明非必需氨基酸胁迫植物的途径有多态性,这些多态性对研究植物氨基酸代谢有重要意义。     

钙和钙离子载体A23187对水稻早期胚胎离体发育的影响

研究了不同浓度的钙(Ca^2 )和钙离子载体A23187对水稻早期胚胎离体发育的影响。结果表明：(1)Ca^2 对授粉后3～5d水稻胚胎离体发育的调控具有时间和浓度效应。培养基中不含Ca^2 或Ca^2 浓度较高(10^-1mol／L)时,3d原胚离体分裂和生长完全受到抑制;4～5d早期分化胚受到一定程度的影响;而Ca^2 浓度为10^-3mol／L时,不同时期的水稻胚胎均表现出最佳的生长速度和最高的离体胚胎发生频率;在相同的钙浓度条件下,胚龄越大,胚胎发生频率及总诱导频率越大。(2)A23187影响水稻胚胎的离体生长和形态发生：胚胎越小,影响越大;浓度越高,抑制作用越强。     

黄花草木樨提取物抑菌活性初探

采用离体和活体试验方法分别测定了黄花草木樨不同溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:各溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中以乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性最高,对油菜菌核病菌、玉米大斑病菌和白菜黑斑病菌抑制菌丝生长的EC50分别为0.62、0.83、0.64g/L,对稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌抑制孢子萌发的EC50分别为0.67、0.97g/L.离体组织法测定表明其乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病菌具有较高的保护和治疗作用,在浓度为5.0g/L时,防治效果分别为75.41%和59.18%(6d).活体试验表明乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦白粉病和小麦条锈病也有一定的保护作用,在浓度为10.0g/L时,防治效果分别为73.39%和63.27%.     

基因型和地域分布对小麦籽粒氨基酸含量影响的研究

根据河南省7个试验基点的10个小麦基因型籽粒中17种氨基酸含量的测定结果,对不同基因型氨基酸含量差异及其地域分布进行了研究,结果表明,小麦籽粒氨基酸含量不仅存在基因型的差异,而且在很大程度上受生态环境条件的影响,环境间氨基酸含量的变异明显大于基因型,约为基因型间变异的1．5倍。不同试点所对应的气候分布、土壤类型与氨基酸含量变异有较大的吻合程度,表现出随湿润条件增加,氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸总量逐渐下降,而非必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例呈逐渐上升趋势,与人体代谢关系密切的赖氨酸化学记分较 低,且变异较小。     

多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响

多效唑是一种高效的植物生长延缓剂,通过不同浓度的多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响进行研究。结果表明多效唑能明显提高金钗石斛试管苗再生芽分化的数量,促进再生苗根的分化,提高生根的数量;同时,多效唑能使再生苗的叶片变短,对再生植株有显著的矮化作用,使植株的茎段变粗,抑制根的伸长生长。多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响具有明显的规律性,其作用效果均随着其使用浓度的升高而增强,并在3~4mg/L的范围处达到最强效果,再提高浓度则趋于饱和。     

植物的试管受精实验

所谓植物的试管受精,是指在离体条件下进行人工传粉、受精、并进一步培育成正常植株的技术。 1960年,印度德里大学的植物学教授Kanta,将罌粟的无菌花粉注射入离体培养的罂粟子房内,获得了正常的“试管植株”,第一次实现了植物的离体受精。两年后,Kanta及其同事进一步在试管内对罌粟的离体胚珠进行直接地授粉获得成功。此后,植物的试管受精技术得到了较迅速的发展,二十年来,已有三十多种植物在试管内受精成功,其中有二十多种植物受精后发育成正常的试管植株,包括自交不亲和性植物的自交受精和种属间的远缘杂交受精。植物的试管受精,在国内也开展了一些研究工作,已取得了一些可喜的成果。首先于1977年,在玉米中获得了体外受精的成功,这是世界上首次在禾本科植物内试管受精成功。随后,在烟草、小麦与黑麦的杂交中获得了成     

小麦试管受精的研究——Ⅰ.小麦雌蕊离体授粉结籽

用普通小麦作材料,通过对其雌蕊进行离体授粉,成功地获得了试管种子和幼苗以及其成年植株。经过两年的改进试验,建立了一种小麦离体受精的较好方法,其污染率可降低到1.3%以下,结实率可提高到89.1%以上,最高结实率达97.5%。研究了雌蕊年龄对其结实率的影响。结果表明,去雄后第二天到第五天的雌蕊其离体授粉的效果较好,其中以去雄后第三天的雌蕊效果最好。小麦籽粒的发育,MS培养基的效果明显比White 培养基好,说明在离体受精情况下小麦籽粒的发育要求较高浓度的无机盐和氮素。小麦试管受精的成功及其技术的建立,使得小麦受精过程置于人工控制条件之下,为其发育生理学、实验胚胎学和细胞遗传学的研究以及进行远缘杂交提供了另一新途径。     

菊苣根提取物的抑菌活性研究

采用离体的试验方法测定了菊苣根的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物对7种植物病原真菌和3种细菌的抑制活性。采用盆栽试验方法测定了菊苣根提取物对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物均有一定的抑制植物病原真菌和细菌活性。且乙酸乙酯提取物效果更佳。在10 g.L-1浓度下,乙酸乙酯提取物能显著抑制小麦赤霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌3种病原真菌菌丝的生长,抑制率均在85%以上;对小麦根腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌的孢子萌发抑制率也均在80%以上;对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径达21.01 mm和17.23 mm;对盆栽小麦白粉病的预防和治疗作用分别为50.93%和65.82%。     

多效唑对草莓种质离体保存的影响

取离体培养形成的草莓单芽接种到1／2MS附加不同浓度多效唑和0．5mg／L6—BA的培养基上,研究了多效唑对草莓试管苗生长及其保存的影响。结果表明,多效唑对草莓试管苗芽的分化有明显的促进作用,对草莓试管苗的伸长具明显的抑制作用。当多效唑浓度为0．04mg／L,苗高为对照(多效唑浓度为0mg／L)的29％～63％,当多效唑浓度较高(0．2mg／L)时,延迟了试管苗的发根,且抑制根的伸长。在继代培养中,多效唑抑制芽的分化,同时抑制苗的生长。在本试验中,不同浓度的多效唑对草莓试管苗保存成活率差异不十分明显,但野生草莓品种在离体保存中多效唑浓度不宜高,以0．1mg／L为好。     

Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth stages

Summary This study was undertaken to evaluate water stress effects during vegetative, flowering, and podfilling stages of cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata L.) grown under natural field conditions in southern California on seed yield and protein and free amino acid content of the cowpea seeds. The lowest concentration of N was found in the seeds of the control treatment plants while the seed yield from these treatments was the highest as compared with the N concentration and yield of seeds from plants subjected to water stress during flowering and podfilling stages. The concentration of N in the seeds was inversely related to the seed dry weight yield. Protein arginine,-threonine,-serine,-cystine,-valine,-methionine, and-isoleucine were significantly affected by water stress at the three growth stages. There was no consistent pattern in the effect of water stress on the individual amino acids. The sum of protein amino acids in the cowpea seeds was not significantly influenced by the various treatments since some of the protein amino acids increased and others decreased producing an averaging effect on the figures comprising the sums of the amino acids. Water stress during the flowering and pod-filling stages increased the free amino acid pool, and at the same time, inhibited incorporation of the amino acids into the protein chain-thus lowering the protein amino acid fraction simultaneously. With the exception of methionine plus cystine, the essential amino acids in the seeds were present at concentrations equal to or greater than recommended by the World Health Organization and FAO. It is of particular importance to note that the concentration of lysine in the cowpeas was substantially higher than that found in wheat grain. It is also important to note that the amount of essential amino acids per gram of protein was not measurably affected by the water stress treatments during any of the growth stages.     

The export of amino acid in the phloem is altered in wheat plants lacking the short arm of chromosome 7B

Grain protein content is one of the major determinants of the baking and nutritional quality of wheat. It has previously been reported that the ditelosomic line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) CSDT7BL, where the short arm of chromosome 7B is missing, shows a lower grain protein concentration than the normal line, but a similar grain yield. In the present paper the growth and nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat plants cv. Chinese Spring (CS) and its ditelosomic line CSDT7BL were compared. When plants were grown to maturity in pots with different N supplements, the wild-type line showed a higher grain protein concentration and a lower straw N concentration than the ditelosomic line at every N level analysed, suggesting a deficiency in the N remobilization capacity. When 15-d-old plants were grown in a growth cabinet in pots with sand, and supplied with nutrient solutions of different nitrate concentrations, the ditelosomic line showed no differences in N uptake per unit of root dry weight, nitrate reductase activity, nitrate, total N concentration or free amino acid concentration. However, the ditelosomic line showed a decreased capacity to export amino acids in the phloem under high N, independently of the N source. This deficiency was also observed under dark-induced senescence. The diminished export of amino acids to the phloem was principally caused by a decrease in the export of Glu, Asp, and Gln. It is suggested that the decrease in grain protein concentration in the ditelosomic line is a consequence of defective export in the phloem of these amino acids.     

Amino acid requirement for the growth-hormone stimulation of incorporation of precursors into protein and nucleic acids of liver slices

1. Incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into protein in rat liver slices, incubated in vitro, increased as the concentration of unlabelled amino acids in the incubation medium was raised. A plateau of incorporation was reached when the amino acid concentration was 6 times that present in rat plasma. Labelling of RNA by [(3)H]orotic acid was not stimulated by increased amino acid concentration in the incubation medium. 2. When amino acids were absent from the medium, or present at the normal plasma concentrations, no effect of added growth hormone on labelling of protein or RNA by precursor was observed. 3. When amino acids were present in the medium at 6 times the normal plasma concentrations addition of growth hormone stimulated incorporation of the appropriate labelled precursor into protein of liver slices from normal rats by 31%, and into RNA by 22%. A significant effect was seen at a hormone concentration as low as 10ng/ml. 4. Under the same conditions addition of growth hormone also stimulated protein labelling in liver slices from hypophysectomized rats. Tissue from hypophysectomized rats previously treated with growth hormone did not respond to growth hormone in vitro. 5. No effect of the hormone on the rate or extent of uptake of radioactive precursors into acid-soluble pools was found. 6. Cycloheximide completely abolished the hormone-induced increment in labelling of both RNA and protein. 7. It was concluded that, in the presence of an abundant amino acid supply, growth hormone can stimulate the synthesis of protein in rat liver slices by a mechanism that is more sensitive to cycloheximide than is the basal protein synthesis. The stimulation of RNA labelling observed in the presence of growth hormone may be a secondary consequence of the hormonal effect on protein synthesis. 8. The mechanism of action of growth hormone on liver protein synthesis in vitro was concluded to be similar to its mechanism of action in vivo.     

小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy基因的克隆及分子特性

对普通小麦(Ttiticum aestivum)黄色素(YP)合成途径中的首要限速酶——八氢番茄红素合成酶(Psy)基因进行克隆和测序,并和玉米Psy基因进行序列比对。结果表明,在高和低YP含量小麦品种中均扩增出一条长1192bp的Psy基因片段,该片段包含一条可编码78个氨基酸的小麦Psy基因的外显子,与玉米Psy基因第4外显子的核苷酸序列同源率为80.74,同源区域内有47个SNPs,但仅11个SNPs导致氨基酸编码序列的改变,二者氨基酸序列的同源率达85.89,推测Psy基因在不同物种中的表达具有较高的保守性。BLAST聚类分析表明,禾谷类植物Psy基因的分类与物种的亲缘关系存在明显的相关性,小麦Psy基因在系统进化中比禾谷类其他植物更为高级。     

小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy 基因的克隆及分子特性小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy 基因的克隆及分子特性

对普通小麦( Ttiticum aestivum) 黄色素(YP) 合成途径中的首要限速酶———八氢番茄红素合成酶(Psy) 基因进行克隆和测序, 并和玉米Psy 基因进行序列比对。结果表明, 在高和低YP 含量小麦品种中均扩增出一条长1 192 bp 的Psy 基因片段, 该片段包含一条可编码78 个氨基酸的小麦Psy 基因的外显子, 与玉米Psy 基因第4 外显子的核苷酸序列同源率为80 . 74% , 同源区域内有47 个SNPs , 但仅11 个SNPs 导致氨基酸编码序列的改变, 二者氨基酸序列的同源率达85 . 89% , 推测Psy 基因在不同物种中的表达具有较高的保守性。BLAST 聚类分析表明, 禾谷类植物Psy 基因的分类与物种的亲缘关系存在明显的相关性,小麦Psy 基因在系统进化中比禾谷类其他植物更为高级。     

The Relationship between Sugar and Amino Acid Export to the Phloem in Young Wheat Plants

The relationship between amino acid and sugar export to thephloem was studied in young wheat plants (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Pro-INTA, Isla Verde’) using the EDTA-phloemcollection technique. Plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod showeda rapid decrease in the concentration of sugars and amino acidsin the phloem exudate from the beginning of the dark period.When plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod were kept in the darkfor longer than 8 h the free amino acid content in leaves andexudate (on a dry weight basis) increased continually throughoutthe 72 h of darkness. During the first 24 h of darkness thesugars in the phloem exudate decreased to 30% of the initialvalue, and returned to the control level when plants were returnedto light. When plants grown under low light intensity for 10d were transferred to high light intensity, they showed an increasein leaf sugar content (dry weight basis) after 3 d but therewere no differences in leaf free amino acid content (dry weightbasis) compared to low-light plants. The sugar concentrationin the phloem exudate was increased by higher light intensities,but there was no difference in the amino acid concentrationof the phloem exudate, and thus the amino acid:sugar ratio inthe phloem decreased in the high-light plants. The present resultssuggest that amino acids can be exported to the phloem independentlyof the export of sugars. Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Sugar exudation, amino acid transport, nitrogen, phloem, transport, wheat, Triticum aestivum L.     

Alleviation of Changes in Protein Metabolism in NaCl-Stressed Wheat Seedlings by Thiamine

NaCl-stress induced a pronounced suppression in growth of wheat seedlings. The most abundant amino acids (cysteine, arginine, methionine) constituting about 55 % of total free amino acid content in control wheat were reduced in 100 mM NaCl-treated plants. However, valine, isoleucine, aspartic acid and proline accumulated in response to NaCl stress and NaCl-treated wheat seedlings showed 1.6 fold increase in total free amino acids compared to the control. Addition of 2 [micro ]M thiamine alleviated the effects of NaCl on the amino acid composition and the amount of total free amino acids decreased to that in the control. Content of 26 kDa protein increased in NaCl-treated plants, stimulation was more pronounced in roots than in shoots. In contrast, the contents of 13 and 20 kDa proteins decreased. After addition of thiamine, the 24 kDa protein, which disappeared with NaCl treatment, has been initiated again. Moreover, thiamine treatment stimulated the accumulation of the 20 kDa protein.     

麦苗中氨基酸测定与评价

用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪测定了麦苗中的氨基酸含量.结果表明麦苗中18种氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸及药效氨基酸含量较高,提示麦苗在营养学和医学上都有很高的研究价值.     

The influence of 24-epibrassidinolide on the hormonal status of wheat plants under sodium chloride

We studied the influence of the pretreatment of wheat seedling (Triticum aestivum L.) with 0.4 μM 24-epibrassidinolide (EB) on the growth and hormone status of plants under the influence of 2% NaCl. The pretreatment with EB promoted the lowering of the extent of the damaging influence of salinity on the growth of seedling. The important contribution to the realization of the protective action of EB in the pretreatment of plants is probably that of its ability to lower the level of stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation and the decrease in the content of indole-acetic acid. At the same time, the cytokinin concentration in plants pretreated with EB under salinity was practically the same as in plants without stress. This fact combined with data about the ability of EB to induce the increase in cytokinin content in wheat, obtained before, allowed us to assume that the protective action of EB on plants is connected, first of all, with the prevention of the decrease in level of hormones of cytokinin nature under salinity.     

微波高压罐水解法在氨基酸分析中的应用简报

本文报导了采用微波高压罐水解技术快速水解食物蛋白质,并测定其１７种氨基酸含量的方法。研制的高压罐具有密闭性、微波穿透性好,耐热、耐压、耐腐蚀等特点。采用该高压罐研究了微波强度及作用时间等条件对氨基酸稳定性的影响,在微波输出功率１００Ｗ３５～４５分钟水解了３份食品样品,其氨基酸含量测定结果与传统的１１０℃２２左水解基本相符,１７种氨基酸５次平行测定结果ＣＶ值均＜１０％。