温度对池蝶蚌雌雄同体和性逆转的影响

为探究温度对池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)性腺发育的影响, 研究连续两年对池蝶蚌性腺进行雌雄同体现象筛选及跟踪观察, 并采用5个温度诱导池蝶蚌生殖滤泡分化。通过对不同时期的池蝶蚌的性腺进行qRT-PCR检测, 同时利用原位杂交技术对性别决定关键基因Dmrt1进行细胞定位。结果显示: 在自然条件下, 6月龄池蝶蚌出现了雌雄同体现象, 28月龄的雌雄同体蚌到30月龄左右会出现不同性别的分化(77.8%分化为雄蚌, 16.7%维持雌雄同体现象, 5.5%分化为雌蚌)。在不同温度刺激下, 14月龄池蝶蚌出现了雌雄同体和性逆转现象。32℃刺激, 14月龄雄蚌出现12.5%雌雄同体; 27℃刺激, 14月龄雄蚌和27月龄雄蚌分别出现37.5%和12.5%性逆转; 23℃刺激, 14月龄雌蚌出现14.29%性逆转; 19℃刺激, 14月龄雌蚌出现25%性逆转。qRT-PCR结果显示: Dmrt1在胚胎及6、27月龄表达显著高于其他时期, 32℃刺激, 在27月龄雄蚌中的表达显著高于其他温度, 19℃刺激, 在14、27月龄雌蚌中的表达显著高于其他温度; Fem1b、Fem1c的时空表达趋势基本一致, 与Tra2a大体一致, 在5、32月龄与Sox9相互抑制; 19℃、23℃和27℃刺激, Fem1b、Tra2a和Sox9三个基因在14月龄雄蚌中表达显著高于其他温度, 且23℃刺激, Sox9在27月龄雄蚌中表达也显著高于其他温度; Foxl2在27℃下的27月龄雌蚌中表达显著高于其他温度。Tra2a、Fem1b、Fem1c、Sox9和Dmrt1五个基因在不同月龄的雌雄同体蚌内表达有显著差异, Foxl2在雌蚌和雌雄同体蚌内表达显著高于同期雄蚌。原位杂交技术结果显示, Dmrt1 mRNA阳性信号主要定位在精原细胞、初级精母细胞和成熟卵母细胞中。综上所述, 温度影响池蝶蚌生殖滤泡的分化, 27℃及以上的高温容易诱导雄蚌向雌蚌逆转或产生雌雄同体现象, 23℃及以下的低温容易诱导雌蚌向雄蚌逆转; 并且温度很可能是通过调控Dmrt1等性别相关基因的表达量, 从而调节生殖滤泡分化的。     

外来种池蝶蚌与本地种三角帆蚌及其杂交种对三种生态因子的耐受力

为了探索外来种池蝶蚌引入的生态风险,对池蝶蚌(C)与三角帆蚌(S)及其杂交种正交F1(三角帆蚌♀×池蝶蚌♂,SC)、反交F1(池蝶蚌♀×三角帆蚌♂,CS)幼蚌的低氧、干露和重金属汞耐受力进行了比较研究.结果表明:4种幼蚌对低氧、干露和重金属汞均有不同程度的耐受能力.其中CS 的窒息点最低(0.92 mg·L-1),对低氧的耐受力最强,其次是C和SC,窒息点分别为1.04和1.10 mg·L-1,S窒息点最高(1.31 mg·L-1),方差分析表明S与其它3种差异均极显著(P＜0.01),耐低氧能力最弱.C、SC和CS的干露耐受力无明显差异,但要显著强于S(P＜0.01).根据4种幼蚌72 h和96 h对汞的半致死浓度的耐受力由强至弱依次为C＞CS＞SC＞S.表明池蝶蚌的耐受力显著强于三角帆蚌,今后应加强对池蝶蚌的监控和防范力度,以避免对中国的特有种三角帆蚌构成生存威胁.     

绢丝丽蚌胚胎发育的研究

绢丝丽蚌卵为均黄卵,爱精卵在雌蚌外鳃中进行胚胎发育,其卵裂为不等完全卵裂。在秋季自然常湿（水温变幅为２４－８℃）时,胚胎发育历时５１ｄ,经过卵裂期、原肠期,发育为具有透明原壳、过钩、闭壳肌丝、内足丝、刚毛和外足丝的成熟钩介幼虫。胚胎发育的不同时期与外鳃特征具相关性。     

背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育的初步研究

用显微技术研究了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)胚胎发育和钩介幼虫结构。结果表明,背瘤丽蚌卵为均黄卵,受精卵分布在雌蚌内、外鳃腔中进行胚胎发育;胚胎发育同步;胚胎发育过程包括受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、膜内钩介幼虫期和钩介幼虫期;卵裂为螺旋不等完全卵裂;未受精的成熟卵在鳃腔内退化;胚胎发育期与胚胎、外鳃和内鳃颜色相关;怀卵母蚌胚胎在外界环境变化时容易全部流产。分析认为背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育期的繁殖特征可指导人工苗种生产。     

基于转录组的池蝶蚌系统发育及其遗传分析

池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)和三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)的亲缘关系一直存在争议,为了更深入地对淡水珠蚌进行系统发育分析,研究对池蝶蚌及其3个近缘物种三角帆蚌、褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)和背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的转录组进行了比较分析。对它们共有单拷贝同源基因进行多序列联配后计算这4种淡水珠蚌之间的遗传距离,结果表明池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌的遗传距离只有0.00746(小于1%),而其他淡水珠蚌之间的遗传距离几乎是它的10倍(平均大于6%)。系统发育分析表明,小方蚌亚科与无齿蚌亚科大约在5144万年前发生分歧,而池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌发生分化的时间大约在424万年前。进一步的遗传差异分析鉴定了池蝶蚌转录组中的特有基因,其中KEGG通路富集的结果表明这些基因主要富集在免疫细胞膜分子和蛋白消化吸收等通路上。同时, GO注释结果表明有很多特有基因与池蝶蚌的优良性状相关,如与发育相关的生长发育、系统发育和动物器官发育等生物学过程,及与免疫相关的免疫系统过程、抗原处理和呈递等生物学过程。以上结果表明,池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌具有更近...     

池蝶蚌线粒体基因组双单性遗传现象分析

部分双壳贝类的线粒体遗传方式不同于标准的母系遗传(SMI),被称为双单性遗传现象(DUI)。池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)是淡水双壳贝类,是否存在双单性遗传现象?本文采用普通PCR扩增、SHOT-GUN测序及软件拼接获得了雄性池蝶蚌线粒体基因组(以下简称Hs-mtDNA)全序列,并与本实验室已报道的雌性池蝶蚌线粒体基因组全序列进行差异性分析。结果表明,雄性和雌性Hs-mtDNA全长分别为15961 bp和15939 bp,雄性比雌性长22 bp,雌雄线粒体基因组成与排列顺序一致。各蛋白编码基因的碱基数目均一致,碱基转换率为1.01%～7.34%,颠换率为0.00%～0.62%,氨基酸差异率为0.00%～9.35%;其中,COX1基因变异率为2.72%;COX2基因碱基变异率最高,达7.50%,雄性COX2的3'末端没有出现编码延伸区。雄性12S rRNA基因发生5 bp的碱基转换,差异率为0.6%;16S rRNA基因比雌性长9 bp,碱基差异率仅为1.2%。雌雄tRNA-His均位于H链上,介于COX2与ND3之间,没有出现位置的差异性。雌雄Hs-mtDNA的非编码区共有28个1～393 bp的片段,但未见控制区。在tRNA-Glu与tRNA-Tyr间有一段长393 bp的非编码区存在蛋白质翻译功能,但非雄性特异性蛋白。以COX1基因建立系统进化树,池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)聚在一起,而含有双单性遗传现象的无齿蚌属的Pyganodon grandis、小方蚌亚科的Venustaconcha ellipsiformis及小方形蚌属的Quadrula quadrula三者雄性聚为一支,雌性聚为一支。因此,雌雄池蝶蚌线粒体存在一定的差异性,但其差异要比其他具有双单性遗传现象的淡水双壳类小得多,且池蝶蚌线粒体遗传可能不存在双单性遗传现象。     

池蝶蚌和三角帆蚌谷胱甘肽S转移酶基因表达特征

采用RT-PCR方法克隆获得池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegerlii)和三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)GST片段,两种蚌的GST核苷酸序列相同,推导其编码92个氨基酸;经与不同物种进行氨基酸序列比对,显示其与软体动物、两栖动物和高等哺乳动物的GST具有高度同源性。RT-PCR半定量分析表明,GST在两种蚌的肝、闭壳肌等11种组织中除肠以外均有表达,肝中表达量较大;注射嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)后,三角帆蚌血细胞中GST表达量先降低后升高,而池蝶蚌血细胞中GST表达量先升高后降低,且在感染3h、6h、9h和24h时表达量约为三角帆蚌的2倍。     

不同水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的影

本文研讨了各种人控恒温和自然水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育周期,各发育阶段以及卵裂同步率等的影响。在水温9.6±3.6℃到23℃之间,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎均能发育;最适发育水温为18—23℃。29℃以上,胚胎不能发育。变温对胚胎发育有益。胚胎在卵裂阶段对水温特别敏感,水温越高,卵裂虽然越快,但卵裂期同步率越低;胚胎处在自然水温中,经过低温,卵裂期同步率最高。     

拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼生长特性观察

为阐明拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育特点,采用人工催产的方式获得受精卵,观察分析了拟赤梢鱼胚胎发育和仔稚发育的时序特征.结果表明:拟赤梢鱼成熟卵粒为黄色圆球形,平均卵径为(1.77±0.20)mm,遇水具微黏性;在水温23℃条件下,胚胎发育经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、...     

池蝶蚌线粒体基因组全序列分析简

采用普通PCR扩增、SHOT-GUN测序、软件拼接首次获得了池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)线粒体基因组全序列。线粒体基因组全长为15939 bp,由13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个SrRNA基因和28个长度为1—393 bp的非编码区组成;除ND3-ND5、ND4L、ATP6、ATP8、COX1-COX3、tRNA-D、tRNA-H之外,其他大多数基因在L链编码。池蝶蚌线粒体全基因组序列、蛋白编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因及非编码区的A+T含量分别为60.36%、59.84%、61.7%、60.23%及62.5%,与其他淡水蚌类一致,均表现出A+T偏好性,淡水蚌类线粒体基因组长度的差异主要表现在非编码区长度的差异。池蝶蚌mtDNA的COX2-12SrRNA区域基因排列存在差异,是ND3、tRNAHis、tRNAAla、tRNASer1、tRNASer2、tRNAGlu、ND2、tRNAMet 8个基因发生重组造成。22个tRNA基因都具有典型的三叶草二级结构,tRNA-E与tRNA-W间的非编码区含有一个ORF区,而控制区并未发现。从GenBank上下载的14种双壳纲贝类的mtDNA序列构建的系统进化树,显示池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌亲缘关系最近。研究结果为淡水珍珠蚌线粒体基因重排及进化特征提供理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.