腐乳废水生物转化单细胞蛋白的研究

利用腐乳酿造过程中所排放的废水,以白地霉1315为菌种,采用液体深层发酵法培养,使白地霉菌体蛋白产率达到10 g/L左右,产品的蛋白质含量达41.6%。发酵前后废液中COD(化学耗氧量)平均降低71.1%,SS(悬浮物)含量平均降低73.4%,从而实现了腐乳生产废水资源化利用的目的。     

霉菌毒素与肿瘤

霉菌是一类丝状真菌,有的可以引起食品及一些用品的霉烂。霉菌种类多、分布广,与人类生产、生活关系密切。人们利用某些毛霉能分解蛋白质的特点制作腐乳,利用黑曲霉的糖化能力酿酒,利用根霉发酵饲料,利用青霉生产抗菌素等等。但是,有不少霉菌能引起动植物病害并损害...     

白地霉中甘露醇的鉴定及其形成机制的研究

(1)白地霉菌絲中含有大量的多元醇,經紙层析、紙电泳及提純結晶制备衍生物等方法鉴定为甘露醇。(2)白地霉无細胞提取液中有NADP-甘露醇脫氫酶存在,催化甘露醇被NADP氧化为果糖或相反地果糖被NADPH_2还原为甘露醇。(3)白地霉无細胞提取液中有磷酸酯酶,催化果糖磷酸酯水解为自由果糖及无机磷酸。(4)白地霉中測不出果糖-6-磷酸还原酶活力。(5)确定了甘露醇的形成途径为: D-果糖磷酸→Pi→D-果糖←NADPH_2 NADP→D-甘露醇(6)D-木糖培养的白地霉适应形成了NAD-艾杜糖醇脫氫酶,催化: 木糖醇←NAD NADH_2→D-木酮糖D-山梨醇←NAD NADH_2→D-果糖     

白地霉G38生物转化制备抗忧郁药?-fluoxetine

从200株菌中筛选出具有双酮化合物还原活力较高的菌株7株,其中以白地霉(Geotrickum, sp. )G38活力最高,而且有较好的区域选择性和立体选择性。白地霉G38能对β-羰基苯丙酸乙酯进行不对称还原,生成?-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯,用于制备抗忧郁药?-fluoxetine。用二甲基硅橡胶包埋白地霉菌体取代游离菌体进行生物转化,可以提高反应的立体选择性,对映体过量值从49％提高到81％。     

白地霉G38生物转化制备抗忧郁药(R)-fluoxetine

从200株菌中筛选出具有双酮化合物还原活力较高的菌株7株,其中以白地霉(Geotrickum, sp. )G38活力最高,而且有较好的区域选择性和立体选择性。白地霉G38能对β-羰基苯丙酸乙酯进行不对称还原,生成(R)-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯,用于制备抗忧郁药(R)-fluoxetine。用二甲基硅橡胶包埋白地霉菌体取代游离菌体进行生物转化,可以提高反应的立体选择性,对映体过量值从49％提高到81％。     

日粮中霉菌毒素引发小熊猫中毒性肝炎的临床调查

本文报道了小熊猫霉菌毒素中毒性肝炎的群发病案。35 只小熊猫中,21 只发病,5 只死亡。通过日粮成分调查,饲料中霉菌毒素检测,病原微生物检查,血液参数测定,病理学检查和动物试验,确诊为呕吐毒素(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(F-2)毒素中毒。依据调查结果对小熊猫进行治疗,小熊猫预后良好。结论:(1)小熊猫对霉菌毒素(DON 和F-2 毒素)极其敏感,应予以高度重视;(2)DON 和F-2 毒素存在相互增强作用,对小熊猫的毒性作用主要为肝毒性和肾毒性,并可导致小熊猫机体免疫功能降低;(3)小熊猫对霉菌毒素的耐受性与环境的适应性有关,应激因素能提高小熊猫对霉菌毒素的敏感性。      

霉玉米粉中赤霉烯酮的分离、提纯和鉴定

赤霉烯酮通常是镰刀菌感染麦类或玉米产生的一种类雌性激素。五十和六十年代均有报道。1966年Urry等阐明了这个毒素的化学结构,并称这种毒素在已发现的霉菌毒素中唯有它损伤动物生殖器官。1973年,于上海郊区县发现猪吃了赤霉病麦后,出现外阴红肿、直肠脱出等病症。从这批病麦中我们曾分离得     

真菌利用异丁胺和NaNO2合成亚硝基哌啶

致癌物亚硝基哌啶(Nitrosopiperidine)可以在林县食物中几种常见的真菌(串珠镰刀菌、圆弧青霉、娄地青霉、白地霉、互隔交链孢霉和杂色曲霉)参加下,由异丁胺和NaNO2合成。以白地霉和娄地青霉的合成能力为最强,分别为每瓶48120ng和40754ng,是杂色曲霉合成量的十几倍。利用气相色谱(Gc)／热能分析器(TEA)分析和鉴定,井用薄层色谱(TLc)将其纯化,又用高分辨气相色谱(GC)／质谱(MS)予以证实。本实验首次证明真菌可以使一级胺环化,生成环状二级胺,这为真菌与亚硝胺生成关系提供了新的线索。     

Protein extraction methods suitable for SDS-PAGE analysis from hyphae of Rhizopus nigricans

为制备适合SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析的黑根霉菌丝蛋白样品,采用不同的提取方法对黑根霉的菌丝进行蛋白质提取.结果表明:黑根霉菌丝经低温冷冻过夜后,直接用0.2 mol/L NaOH处理10 min,再加入上样缓冲液沸水浴,这一方法能快速、方便、有效的提取蛋白质.利用该方法比较了黑根霉与黑根霉甲苯耐受菌菌丝蛋白组成上的差异.     

酒精废水发酵生产白地霉（续上期）

2　结果和讨论2 1　糖蜜酒精废水稀释倍数对摇瓶发酵产率的影响 :糖蜜酒精废水虽然含有丰富有机质 ,但是也含有大量酵母的代谢废物和一些未知的毒素杂质 ,对白地霉的生长有一定影响 ,为此进行了废水的稀释倍数试验 (表 1 )。表 1　废水稀释倍数对白地霉生长的影响稀释倍数 (倍 ) 稀释后还原糖浓度 (% ) 菌丝体干重(ｇ/2 0 0ｍｌ) 菌丝体干重得率 (% )0 (对照 ) 1 60 0 760 3 80 2 1 3 3 1 12 0 5 60 3 1 2 3 1 0 2 0 5 10 41 14 0 90 0 450 5 1 0 60 82 0 411 0 0 80 0 780 3 9　　从表 1可以看出稀释 0 2倍的白地霉产量最…     

微量元素在大鼠体内的分布

为了研究微量元素在大鼠体内的分布,本实验将大鼠分为两组,喂镍组大鼠每天灌喂1％硫酸镍0.25毫升,另一组大鼠喂水作对照,一个月后,处死全部大鼠,取鼻咽、气管、食管、胃、小肠、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、大脑、颅骨及皮毛等13种器官和组织,用发射光谱技术测定微量元素的含量。结果表明,喂镍组大鼠的鼻咽、气管、食管、肺、颅骨、心、脾和肾的镍含量显著地高于正常组(P<0.01),实验组大鼠鼻咽的镍含量明显增高这一事实,可以解释硫酸镍在诱发大鼠鼻咽癌的作用。     

Effect of feeding polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1260) on hepatic enzymes of rats

Significant increase in the activity of liver succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was observed in male Wistar rats, fed Aroclor 1260 (PCB; polychlorinated biphenyl) at 50 and 100 ppm level for 120 days. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased in 50 ppm PCB fed animals and decreased in 100 ppm PCB fed rats. On the other hand, enzymes like alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline and acid phosphatase showed remarkable decrease in activity in PCB fed animals. Slab gel electrophoresis of LDH isozymes showed remarkable increase in LDH2 and LDH3 and to some extent increase in LDH1 isozymes of livers of 50 ppm PCB fed animals but not in 100 ppm PCB fed groups as compared to controls. In both the PCB fed groups, liver showed centrilobular hypertrophy, hepatocellular damage, hyperplasia, karyolysis and karyorrhexis.     

Accurate measurement of body weight and food intake in environmentally enriched male Wistar rats

Laboratory animals are crucial in the study of energy homeostasis. In particular, rats are used to study alterations in food intake and body weight. To accurately record food intake or energy expenditure it is necessary to house rats individually, which can be stressful for social animals. Environmental enrichment may reduce stress and improve welfare in laboratory rodents. However, the effect of environmental enrichment on food intake and thus experimental outcome is unknown. We aimed to determine the effect of environmental enrichment on food intake, body weight, behavior and fecal and plasma stress hormones in male Wistar rats. Singly housed 5–7‐week‐old male rats were given either no environmental enrichment, chew sticks, a plastic tube of 67 mm internal diameter, or both chew sticks and a tube. No differences in body weight or food intake were seen over a 7‐day period. Importantly, the refeeding response following a 24‐h fast was unaffected by environmental enrichment. Rearing, a behavior often associated with stress, was significantly reduced in all enriched groups compared to controls. There was a significant increase in fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) in animals housed with both forms of enrichment compared to controls at the termination of the study, suggesting enrichment reduces hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activity in singly housed rats. In summary, environmental enrichment does not influence body weight and food intake in singly housed male Wistar rats and may therefore be used to refine the living conditions of animals used in the study of energy homeostasis without compromising experimental outcome.     

Effect of molybdenum supplementation onN-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced mammary carcinogenesis and molybdenum excretion in rats

Molybdenum (Mo) supplementation reduces the incidence of nitrosamine-induced tumors in the esophagus and forestomach of laboratory animals, and the incidence of mammary cancer in female rats induced byN-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded amounts of Mo on NMU-induced mammary carcinogenesis, and on the excretion of Mo and copper (Cu). Female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 wk were givenad libitum a low-Mo (0.026 mg/kg) diet and deionized water. After 15 d, a single SC injection of 50 mg NMU/kg body wt was administered to each of 30 rats in groups 2–5. Eight rats in group 1 served as untreated control. One week after the carcinogen treatment, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg Mo from sodium molybdate were added to each liter of drinking water for groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Groups 1 and 2 did not receive any Mo supplementation. After the rats had been Mosupplemented for 38, 67, and 85 d, 48-h urine and fecal samples were collected from the same 48 rats, and Mo and Cu were determined. Molybdenum seemed to have little effect on Cu excretion. At each time interval, animals fed 0 or 0.1 mg Mo/L excreted more Mo in feces than in urine, whereas rats fed 1 and 10 mg Mo/L water excreted more Mo in urine than in feces, which indicates that Mo absorption was not easily saturated as the amount of Mo increased. However, the liver became saturated with Mo when 0.1–1 mg Mo/L was fed. The total number of palpable tumors per group 101 d after NMU administration was 109, 115, 101, and 81, and the total carcinomas per group were 92, 96, 86, and 65 for the animals in groups 2–5, respectively. The results indicate that supplemental Mo in the amount of 10 mg/L of drinking water inhibited mammary carcinogenesis.     

Cell population kinetics and DNA content during thyroid carcinogenesis

The proliferation kinetics and DNA content of thyroid follicular cells in rats were studied by autoradiography and cytophotometry. Continuous treatment of animals with methylthiouracil (MTU) results in hyperplasia followed by tumour growth in the thyroid gland. The mitotic index (MI) increases from 0.006 +/- 0.002% in controls to 0.13 +/- 0.06% in hyperplasia and to 0.09 +/- 0.03% in malignant cells. The same is true for the labelling index (LI) which rises from 0.08 +/- 0.003% in controls to 1.4 +/- 1.1% in hyperplasia and to 1.0 +/- 0.6% in follicular adenomas. The S-phase duration (TS) is shortened from 8.0 +/- 1.2 hr in controls to 6.0 +/- 1.4 hr in animals treated for 9 months with MTU and prolonged to 15.4 +/- 2.1 hr in papillary carcinomas. In all MTU-treated animals a decrease in the value of the potential population doubling time (TPD) and thyroid weight doubling time (TD) was observed. The cell loss factor (phi) decreases in animals treated for 3 months with MTU and increases during the stage of tumour growth in the gland (animals treated 12-15 months with MTU). DNA measurements in the nuclei of hyperplastic and neoplastic thyroid tissues reveal cells with values exceeding that in control animals. However, no difference was found in the DNA content between thyroid adenomas and carcinomas, nor between thyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia.     

甲基苄基亚硝胺诱发鸡食管癌的实验研究

试图用甲基苄基亚硝胺(MBNA)诱发鸡的食营癌,在70只鸡中,部分的食管和嗉囊中有上皮增生和癌病变,一例为早期癌,但病变的发生与MBNA处理的时间和总剂量不相关,表明是“自发性”癌变,而非MBNA诱发的。体外实验,鸡的食管上皮细胞不能代谢MBNA,不能诱导V_(79)细胞的SCE,微核及6-TG抗性突变,亦说明MBNA不能诱发鸡的食管癌。     

Fasciola hepatica: Azetidine inhibition of bile duct hyperplasia in the infected rat

In controlled experiments the luminal bile duct perimeters were compared between rats infused with l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) (120 μmole/rat/day) and rats infused with saline after both groups had been implanted with adult Fasciola. The average bile duct lumen in the group receiving AZC did not enlarge relative to controls, and was about one-half the average perimeter of ducts from rats infused with saline that had worm implants. These results indicate that azetidine can inhibit bile duct hyperplasia induced by Fasciola which inhabit the duct. The results also support the hypothesis that the hyperplasia of fascioliasis is mediated through the release of free proline from the worms where it is present in high concentrations.     

Differential effect of fasting on IGF-BPs in serum of young and adult rats and its implication to impaired skin GAG content

During fasting or aging of animals there is a decreased content of skin glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). It has been found that the skin of adult rats contains about 60% of GAGs found in the skin of young animals. Fasting of both groups of animals (young and adult) resulted in decrease of GAG content. However, GAG content in the skin of fasted young rats decreased by 30% and in fasted adult rats by 15% only, compared to fed animals, respectively. The mechanism for the phenomena is not known. We considered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as a potential candidate involved in regulation of GAG biosynthesis in both experimental models of animals. Adult rat sera were found to contain about 75% of IGF-I recovered from young rat sera. Fasting of both groups of animals resulted in dramatic decrease in serum IGF-I levels to about 50% of initial values. Since IGF-I activity and IGF-I serum half-life depends on the level of specific IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) we determined (i) relationship between main groups of IGFBPs, namely high molecular weight binding proteins (HMWBPs) and low molecular weight binding proteins (LMWBPs) and (ii) the amounts of IGF-I bound to respective proteins in the sera of all experimental animals. Control young rat serum was found to contain about 90% of HMWBPs and about 10% of LMWBPs as determined by ligand binding assay. In contrast, control adult rat serum contained about 60% of HMWBPs and about 40% of LMWBPs. Fasting of both groups of animals resulted in significant increase in serum levels of LMWBPs. Control young rat serum was found to contain about 8% IGF-I bound to LMWBPs while serum of control adult rats contained 18% IGF-I bound to these proteins. In sera of fasted young animals however, about 75% of the bound IGF-I was recovered from LMWBPs (about 60% of total serum IGF-I) while in sera of fasted adult animals only about 56% of the bound IGF-I was recovered from LMWBPs (about 50% of total serum IGF-I). Evidence was provided that during fasting of both groups of animals there is a significant decrease in serum BP-3 and dramatic increase in serum BP-1 concentrations, compared to respective controls. However, the concentration of BP-1 in serum of fasted young rats was increased by about 60 fold while in serum of fasted adult rats only by about 10 fold, compared to respective control animals. Negative correlation between skin GAG content and LMWBPs derived IGF-I during fasting of young (r = - 0.943, p < 0.001) and adult ( r = - 0.571, p < 0.01) rats was found.The data presented suggest that the effects of aging and fasting on decreased skin GAG content may be due to induction of LMWBPs that are known to (i) inhibit IGF-I dependent function and (ii) increase clearance of IGF-I from circulation. However, the effects of fasting are distinct in respect to young and adult rats suggesting that mechanisms involved in regulation of IGF-I bioactivity during aging are more complex that during fasting.     

Influence of protein nutrition on dose-survival relationship following rat kidney irradiation

Immediately following unilateral nephrectomy the remaining kidney of juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats was sham irradiated or irradiated to doses of 14-30 Gy. Following irradiation the animals were placed on isocaloric diets of either 20 or 4% protein. Median life spans for the animals on the low protein diet were significantly increased compared to the median life spans on the 20% protein diet. Serum urea nitrogen (SUN) levels were periodically measured in rats from each of the experimental groups. SUN levels in the irradiated rats fed the 20% protein diet increased significantly over unirradiated controls as a function of time. In contrast animals fed the 4% protein diet showed no significant changes in SUN levels irrespective of the size of radiation dose and time post irradiation. Renal protective factors calculated as the ratio of 80% survival times for animals fed the 20% protein diet compared to animals fed the 4% protein diet can be calculated to be 2.3 at 18 Gy and 2.8 at 22 Gy. Likewise, a SUN protective factor calculated as the ratio of percentage of nonirradiated control SUN values for the two diets (SUN 20% irradiated) (SUN 20% nonirradiated) (SUN 4% irradiated) (SUN 4% nonirradiated) is 2.4 for 18 Gy and 3.9 for 22 Gy.     

Dietary fish oils modify adipocyte structure and function.

Dietary fish oils, enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., MaxEPA fish oil), inhibit lipogenesis and have a marked hypotriglyceridemic effect in man and experimental animals. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids also reduce adipose tissue trophic growth in rats. To understand the metabolic basis for this, we measured the effect of fish oil feeding upon rat plasma triglyceride concentration, fat pad mass, fat cell size, fat cell lipolysis, as well as lipoprotein binding to adipocyte plasma membranes. In adolescent (250 g) male Wistar rats fed 20% (w/w) fish oil supplemented diets for 3 weeks, plasma triglyceride levels and epididymal and perirenal fat pad mass were significantly (P less than 0.005) reduced compared to pair-fed controls given 20% lard diets. These differences in fat pad mass between the diets were greater than differences in whole animal mass or in the mass of livers, testes, kidneys, spleens, or hearts. Isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was significantly (P less than 0.005) higher in fish oil fed rats than in pair-fed controls. In young (100 g) rats plasma triglyceride levels were 10 times lower in the fish oil fed group after 5 weeks as compared to the lard-fed controls. This was accompanied by a reduction in epididymal and perirenal fat pad mass as well as a 2-3-fold decrease in adipocyte volumes; there was no significant difference between the two groups in fat cell number in each region. Plasma membranes of epididymal adipocytes from fish oil fed rats bound significantly (P less than 0.001) less HDL1 than the lard-fed rats, possibly as a result of a reduction in fat cell size and/or alteration of plasma membrane structure. Thus in both young and old rats, the reduction in plasma triglyceride concentration in conjunction with increased hormone-stimulated lipolysis may explain in part the selective reduction in adipose tissue trophic growth accompanying fish oil consumption.