肉桂醛、柠檬醛抑制黑曲霉生长的比较研究

黑曲霉是一类极易通过饲料、食品、粮油霉变而具致病性的有害真菌。与物理和化学方法抑制黑曲霉生长相比,生物抑菌剂抗黑曲霉生长具有药效久、无抗药性并安全健康的优点。本实验采用天然肉桂醛、柠檬醛作为抑菌剂,以正常生长的黑曲霉为对照,分别采用牛津杯法、气体扩散法比较对黑曲霉生长效果的影响。结果表明,柠檬醛作用所形成的抑菌圈显著大于肉桂醛作用所形成的抑菌圈,且在同一浓度下柠檬醛对菌丝体形态和孢子囊形态的抑制比肉桂醛显著,而气体扩散法抗黑曲霉效果优于牛津杯法。     

柠檬醛对黄曲霉质膜损伤机制的初步研究

与正常生长的黄曲霉对照 ,通过测定经柠檬醛毒化的菌丝体对还原糖和蛋白质利用率、[Na+ ,K+ ] ATPase分解ATP活性、细胞电解质渗出率、并结合扫描电镜和快速显微多道分光光度法观察菌丝体细胞及孢子形态变化 ,结果表明经该醛MIC毒化后 ,菌丝体细胞及孢子表面疏松而粗糙 ;隘痕缩小并关闭 ;电导率增加 5 2 8% ;对还原糖和蛋白质的利用速率分别下降 6 1 5 %和 44 3 % ;孢子萌发率下降至 6 1 4% ;该醛能明显改变细胞质膜的分子结构 ,使其失去选择通透性而抑制菌丝体生长和孢子萌发率。     

柠檬醛顺反异构体对黄曲霉超微结构及膜功能的影响

研究柠檬醛顺反异构体（香叶醛和橙花醛）抗菌性是阐明该醛抗菌机理核心所在.用酶转化法合成香叶醛和橙花醛后,用液态或气态的异构单体分别对黄曲霉孢子及菌丝体进行毒化.采用透射电镜、多维显微及激光拉曼散射技术对毒化的黄曲霉孢子及菌丝体进行显微结构观察和膜相关参数的测定.结果表明,无论是液体还是气体毒化方式,柠檬醛顺反异构体单独存在时均有抗黄曲霉作用;二者混合物的抗菌总活性与单体相比表现出一定程度协同性;二个异构单体的抗菌作用不仅表现为破坏黄曲霉超微结构,而且还反映在损伤其细胞膜体积调节功能及变形能力.     

柠檬醛胁迫环境下黄曲霉线粒体的畸变

通过对黄曲霉细胞受柠檬醛损伤后线粒体形态畸变的透射电镜观察,发现柠檬醛所产生胁迫环境影响线粒体DNA复制系统,产生增生变异的巨型线粒体而与之应答。丙二醛法测定黄曲霉细胞内自由基,结果表明药物进入细胞后还通过诱发自由基使线粒体损伤,致使氧化还原系统及细胞能量代谢途径受到影响。     

柠檬醛抗黄曲霉作用的分子机理

以多组分山苍子[Litsea cubeba(Lour)Per]香精油作为复合中药模型。以该香精油中主要抗菌成分柠檬醛为中药靶部位,以能分泌致癌毒素的黄曲霉单细胞作为药物作用对象,吸收当今医学影像领域先进的科学技术,采用多学科交叉策略,将多维显微、瑞利光散射(Rayleigh scattering)、电镜与生化分析4项技术构筑平台, 从细胞、亚细胞和生物大分子三个水平,研究柠檬醛作用于黄曲霉的动静态过程,阐明模拟的中药方剂靶部位对细胞整体的作用规律.发现该醛不仅能改变黄曲霉细胞膜的形态结构、物理学特性及其生物学功能(如对物质吸收的选择通透性,细胞体积调节机制等),而且使细胞膜产生脂质过氧化损伤;进入细胞后,既作用于细胞器(如线粒体、细胞核等),使其产生损伤及区域性分布;又通过干扰细胞内大分子拥挤状态,导致细胞内生物大分子构象的改变、高含量类大分子缔合反应不可逆增强以及因生化反应区域效应丧失而产生的新陈代谢紊乱,揭示该醛能使黄曲霉孢子失去萌发力、菌丝体生长被抑制及产生孢子的能力,在于黄曲霉细胞膜、细胞器及大分子失去了正常结构、功能及相关的调节机制.在实现对柠檬醛抗黄曲霉机理阐明的过程中,在研究思路和方法上进行全新的探索.     

柠檬醛损伤黄曲霉线粒体生化机理的研究

应用生物化学方法并结合扫描电镜,研究柠檬醛掺入黄曲霉细胞,并通过损伤线粒体(Mt),导致抑制其生长的机理。结果表明,在药物致敏浓度时,菌丝体经该醛作用后,胞内Mt呈不规则增多,氧化还原反应系统受到破坏,与对照组相比,柠檬醛组的琥珀酸脱氢酶(Succinate Dehydrogenase,SDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate Dehydrogenase,MDH)活性分别呈不可逆下降271%和242%,随着药物浓度的升高,SDH、MDH的活性直至消失;以琥珀酸、α酮戊二酸和丙酮酸为底物时,线粒体呼吸速率分别下降24.1%、14.3%和36.1%,提示柠檬醛能使菌丝体DNA、RNA、脂类和蛋白质等生物合成受到抑制,促进细胞死亡。     

柠檬醛致黄曲霉孢子丧失萌发力的机制

通过由倒置显微镜、衍射光栅和线阵光电偶合器件CCD(chargecoupleddevice)等构成的显微多道分光光度系统及由计算机DEPHI编程工具编制的单细胞凝胶电泳SCGE(single cellgelelectro phoresis)图像分析系统 ,摄取荧光显微镜所呈图像 ,再由图像捕捉卡将CCD产生的图像信号送入计算机 ,将柠檬醛对黄曲霉质膜和核DNA损伤的图像进行显示存储和分析处理 ,测定彗星长度、荧光强度、矩类及头尾DNA含量比等彗星参数指标 .结果发现Olive尾矩、尾长、尾分布矩等彗星尾参数指标与柠檬醛致黄曲霉损伤浓度呈正相关性 ,当致损浓度达到 1 5mg L以上时 ,DNA损伤为致死性损伤 ,不能被细胞内修复系统所修复 .揭示柠檬醛通过损伤质膜而进入细胞 ,对DNA产生不可逆损伤 ,使孢子失去萌发力的机制 .实现将DNA损伤的生化定性检测推进到数值化研究范围 ,为柠檬醛的开发应用提供了重要理论依据 .与国内外同类技术相比 ,本检测观察系统还具有高灵敏度、快速、无扰、多光谱显微测定之特点 .     

柠檬醛和桉叶油素的新资源植物

对湖北川桂叶油等四个样品的化学成分,使用毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用系统进行分析。结果表明,其中三个样品富含柠檬醛:长阳产川桂叶油(含77.99%)、咸丰产川桂叶油(含86.47%)和湖北樟叶油(含95.01%)。另外,樟树油樟型的叶油中,主要成分为1.8-桉叶油素,含量高达65.76%。这几种樟属植物是湖北的常见树种,资源丰富,鲜叶出油率较高,可供开发利用。     

额外拷贝ERG6基因对烟曲霉的影响

通过构建烟曲霉ERG6基因额外拷贝株．研究该基因对烟曲霉生长速度、抗药物敏感性的影响。在烟曲霉基因组找出烟曲霉可能的ERG6基因的开放读码框(ORF),PCR扩增ERG6的ORF连同其上下游各约1 kb的DNA片段,利用DNA重组的方法将该片段克隆到载体pRG-AMA1-NotI。用重组后的质粒转化烟曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷株AF293．1。在MM和YAG培养基上观察转化子的生长速度。采用纸片扩散法和微量液基稀释法测定转化子对抗真菌药物敏感性。烟曲霉基因组中存在一个拷贝的ERG6基因,ORF大小为1,256 bp。其编码的蛋白与白念珠菌、酿酒酵母固醇甲基转移酶(Ers6p)的氨基酸相同率分别为57%和50%,相似率分别为70%和63%。烟曲霉中ERG6基因被成功克隆到了pRG-AMA1-Not I,产生了质粒pERG6。用pERG6和空载体pRG-AMA1-Not I转化AF293．1后,分别得到转化子AF-pERG6和AF-empty。AF-pERG6在MM和YAG培养基上的生长速度均比AF-empty慢。AF-pERG6和AF-empty对伊曲康唑、伏力康唑、特比萘芬、两性霉素B、卡泊芬净、灰黄霉素的敏感性没有差异。ERG6基因额外拷贝不影响烟曲霉对伊曲康唑、伏力康唑、特比萘芬、两性霉素B、卡泊芬净、灰黄霉素的敏感性,但是能使烟曲霉的生长速度减慢。     

Insertional mutagenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus

We have investigated transformation with heterologous DNA as a method for insertional mutagenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus. Two methods, polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation of protoplasts and electroporation of germinating spores, were used to establish conditions leading to single-copy integration of transforming DNA at different genomic sites. We have assessed the effect of restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) for both methods. Non-REMI protoplast transformation led to integration of multiple copies of transforming DNA in the majority of transformants. Results of REMI with protoplast transformation varied depending on the enzyme used. Low concentrations of several restriction enzymes stimulated transformation, but of ten enzymes investigated only REMI with XhoI and KpnI resulted in single-copy integration of transforming DNA for the majority of transformants. For protoplast transformation with XhoI- or KpnI-based REMI, 50% and 76% of insertions, respectively, were due to integrations at a genomic enzyme site corresponding to the enzyme used for REMI. Electroporation of spores without addition of restriction enzyme resulted in a high transformation efficiency, with up to 67% of transformants containing a single copy of transforming DNA. In contrast to protoplast transformation, electroporation of spores in the presence of a restriction enzyme did not improve transformation efficiency or lead to insertion at genomic restriction sites. Southern analysis indicated that for both protoplast transformation with REMI using KpnI or XhoI and for electroporation of spores without addition of restriction enzymes, transforming DNA inserted at different genomic sites in a high proportion of transformants. Received: 6 March 1998 / Accepted: 25 May 1998     

The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus

Despite the development of new treatments, the mortality due to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis remains above 50%, reaching 95% in certain situations. The battle against Aspergillus fumigatus involves several components of the pulmonary innate immune system: cells, mediators, and natural antifungal molecules involved in the recognition and elimination of the fungus, thereby preventing colonization of the respiratory system.With the 10,000–15,000 l of air we inhale each day, the lungs are constantly exposed to a wide range of microorganisms, such as A. fumigatus. This fungus is ubiquitous in the environment and can release large numbers of spores able, due to their small size, to penetrate the respiratory tract. The spores of A. fumigatus, like any other pathogen, are then confronted with the innate immune system, a constitutive defense system that is permanently active and tightly regulated. The various elements of the pulmonary innate immune system—physical and cellular barriers and soluble mediators—are involved in the recognition and elimination of pathogens, thereby preventing colonization of the respiratory system. Consequently, the presence of spores in immunocompetent hosts is completely innocuous, because these spores are normally eliminated. However, changes in one of the components of the defense system may lead to the development of pulmonary infections. Thus, in immunocompromised individuals, the spores are able to develop and cause pulmonary mycoses. These mycoses, known as aspergillosis, are highly variable, with the range of presentations extending from an allergy-type illness, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilloses, to a very serious generalized and frequently fatal infection: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA).     

Genes encoding multiple drug resistance-like proteins in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus

Polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers was used to identify genes encoding proteins of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. In A. fumigatus, two genes (AfuMDR1 and AfuMDR2) encoding proteins of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily were identified. One gene (AflMDR1) was isolated from A. flavus and is the apparent homologue to AfuMDR1. AfuMDR1and AflMDR1 encode proteins of molecular weights 148 000 and 143 000, respectively, each containing 12 putative transmembrane regions and two ATP-binding sites. These proteins are arranged in two homologous halves, each half consisting of a hydrophobic region (encoding six putative transmembrane domains) and an ATP-binding site. The AfuMDR1 and AflMDR1-encoded proteins bear a high degree of similarity to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe leptomycin B resistance protein and to human MDR1. The second gene identified in A. fumigatus, AfuMDR2, encodes a protein of molecular weight 85 000, containing four putative transmembrane domains and an ATP binding domain. The encoded protein is similar to those encoded by MDL1 and MDL2, two MDR-like genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of AFUMDR1 in S. cerevisiae conferred increased resistance to the antifungal agent cilofungin (LY121019), an echinocandin B analog.     

烟曲霉黑色素的研究进展

烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)是一种分布于世界各地的腐生真菌,属于人类临床常见的三大机会性致病真菌之一,是侵袭性曲霉菌病的主要病原菌。烟曲霉可以产生DHN-黑色素(dihydroxynaphthalene melanin)和脓黑素(pyomelanin)这2种类型黑色素。本综述介绍烟曲霉黑色素产生的遗传代谢途径、功能以及与宿主免疫系统相互作用的最新认识,有助于更好地理解烟曲霉的病理生理特征,为烟曲霉感染快速诊断技术和新型抗真菌药物的研发提供理论依据。     

纤维素降解菌烟曲霉HZ1的基因组测序及生物信息学分析

[目的]烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus作为一类具有纤维素降解能力的真菌,对其基因组的研究,将有利于从A.fumigatus中挖掘和开发利用与纤维素降解相关的酶资源.[方法]利用CMC选择培养基和刚果红染色法从长足大竹象肠道中分离和筛选出纤维素降解菌A.fumigatus HZ1,同时采用Illumin...     

Doxycycline-regulated gene expression in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus

Background  

Although Aspergillus fumigatus is an important human fungal pathogen there are few expression systems available to study the contribution of specific genes to the growth and virulence of this opportunistic mould. Regulatable promoter systems based upon prokaryotic regulatory elements in the E. coli tetracycline-resistance operon have been successfully used to manipulate gene expression in several organisms, including mice, flies, plants, and yeast. However, the system has not yet been adapted for Aspergillus spp.