应用斑点杂交方法对甜菜易位系传递率的分析

以白花甜菜特异的DNA重复序列1054作为探针,PCR法进行标记,对16个株系共264株进行了斑点杂交检测。结果表明,其后代总传递率达50.4%,其中株系11和株系14的传递率高达100%和83.3%。对高频传递株系的进一步研究,为确定其是否带有无融合生殖基因及进一步缩小无融合生殖基因的寻找范围提供了必要的研究基础。     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

本文综述了植物无融合生殖研究进展。无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,是新的研究热点。无融合合生殖转充研究取得长足进展。胚胎发生研究手段由切片技术逐渐发展为整体透明、组化荧光技术。大孢子母细胞（ＭＭＣ）细胞壁无胼胝质（ｃａｌｌｏｓｅ）及ＭＭＣ哑铃状核是二倍性孢子形成区别于有性生殖的特征。ＤＮＡ分子标记是无融合生殖研究的新的有效工具,狼尾草属、摩擦禾属的无融合生殖分子标记已被找到,并且后者已定位到玉米第６染色     

植物的无融合生殖

植物的无融合生殖肖辅珍,王景林（首都师范大学生物系,北京１０００３７）１无融合生殖及其类型无融合生殖（Ａｐｏｍｉｘｉｓ）是被子植物不经过精卵结合而产生种子的特殊生殖方式［１］。它广泛存在于自然界的多种植物中,或代替有性生殖（专性的）,或与有性生殖共存...     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

本文综述了植物无融合生殖研究进展。无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,是新的研究热点。无融合合生殖转育研究取得长足进展。胚胎发生研究手段由切片技术逐渐发展为整体透明、组化荧光技术。大孢子母细胞(MMC)细胞壁无胼胝质(callose)及MMC哑铃状核是二倍性孢子形成区别于有性生殖的特征。DNA分子标记是无融合生殖研究的新的有效工具,狼尾草属、摩擦禾属的无融合生殖分子标记已被找到,并且后者已定位到玉米第6染色体长臂末端。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布,无融合生殖的胚胎学,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势 ,从而改良现有植物的育种策略 ,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型 ,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布 ,无融合生殖的胚胎学 ,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等 6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述 ,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想     

植物无融合生殖相关基因研究进展

无融合生殖是指不经过精卵融合即可形成胚从而进行种子繁殖后代的一种特殊的无性生殖方式, 无融合生殖胚的形成没有父本的参与, 其后代是母本基因型的完整克隆, 因此是植物杂种优势固定与利用的一种最理想的途径, 具有巨大的潜在利用价值, 被誉为“无性革命”。按其胚体发生的途径, 无融合生殖可分为二倍体孢子生殖、无配子生殖和不定胚生殖三种类型。本文介绍了植物胚发育、胚乳发育、减数分裂等涉及无融合生殖过程的相关基因的研究进展, 同时介绍了可能与植物无融合生殖途径调控相关的几个基因片段的研究情况。     

甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究

利用常规研究方法,对甜菜单体附加系M 14品系(B eta vu lg aris L.,VV 1C、2n=18 1)的生殖方式进行细胞学与胚胎学研究.结果表明:(1)甜菜单体附加系M 14的4代细胞学检查表明:染色体组分别为VV 1C、2n=18 1;VV 0、2n=18 0;VV 2C、2n=18 2;VVV 0、2n=27 0;VVV 1C、2n=27 1;VVV 2C、2n=27 2等,其中VV 1C、2n=18 1的植株传递率平均为96.7%,表现为稳定传递,具有二倍体孢子无融合生殖特性;其余各种分离植株的传递率总计为3.25%,有性生殖发生率较低.(2)胚胎学研究表明,二倍体孢子无融合生殖的胚珠中,珠孔处看不到花粉管,胚囊没有发生受精作用.2个助细胞提前退化,半数卵细胞的极性与正常卵细胞相反;卵与次生核不经受精而自发分裂,卵细胞自发分裂产生无性胚,次生核自发分裂产生核型胚乳,而且次生核自发分裂早于卵细胞分裂;有性生殖胚珠中,珠孔处可见多条花粉管,胚囊里见到精卵融合的图像.表明甜菜单体附加系M 14是以二倍体孢子无融合生殖为主要繁殖方式,有性生殖为次要敏殖方式的兼性无融合生殖体.     

植物无融合生殖鉴定方法的研究进展

由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点,为了利用植物的无融合生殖,首先必须建立,发展和完善一套简单,准确的鉴定体系,目前有关植物无融合生殖的鉴定的方法,主要可以分为5大类型：（1）形态学观察法;（2）显微观察法;（3）生化鉴定法;（4）分子生物学的方法;（5）其它方法,主要对以上5类方法的各各鉴定方法进行了介绍,对几种已被证实有效方法的优缺点进行了比较,并就今后的改进方向进行了探讨。     

甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库的构建

为了克隆甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖相关基因 ,采用cDNA文库快速构建法制备了M14花蕾cDNA文库。根据甜菜单体附加系M14无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究结果 ,提取甜菜M14花蕾三个关键时期的RNA ,分离纯化mRNA ,以Oligo(dT)为引物 ,在逆转录酶的作用下 ,合成第一链cDNA ,进而合成第二链cDNA。含有EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ粘性末端的双链cDNA在T4DNA连接酶的作用下与载体λZAP臂相连 ,并对连接产物进行体外包装 ,得到噬菌体颗粒 ,即甜菜单体附加系M14花蕾cDNA文库。经大肠杆菌寄主菌株XL1-blueMRF’平板检测 ,三个文库滴度分别为 2 .8× 10 5pfu·mL-1、1.6× 10 5pfu·mL-1和 3.5× 10 5pfu·mL-1,克隆重组率为 83%、78%和 81%。cDNA文库可直接用于目的基因的筛选     

Apomixis for crop improvement

Summary Apomixis is a genetically controlled reproductive process by which embryos and seeds develop in the ovule without female meiosis and egg cell fertilization. Apomixis produces seed progeny that are exact replicas of the mother plant. The major advantage of apomixis over sexual reproduction is the possibility to select individuals with desirable gene combinations and to propagate them as clones. In contrast to clonal propagation through somatic embryogenesis or in vitro shoot multiplication, apomixis avoids the need for costly processes, such as the production of artificial seeds and tissue culture. It simplifies the processes of commercial hybrid and cultivar production and enables a large-scale seed production economically in both seed- and vegetatively propagated crops. In vegetatively reproduced plants (e.g., potato), the main applications of apomixis are the avoidance of phytosanitary threats and the spanning of unfavorable seasons. Because of its potential for crop improvement and global agricultural production, apomixis is now receiving increasing attention from both scientific and industrial sectors. Harnessing apomixis is a major goal in applied plant genetic engineering. In this regard, efforts are focused on genetic and breeding strategies in various plant species, combined with molecular methods to analyze apomictic and sexual modes of reproduction and to identify key regulatory genes and mechanisms underlying these processes. Also, investigations on the components of apomixis, i.e., apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and endosperm development without fertilization, genetic screens for apomictic mutants and transgenic approaches to modify sexual reproduction by using various regulatory genes are receiving a major effort. These can open new avenues for the transfer of the apomixis trait to important crop species and will have far-reaching potentials in crop improvement regarding agricultural production and the quality of the products.     

雀稗属无融合生殖研究进展

雀稗属(Paspalum)为禾本科黍亚科多年生或一年生植物,是黍亚科内最有经济价值的类群之一。雀稗属植物种群极其复杂,大多数为多倍体。由于多倍体的存在及有性生殖的自交不亲和等原因,雀稗属植物表现出复杂多样的生殖特性,是禾本科中具备无融合生殖特性种类最多的属。对雀稗属无融合生殖的分布、无融合生殖相关的细胞学和胚胎学基础、无融合生殖的特点及其遗传学和分子生物学研究进展进行了综述。     

植物无融合生殖研究的新进展

植物无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可固定杂种优势。对近几年来植物无融合生殖的研究进展及发展动态作一综述,列举了新发现的具有无融合生殖特性的植物种类：总结了控制无融合生殖的遗传机理：指出该研究领域中存在的问题：展望了该领域的发展前景。     

Apomixis is not prevalent in subnival to nival plants of the European Alps

Background and Aims

High alpine environments are characterized by short growing seasons, stochastic climatic conditions and fluctuating pollinator visits. These conditions are rather unfavourable for sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Apomixis, asexual reproduction via seed, provides reproductive assurance without the need of pollinators and potentially accelerates seed development. Therefore, apomixis is expected to provide selective advantages in high-alpine biota. Indeed, apomictic species occur frequently in the subalpine to alpine grassland zone of the European Alps, but the mode of reproduction of the subnival to nival flora was largely unknown.

Methods

The mode of reproduction in 14 species belonging to seven families was investigated via flow cytometric seed screen. The sampling comprised 12 species typical for nival to subnival plant communities of the European Alps without any previous information on apomixis (Achillea atrata, Androsace alpina, Arabis caerulea, Erigeron uniflorus, Gnaphalium hoppeanum, Leucanthemopsis alpina, Oxyria digyna, Potentilla frigida, Ranunculus alpestris, R. glacialis, R. pygmaeus and Saxifraga bryoides), and two high-alpine species with apomixis reported from other geographical areas (Leontopodium alpinum and Potentilla crantzii).

Key Results

Flow cytometric data were clearly interpretable for all 46 population samples, confirming the utility of the method for broad screenings on non-model organisms. Formation of endosperm in all species of Asteraceae was documented. Ratios of endosperm : embryo showed pseudogamous apomixis for Potentilla crantzii (ratio approx. 3), but sexual reproduction for all other species (ratios approx. 1·5).

Conclusions

The occurrence of apomixis is not correlated to high altitudes, and cannot be readily explained by selective forces due to environmental conditions. The investigated species have probably other adaptations to high altitudes to maintain reproductive assurance via sexuality. We hypothesize that shifts to apomixis are rather connected to frequencies of polyploidization than to ecological conditions.     

花椒和野花椒的无融合生殖

花椒与野花椒的胚囊发育类型属蓼型,成熟胚囊的卵器退化。花椒无雄花,不发生双受精,自发形成胚乳并产生珠心胚。野花椒虽有正常花粉,人工授粉后能萌发,但在花粉管长入胚囊之前卵器已解体,中央细胞中已形成胚乳游离核,因此也不发生双受精,由珠心细胞自发形成胚。这种现象是花椒和野花椒在长期进化过程中形成的一种十分特化的适应。     

Embryological Studies on Apomixis in Pennisetum squamulatum

Studies on the formation and development of the embryo sac of the apomictic material of Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen indicated that normal archesporial cell did form with consequent development of a megaspore mother cell and later meiotic division to give rise to a triad. But invariably the megaspore mother cell and the triad underwent degeneration after formation. During the period of formation or degeneration of the megaspore or the triad a number of nucellar cells around the degenerated sexual cell became much enlarged. Frequently, one of the enlarging nucellar cells near the micropylar end became vacuolated and then developed into an aposporous uninucleate embryo sac, which underwent two further mitotic divisions to form an aposporous four-nucleate embryo sac, where the four nuclei remained in the micropylar end. Thus in the mature aposporous embryo sac there were one egg cell, one synergid and one central cell (containing two polar nuclei). Antipodal cells were completely lacking. The pattern of development of the aposporous embryo sac resembles the panicum type. There were two types of embryo formed during apomictic development namely ( 1 ) The pre-genesis embryo--embryo formed without fertilization, 1 to 2 days before anthesis, and (2) The late-genesis embryo--derived from the unfertilized egg cells, 3 to 4 days after anthesis. In the late-genesis embryo type, the egg cell divided after the secondary nucleus has undergone division to form the endosperm nuclei. All egg cells developed vacuoles before they differentiated into embryos. The development of the aposporous embryo followed the sequence of the formation of globular, pearshaped embryo and full stages of differentiation. The unfertilized secondary nucleus divides to form free endosperm nuclei after being stimulated by pollination. The development of the endosperm belongs to the nuclear-type.     

Apomixis and reticulate evolution in the Asplenium monanthes fern complex

Background and Aims

Asexual reproduction is a prominent evolutionary process within land plant lineages and especially in ferns. Up to 10 % of the approx. 10 000 fern species are assumed to be obligate asexuals. In the Asplenium monanthes species complex, previous studies identified two triploid, apomictic species. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships in the A. monanthes complex and to investigate the occurrence and evolution of apomixis within this group.

Methods

DNA sequences of three plastid markers and one nuclear single copy gene were used for phylogenetic analyses. Reproductive modes were assessed by examining gametophytic and sporophyte development, while polyploidy was inferred from spore measurements.

Key Results

Asplenium monanthes and A. resiliens are confirmed to be apomictic. Asplenium palmeri, A. hallbergii and specimens that are morphologically similar to A. heterochroum are also found to be apomictic. Apomixis is confined to two main clades of taxa related to A. monanthes and A. resiliens, respectively, and is associated with reticulate evolution. Two apomictic A. monanthes lineages, and two putative diploid sexual progenitor species are identified in the A. monanthes clade.

Conclusions

Multiple origins of apomixis are inferred, in both alloploid and autoploid forms, within the A. resiliens and A. monanthes clades.     

大黍无融合生殖研究概况

从胚胎学和遗传学角度论述了大黍（Panicum maximum Jacq)的无融合生殖研究进展和存在的问题,展望了大黍作为无融合生殖基因供体。在无融合生殖研究上的利用前景。