尼日利亚不同区域黑猩猩社群的栖息地比较

研究了尼日利亚三处黑猩猩群落的生境结构,并利用点中心四分样方法评估了植被。共记录了38科150种植物,其中位于尼日利亚东北部的Gashaka Gumti国立公园Kwano栖息地(A区)有28科70种、位于尼日利亚东南部的Cross Rivers国立公园Butatong区域(B区)有36科120种、位于尼日利亚西南部的Ise森林保护区(C区)有30科92种。23科(60.53%)34种植物(22.67%)为三个区域的共有种,包括Afzelia africana、Drypetesgilgiana、Blighia sapida、Brachystegia eurycoma、Tetrapleuratetraptera等。在所有区域,对黑猩猩重要的科包括夹竹桃科(羊角棉Alstonia boonei、Picralima nitida)、含羞草亚科(腺瘤豆Piptadeniastrumafricanum、Tetrapleuratetraptera)、云实亚科(Brachystegiaspp.、Daniellia ogea)、桑科(非洲毒箭木Antiaris africana、Bosqueia angolensis、Ficusspp.)和梧桐科(Colaspp.、Sterculiaspp.)。在所有区域中,1m-10m高的树木是最常见的,胸径分布为B区最高,次之为C区,A区最低。结果表明,在尼日利亚的黑猩猩生境中具有重要的关键性植物,植物的垂直分层结构是尼日利亚黑猩猩生境管理的重要方面。     

Fertility desires of Yoruba couples of South-western Nigeria

Using the matched wife-husband (763) sample from the data collected from Ogbomoso and Iseyin towns in Oyo State, Nigeria, this paper examines factors associated with couples' fertility intention. The analysis used logistic regression models for predicting the effects of selected socioeconomic background characteristics on a couple's fertility intention. Results indicate high levels of concurrence among husbands and wives on fertility intention. Where differences exist, husbands are more pronatalists than their wives. About 87% of pairs of partners reported similar fertility preferences. Of these couples, 59.5% wanted more children while only 27.8% reported otherwise. The logistic regression models indicated that a couple's fertility intention was associated with age, education, place of residence, frequency of television-watching and number of living children. Therefore, programme interventions aimed at promoting fertility reduction in Nigeria should convey fertility regulation messages to both husbands and wives.     

Concentric leaf spot of yam (Dioscorea spp) in South-western Nigeria

The etiology and epidemiology of concentric leaf spot and seedling blight diseases of yam (Dioscorea spp) was investigated at Jbadan, south western Nigeria, in the low land humid tropics. Sclerotium rolfsii was associated with the concentric leaf spot and seedling blight of yam. The pathogen was also harbored by weeds namely Mucuna pruriensis, Commelina erecta, ipomea triloba, I. involucrataand Ipomoea sp found growing within the yam plots. A high mean inoculum densities of 3.0 ± 0.5 × 10⁶ colony forming unit/g of soil was estimated in the soil samples obtained from the yam plots This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Habitat use and social structure of a brown lemur hybrid population in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar

The population of brown lemurs has rapidly grown since their founders were introduced to the Berenty Reserve. The founders consist of two species (Eulemur fulvus rufus and E. collaris). To characterize the behavior of the population and to examine whether these characteristics affect population growth, I investigated the habitat use and social structure of the population of brown lemurs at Berenty (Berenty Eulemur). Behavior data were collected focusing on horizontal and vertical habitat use, activity rhythms, and intergroup relationships. These data were compared with the data of E. fulvus in other areas, with the previous studies done at Berenty, and with data on Berenty Lemur catta. Berenty Eulemur maintained a home range size comparable to E. f. rufus in the western deciduous dry forest, but was found at a lower level of the forest and had larger overlapping home ranges. Berenty Eulemur use food resources earlier in the morning than L. catta, intergroup conflict was avoided by vocal communication, and Berenty Eulemur made suitable use of their limited habitat. I suggest that a number of behavioral characteristics of Berenty Eulemur may contribute to their population growth.     

大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落植物区系、结构及动态

在多次调查的基础上,对四川大相岭自然保护区珙桐(Davidia involucrata)群落的植物区系组成、群落结构、更新现状以及群落演替进行了探究。结果表明:(1)大相岭自然保护区的植被为亚热带向温带过渡的区系类型,大量古老孑遗属的存在反映出珙桐群落植物区系的孑遗性和古老性。(2)群落整体径级结构呈偏正态分布型,高度级结构呈倒J型,群落结构发展趋势较为稳定。(3)大相岭自然保护区珙桐种群整体年龄结构近似呈金字塔型,为增长型种群。总体来说,珙桐纯林(C类型群落)搭配优势度最优,处于后期稳定型演替阶段,是大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落中的顶极群落。研究认为,设立专门的珙桐保护区开展就地保护是针对此类珙桐原生群落有效的保护方法。     

Habitat patchiness and macrobenthic community structure in an upland stream in temperate Victoria, Australia

SUMMARY. 1. Patterns of co-occurrence of benthic macroinvertebrates across different habitat patches were monitored for 1 year at one site on the Acheron River, Victoria.
2. There was a gradual transition in community structure between erosional and depositional habitat extremes. The correspondence between faunally defined sample groups and habitats was not exact.
3. Seasonal changes in community pattern were demonstrated only for erosional habitats. Again the transition was gradual rather than abrupt and contrasted sharply with data from more severe hydrological regimes.
4. Most of the community pattern was conferred by a minority of the species present. These species generally had special requirements that apparently could be satisfied only by being confined to the surface layer of sediments.     

三江源地区不同植被土壤固氮微生物的群落结构研究

利用PCR_RFLP和测序分析法对位于青藏高原腹地三江源自然保护区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高山森林等不同植被类型的土壤固氮微生物的群落组成进行了探讨。经过PCR_RFLP分析固氮基因nifH ,在3个样品中共得到2 33个克隆和99个可操作分类单元(OTUs) ,NQ_1样地具有最多的克隆数和OTUs,多样性为4 9 74 % ,在所有样品中分别具有1～2个明显的优势种群(占总克隆数>15 % ) ,并且具有4个共同的OTUs。选取了2 6个克隆进行基因测序分析,通过DNAMAN比较表明,这些序列间具有6 6 %～98%的相似性,并且在GenBank数据库中没有发现完全匹配的序列,因此这些序列可能代表着新的固氮生物株系。最后利用ClustalW与Mega软件构建了系统发育树,结果发现,这些序列被分为4个不同的簇,部分序列与属于蛋白细菌(Proteobacteria)的已知细菌具有近的亲缘关系,但是更多的序列与已知细菌具有较远的亲缘关系,而且nifH基因序列的分布在样地间没有明显的聚类     

Genetic structure of chimpanzee populations

Little is known about the history and population structure of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, in part because of an extremely poor fossil record. To address this, we report the largest genetic study of the chimpanzees to date, examining 310 microsatellites in 84 common chimpanzees and bonobos. We infer three common chimpanzee populations, which correspond to the previously defined labels of “western,” “central,” and “eastern,” and find little evidence of gene flow between them. There is tentative evidence for structure within western chimpanzees, but we do not detect distinct additional populations. The data also provide historical insights, demonstrating that the western chimpanzee population diverged first, and that the eastern and central populations are more closely related in time.     

湖北后河自然保护区果子狸栖息地选择的初步研究

果子狸(Paguma larvata)隶属于花面狸属(Paguma),灵猫科(Viverridae),主要栖息于季雨林、常绿或落叶阔叶林、稀疏灌丛或间杂石山的稀树裸岩地(高耀亭,1987).     

广西木论国家级自然保护区细痣疣螈栖息地环境的调查分析

2010年3～9月,运用样线调查和植被样方调查的方法,对广西木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特林区细痣疣螈的分布、数量和栖息地环境进行了调查,使用GPS对各分布点进行地理坐标定位,观测记录植物种类、多度、盖度,记录地形、海拔、坡向、坡位、坡度、森林起源、土壤类型、水塘长宽深度、塘底物组成、水流速度、水体清晰度和干扰程度等生态环境因子,以揭示细痣疣螈与环境之间的关系。调查结果显示,林区细痣疣螈主要分布于地下水露头的积水坑周围的郁闭度>75%的常绿落叶阔叶混交林和灌木林,海拔300～850m,调查样点31个,数量1725只,平均密度55.65只/点。细痣疣螈的分布范围与栖息地周围的水源、植被、地形等密切相关,同时受人类捕捉的影响。调查分析结果可为广西木论国家级自然保护区制定该物种的保护措施提供基础资料。     

Habitat complexity as a determinate of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in cypress tree reservoirs

We analyzed benthic samples (n = 128) collected from four cypress-tree population areas within a large, shallow Arkansas reservoir over a 2-year period to investigate macroinvertebrate community distribution patterns and their relation to physical and chemical parameters. The calculated biomass, abundance and diversity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community varied significantly both temporally and spatially. Variations of these variables are most likely explained by significant differences in the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in sediments across lake sites, and on a smaller scale, the presence or absence of cypress trees. Benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, and diversity significantly decreased with distance from tree.     

Frequency of human toxocariasis in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to examine sera of 104 children and adults in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria for anti-toxocaral antibodies, out of which 31 (29.8%) were reactive. The seropositive rates were 30.4% for adults, 29.6% for children, 34% for females and 25.9% for males. However, the differences were not significant by age and sex. A highly significant association (p < 0.001) was observed between seropositivity and geography but none between seropositivity and dog ownership (p > 0.05).     

Aspects of community ecology of reptiles in the swamp forests of the Upper Orashi Forest Reserve (Niger Delta,Nigeria)

The study of community composition shifts due to increased habitat modifications and deforestation is a primary issue in contemporary tropical community ecology theory. As the forest habitat conversion process has been very short in Africa relative to the evolutionary temporal scale, it is likely that animal communities are not at an equilibrium. The Upper Orashi Forest Reserve (Niger Delta region of Southern Nigeria) is a valuable case study as it is one of the few remnant deltaic swamp forest patches inside a highly developed and deforested region. In this paper, we investigated some aspects of the community ecology of reptiles of this forest area based on standardized field surveys across 26 study plots. Overall, we recorded 34 species, with the detected number of both species (34 versus 27) and individuals (562 versus 381) being higher during the wet season. Diversity/dominance diagrams showed similar trends in both seasons, but diversity measures showed that evenness was remarkably higher by wet season. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) confirmed that the species‐richness estimate generated by Chao's index was significantly higher for the wet season. However, the profiles of the diversity curves were comparable in the two seasons. The proportion of forest‐specialist species decreased compared to that observed at the same study area 15+ years ago, with a gradual process of biotic homogenization being apparent.     

Notes on habitat relationships of ungulates in Yankari Game Reserve, Nigeria

Yankari Game Reserve in northeastern Nigeria consists largely of savanna woodland with trees on the better soils growing to 15 m and with spreading crowns. On shallow and stony soils the tree height is generally less and the canopy is discontinuous. The Gaji River riparian zone supports a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from evergreen, closed canopy forest to sedge meadows and patches of open grassland.
Elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) range backwards and forwards along the riparian strip, feeding on perennial grasses and a variety of browse material and utilizing closed canopy forest patches for shade cover. The major movement patterns of other important herbivore species are perpendicular to the riparian strip. Areas used intensively are: waterbuck ( Kobus defassa )–open savanna woodland immediately behind the riparian strip: Western hartebeest ( Alcelaphus buselaphus major )– open grassy habitat in relatively poor woodland at middle distances from the river; Roan antelope ( Hippotragus equinus )–patches of well-developed and infrequently burned woodland, often at major distances from the river. Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer brachyceros ) during the dry season ranged between the riparian grassland areas and the more open sections of nearby savanna woodland, but travelled out to distant sections of the reserve after rainwater pools had formed.
A major problem in management was the development of a burning policy that would maintain an appropriate balance between perennial and annual grasses and the shade providing trees.     

凤阳山白豆杉种群结构及群落特性的研究

对凤阳山自然保护区白豆杉（Pseudotaxus chienii）种群大小级结构、分布格局及群落特性进行了研究.结果表明,白豆杉种群在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林及猴头杜鹃矮林中生长最为良好,其重要值分别可达5%～10%.在猴头杜鹃矮林中,大小级为增长型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅰ型,种群将得到长期发展;在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林中,大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅲ型,但由于幼苗储备量较为丰富,在一定时期内还将保持稳定,在这两种群落类型中,种群呈现集群分布.在常绿阔叶林中,白豆杉的重要值只有0.9%,并且种群大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅱ型,分布格局为随机分布,说明常绿阔叶林不适合白豆杉种群的生长.通过对白豆杉和其他种群的相关分析表明,白豆杉种群与猴头杜鹃、福建柏等呈正相关,而与褐叶青冈、木荷等呈负相关.可以认为,如果凤阳山白豆杉种群的生境能够得到切实的保护,该种群就能长期存活和发展.     

Preliminary analysis of forest community structure of Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Yuexi County,Anhui Province,China

Three 1-hm² permanent plots were established in the Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Anqing of Anhui Province. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2 cm were mapped, tagged with aluminum plates of unique numbers, and identified by species. On the basis of the importance value of the canopy and shrub layer, the three plots in Yaoluoping, Diaoguanjing and Anjiping were classified as Castanea seguinii + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, and Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera chienii deciduous broad-leaf forest community, respectively. The three plots were all dominated by deciduous trees with evergreen trees only found in the Diaoguanjing plot. The Diaoguanjing plot was most abundant in species (81), followed by the Anjiping plot (76) and the Diaoguanjing plot (62). The local plant communites are stable and the vegetation is well restored.     

安徽岳西县鹞落坪国家级自然保护区森林群落结构的初步分析

对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区3个1 hm²样地胸径2 cm以上的个体进行每木调查, 并根据乔木层和灌木层物种重要值, 将鹞落坪、吊罐井和庵基坪3个样地分别划分为茅栗+山胡椒(Castanea seguinii + Lindera glauca)、化香树+山胡椒(Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera glauca)和化香树+江浙山胡椒(Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera chienii) 3种群落类型。三个样地的建群种均为落叶树种, 仅在海拔较低的吊罐井样地中分布有常绿树种。吊罐井样地物种数目最多(81个), 庵基坪样地次之(76个), 鹞落坪样地最少(62个)。该区域群落结构稳定, 植被恢复较好。     

西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区鸟类群落结构与多样性

通过样线法调查并综合有关文献,录得珠峰保护区鸟类342种,并对其鸟类群落结构与多样性进行了分析。其中留鸟218种,夏候鸟67种,冬候鸟43种,旅鸟及迷鸟14种;国家一级保护鸟类8种,二级保护鸟类31种;东洋界132种,古北界156种,广布种54种,特有种19种。多样性指数2.4340,均匀性指数0.4371。研究表明,喜马拉雅山脉将保护区明显阻隔为南坡和北坡两种不同的生态景观。南坡鸟类群落以森林鸟类为主,东洋界成分占67%,垂直分带明显,多样性系数3.3983,均匀度指数0.6396;北坡鸟类群落以湿地和荒漠鸟类为主,古北界成分占77%。呈斑块状分布,多样性指数1.8751,均匀度指数0.4199,南、北坡鸟类群落的相似百分率为15.70,差异显著。