枸杞LbMYB103基因克隆及转化拟南芥的研究

以枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’花药为材料,采用 RT-PCR技术,分离了R2R3类MYB基因LbMYB103包含完整开放阅读框（ORF）的cDNA片段,碱基序列与已知基因HQ415755完全一致。运用Gateway技术构建LbMYB103基因植物过表达载体pMDC83-LbMYB103,利用基因枪法将融合有绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的过表达载体转入洋葱表皮细胞,将LbMYB103基因定位在细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,LbMYB103基因在花药中优势表达,果实中表达量较低,在根、茎和叶中均未检测到其转录本,推测LbMYB103基因可能在花药发育过程中起重要作用。通过根癌农杆菌介导法将pMDC83-LbMYB103转入拟南芥（Col-0）,经筛选获得T₁代抗性再生植株52棵,PCR鉴定有41棵阳性植株,收获T₁代种子,经抗性筛选获得T₂代抗性植株29棵,PCR鉴定有23棵阳性植株。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,LbMYB103在拟南芥植株的基因组中正常表达。表型观察发现T₁和T₂代拟南芥花药发育异常,花发育迟缓,果荚短小无种子,进一步表明LbMYB103可能与植物的育性有关。该结果为进一步开展枸杞遗传转化,深入研究LbMYB103基因在枸杞花药发育过程中可能发挥的调控功能奠定了基础。     

截短和融合的绿色荧光蛋白的表达及其荧光特性

水母Aequoreavictoria的绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)是一种能发射强烈荧光的特殊蛋白质 ,其荧光的产生是由于内部第 6 5～ 6 7位的Ser -Tyr- Gly自身环化和氧化形成生色基团的缘故 .Ser6 5→Thr(简称S6 5T)突变型的荧光强度较野生型GFP高出6倍 ,并且其激发波更长 ,肉眼可见发出的强烈荧光 .将 gfp_S65TP基因从 3′端截短 36bp ,不影响GFPS65T的荧光特性 ,但当截短到 2 2 5bp时 ,几乎失去了荧光特性 .将HBVe抗原基因与突变型 gfp_S65TP融合 ,发现其激发光谱又回复到野生型状态 .虽然其荧光强度与 gfp_S65TP相似 ,但发射波谱变宽且肉眼不能观察 .若将表达这种融合蛋白的菌落在低温下存放数日 ,则又恢复了它肉眼可见的绿色荧光 .以上结果说明GFP的发光机制除与生色基团有关外 ,也与GFP分子的构象完整性和分子内微环境有关 ,野生型GFP与HCVCore抗原的融合也证实了这一点 .     

原生质体融合技术构建糖化型啤酒酵母的研究

融合亲株B_6-5（Ala^-,Cys^-α）和T_3-4（His,Thr^-α）细胞于35％PEG（6000）－50mmol／LCaCl₂溶液,28℃下诱导融合30min,筛选出融合株,融合频率为6．2×10^-5。融合株细胞的体积和DNA含量均为两系株细胞之和。融合株有水解淀粉的能力,又有发酵度高于生产用酵母的特点。     

枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

蛋白酶是枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)产生的具有重要工业价值的水解酶。对蛋白酶基因的分离与高效率表达一直是基因工程研究领域的重要内容之一^[1-4]。蛋白酶基因的筛选可采用不同的方法,如“免疫法”、“DNA 杂交法”、“遗传互补法”等。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是基因工程中最常用的宿主菌, 若能以E．Coli作为筛选蛋白酶基因的宿主苗,那么使用E．Coli的常规载体,便可直接获得完整的蛋白 酶基因。枯草杆菌的蛋白酶基因能否在大肠杆菌中表达．则是实现这一目标的关键。Koide等人^[5]报道过枯草杆菌的胞内丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达。转化细胞在含有脱脂牛奶的平板上可产生十分微弱的水解圈。Ikeraara等人^[6]将Subtilisin E(枯草杆菌蛋白酶E)插人大肠杆菌的表达载体,具有活性的Subtilisin E便可分泌到大肠杆菌的细胞周质中。吴汝平撰文指出^[7]。克隆的枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因不能在大肠杆菌中表达。是因为大肠杆菌不能转录枯草杆菌的促使生长调节基因。Wang等人^[8]则认为,在大肠杆菌中观察不到野生型的中性蛋白酶基因E(nprE)的表达。是因为nprE的表达产物对大肠杆菌有致死作用．除去该基因上的核糖体结合位点,nprE便能在大肠杆菌中低水平表达,并能将表达产 物分泌至胞外。由上可知．枯草杆菌的蛋白酶基因能否在大肠杆菌中表达以及表达的位置仍然是一个众说纷纭的问题,这一问题也正是能否用大肠杆菌作为宿主菌筛选蛋白酶基因的关键。     

真菌-氧化氮还原酶细胞色素P-450nor 2 cDNA序列的测定

在真菌的反硝化作用中,一种细胞色素P-450起着一氧化氮还原酶的作用,被称为细胞色素P-450nor^[1]。最近的研究发现：真菌细胞色素P-450nor有三种类型。除了缣孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)P+450nor(即F．P-450nor)外。还有两种存在于柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon tonkinense)．即C. P-450norl和2^[2]。 F．P-450nox和C．P-450norl能以NADH为直接的电子供体,使NO还原生成N₂O。C. P-450nor2不仅能直接利用NADH。而且能直接利用NADPH．还原NO生成N₂O。F. P-450nor基因已被克隆和测序^[3-4]。本文测定了C．P-450nor2的eDNA编码区全序列,3’非编码区部分序列和5’引导序列。     

镍离子对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收和生长生理的影响

以‘全年油麦菜’尖叶莴苣为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究3个浓度(0 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺在22.4 mg·L^-1 N处理下对尖叶莴苣氮素吸收的生长及生理影响。结果显示：(1)尖叶莴苣根系和地上部生物量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势。与对照T₁(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、112 mg·L^-1 N)相比,T₂处理(0 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及叶片生长具有一定抑制作用,植株鲜重、干重、根冠比、根系长度、平均直径、表面积、体积、根尖数、分根数、叶片表面积和体积在T3处理(0.1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)下显著高于对照,T₄处理(1 mg·L^-1 Ni²⁺、22.4 mg·L^-1 N)对尖叶莴苣根系及其叶片生长具有一定促进作用,但对其根尖数和分根数表现出一定抑制性。(2)随着Ni²⁺浓度的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量呈先升后降的变化规律,且均在T₃处理下显著提高。(3)随着处理时间的增加,尖叶莴苣叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)逐渐上升,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)逐渐下降,且T₃处理叶片的G_s显著高于对照,其C_i最低,P_n最大。(4)施加Ni²⁺对尖叶莴苣有机酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量以及SOD和POD活性有显著影响,在T₃处理下有机酸含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,SOD和POD活性显著提高。(5)T₃处理尖叶莴苣根系中N及叶片中B和Ca含量较高;根系中Ni含量高于叶片,T₃处理叶片中的Ni含量较低,Mg含量较高;植株体内Cu含量随Ni²⁺浓度增加而下降。研究表明,外源Ni²⁺处理能影响低氮条件下(22.4 mg·L^-1 N)尖叶莴苣幼苗生长及生理状况,适宜浓度(0.1 mg·L^-1)Ni²⁺可有效提高尖叶莴苣根系对氮素的吸收利用效率,减少氮素施用量,促进尖叶莴苣根系和地上部叶片生长,增加光合色素含量,并提高净光合速率,进而改善植株的产量和营养品质。     

电击法介导的紫孢侧耳原生质体转化

使用基因脉冲导入仪成功地将糙皮侧耳DNA导入紫孢侧耳单核原生质体内,获得了具有"锁状联合”特征的双核转化菌株T₁,和T₂。转化率为8．2×10^-5,转化比为3．6％。酯酶同I酶分析结果表明,转化菌株除具有受体菌的酶带外,还存在供体菌的酶带,由此证明转化菌株确为紫孢侧耳和糙皮侧耳DNA重组的产物。转化菌株子实体形态也发生了变化。两菌株子实体均不释放孢子;T₁。菌柄中生,T₂成熟子实体菌盖中部易长出菌丝。     

用绿色荧光蛋白监测转基因植物中选择标记基因的消除

绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)可直接进行活体观察,它的这个优点可被用于监测转基因植物中选择标记基因的消除。为此,构建了植物表达载体pGNG,将绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)和卡那霉素抗性基因表达盒(NosP-nptll-NosT)一起克隆在两个同向的lox位点间,在第一个lox位点上游置有CaMV 35S启动子以驱动GFP表达,第二个lox位点下游置有不含启动子的大肠杆菌β-葡萄糖醛酸酶(GUS)基因。首先在含卡那霉素(Kan)的培养基上筛选出转pGNG的烟草,借助绿色荧光可容易地检出表达GFP的转化体。然后用另一转化载体pCambia1300Cre二次转化表达GFP的转基因植物,利用另一选择标记基因潮霉素抗性基因(hpt)进行筛选,在获得的再生植株中,Cre重组酶的表达消除了转化体中两lox位点间的gfp和nptll。实验结果表明可借助GFP荧光的消失,快速选出nptII被消除的二次转化体,同时GUS(作为目的蛋白) 在CaMV 35S启动子驱动下获得表达。最后利用后代的分离将hpt和cre除去。     

利用 ORF438 启动子在链霉菌中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白

链霉菌中表达了透明颤菌血红蛋白（VHb）,表明VHb对放线紫素的产生和菌体的生长有促进作用^[2].pIJ702质粒上带有与次生代谢有关的酪氨酸酶基因（mel）^[3],mel由ORF438启动子（P_ORF438）带动转录^[4].本文尝试利用P_ORF4328表达vgb.     

来源于中国南海的微生物新种乙醇速生杆菌(Celeribacter ethanolicus)多相分类研究

【目的】研究来源于南海海水的一株速生杆菌属菌株NH195^T 的多相分类。【方法】采用表型、基因型和化学分类方法,并综合系统发育关系结果,分析菌株NH195^T 的分类学地位。【结果】菌株NH195^T 是一株革兰氏阴性、好氧、杆状、无运动性细菌;能积累Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB);能在0.5%-10.0% (质量体积比) NaCl 浓度,pH 5.0-9.0 和20-40 ℃ 条件下生长,最适NaCl 生长浓度为1.0%-3.0%;氧化酶、触酶和脲酶反应结果阳性。菌株NH195^T 主要呼吸醌为Q-10,主要脂肪酸为C_18:1ω7c、C_18:1ω6c 和11 methyl C_18:1ω7c,主要极性脂为磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油、双磷脂酰甘油、一个未知的氨基脂和两个未知脂。基因组G+C 含量为61.3 mol%。基于16S rRNA 基因的系统发育结果显示,菌株NH195^T 隶属于速生杆菌属;其与速生杆菌属标准菌株的16S rRNA 基因相似性范围为94.4%-97.7%。菌株NH195^T 与速生杆菌属标准菌株C. halophilus ZXM137^T 和C. indicus P73^T 的平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)分别为78.6%和78.0%;基于基因组数据计算所得的DNA 杂交同源率分别为26.1%和23.0%。【结论】基于表型和基因型结果,菌株NH195^T 代表了速生杆菌属一个新物种,命名为Celeribacter ethanolicus,标准菌株为NH195^T (CGMCC 1.15406^T=JCM 31095^T)。     

Reliable use of green fluorescent protein in fluorescent pseudomonads.

When fluorescent pseudomonads are cultured on standard solid media under iron limiting conditions, they produce fluorescent, pigmented iron collating agents (siderophores). Siderophores can be readily identified by strong fluorescence seen under UV/blue light. The application of the eukaryotic green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a bacterial marker in microbial ecology is increasingly being used, particularly as it is a powerful method for non-destructive monitoring in situ. As gfp expressing bacteria have to be detected under UV/blue light, the fluorescence of siderophore-producing Pseudomonas spp. masks normal levels of GFP fluorescence when colonies are viewed on standard bacterial agar. Here, we describe a simple but effective way of identifying gfp-expressing Pseudomonas fluorescens using media supplemented with 0.45 mM FeSO(4).7H(2)O. This is of relevance for the screening of insertion libraries and in the application of GFP transposons as promoter probes.     

Cloning and sequencing of plasmid pLC494 isolated from human intestinal Lactobacillus casei: construction of an Escherichia coli-Lactobacillus shuttle vector

The complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pLC494 isolated from Lactobacillus casei L-49 was determined. Plasmid pLC494 is an 8846-bp long circular molecule with a G+C content of 41.5%. Two putative open reading frames, ORF4 (282 amino acids) and ORF5 (169 amino acids), were identified as replication proteins A and B that revealed 100 and 99% similarity, respectively, with the replication proteins of plasmid pLA103 from Lactobacillus acidophilus TK8912. Upstream of ORF4 were the four repeat regions (three perfect 22-bp repeats and one imperfect motif), a putative ribosome binding site, a -10 region, and a -35 region. The shuttle vector pJLE4942 (5318 bp) was constructed using repA from pLC494, a multiple cloning site, ColE1 ori, the ori of gram-negative bacteria from vector pUC19, and the chloramphenicol resistance gene from pJIR418 as a selection marker. Transformation of several lactic acid bacteria with the vector pJLE4942 indicated that this vector might be useful as a genetic tool for the intestinal lactobacilli.     

Promoter activity of the pER341-borne ST(Phsp) in heterologous gene expression in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus thermophilus(1).

A 138-bp EcoO109/HinfI fragment of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER341 (2798 bp) including the promoter sequence of the heat stress protein gene hsp16.4 was tested in vector constructs for ability to activate the promoterless green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) from a jelly fish in Escherichia coli, S. thermophilus, and lactococci. ST(Phsp) promoted gfp expression in transformed hosts as evidenced by the presence of green fluorescent (GFP(+)) colonies under UV illumination. The results confirmed the potential of ST(Phsp) as a functional promoter in heterologous gene expression in dairy fermentation bacteria.     

盐单胞菌属BYS1四氢嘧啶合成基因ectABC克隆及其盐激表达

利用SEFA-PCR技术从中度嗜盐菌Halomonassp.BYS-1总DNA中克隆了四氢嘧啶合成基因ectABC及其上游序列(GenBank accession number DQ017757);OMIGA软件分析结果显示ectA、ectB、ectC位于同一个操纵子上,大小分别为573bp1、251bp和387bp,预测编码的DAT(L-二氨基丁酸转氨酶)、DAA(L-二氨基丁酸乙酰转移酶)和ES(四氢嘧啶合酶)大小分别为21.1kDa(191 amino acid)、45.7kDa(417 amino acid)和14.5kDa(129 amino acid);将包含ectABC基因及其上游1000bp序列的片段克隆到pUC19中并转化E.coliDH5α,转化子E.coli(pUC19ECT)能够在盐激条件下合成四氢嘧啶,但其耐盐能力没有得到显著改善。     

Precise excision of long terminal repeats of the gypsy (mdg4) retrotransposon of Drosophila melanogaster detected in Escherichia coli cells is explained by its integrase function

An Escherichia coli model system was developed to estimate the capacity of the integrase of the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon gypsy (mdg4) for precise excision of the long terminal repeat (LTR) and, hence, the entire gypsy. The gypsy retrotransposon was cloned in the form of a PCR fragment in the pBlueScript II KS+ (pBSLTR) vector, and the region of the second open reading frame (INT ORF2) of this element encoding integrase was cloned under the lacZ promoter in the pUC19 vector and then recloned in pACYC184 compatible with pBSLTR. The LTR was cloned in such a manner that its precise excision from the recombinant plasmid led to the restoration of the nucleotide sequence and the function of the ORF of the lacZ gene contained in the vector; therefore, it was detected by the appearance of blue colonies on a medium containing X-gal upon IPTG induction. Upon IPTG induction of E. coli XL-1 Blue cells obtained by cotransformation with plasmids pACCint and pBSLTR on an X-gal-containing medium, blue clones appeared with a frequency of 1 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-4), the frequency of spontaneously appearing blue colonies not exceeding 10(-9) to 10(-8). The presence of blue colonies indicated that that the integrase encoded by the INT ORF2 (pACYC 184) fragment was active. After the expression of the integrase, it recognized and excised the gypsy LTR from pBSLTR, precisely restoring the nucleotide sequence and the function of the lacZ gene, which led to the expression of the beta-galactosidase enzymatic activity. PCR analysis confirmed that the LTR was excised precisely. Thus, the resultant biplasmid model system allowed precise excisions of the gypsy LTR from the target site to be detected. Apparently, the gypsy integrase affected not only the LTR of this mobile element, but also the host genome nucleotide sequences. The system is likely to have detected only some of the events occurring in E. coli cells. Thus, the integrase of gypsy is actually capable of not only transposing this element by inserting DNA copies of the gypsy retrotransposon to chromosomes of Drosophila, but also excising them, gypsy is excised via a precise mechanism, with the original nucleotide sequence of the target site being completely restored. The obtained data demonstrate the existence of alternative ways of the transposition of retrotransposons and, possibly, retroviruses, including gypsy (mdg4).     

水稻内生优势成团泛菌GFP标记菌株的性质与标记丢失动力学

为研究内生细菌对宿主植物侵染定殖的机理和其共生生物学作用 ,对水稻内生优势成团泛菌 (Pantoeaagglomerans)YS19与绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)标记的YS19B ::gfp菌株的生长动力学进行了比较研究 ,探讨了成团泛菌YS19B ::gfp的标记稳定性和荧光性质 .标记菌株与野生型菌株相比 ,最大比生长速率和最大生物量仅减小 12 4 %和 6 % ,代时延长 14 0 % .成团泛菌YS19B ::gfp在指数期连续传代培养 10 0代后 ,GFP标记的保持率为 89 1% ,建立了标记菌株在有标记丢失存在时的生长动力学模型 :dX+ dt =μ+ (1-p)X+ ,解析出细胞分裂时标记丢失的概率p =9 75 6× 10 -7,确定了方程的模型参数 .标记菌株的荧光光谱在激发波长为 4 0 0nm时 ,最大发射波长为 5 0 8nm ,与供体菌株完全相同 .在LB培养基上生长时 ,成团泛菌YS19B ::gfp的GFP产生时间在指数期末期到稳定期较快 ,并于培养至 2 0h时达到最高 ,同时单位菌体生物量的荧光强度也达到最大 .结果说明 ,在GFP标记后成团泛菌YS19B ::gfp的生长仅受到较小影响 ,不致对成团泛菌的生理活动造成大的改变 ,同时由于该菌对宿主的侵染能力比其它内生细菌要强得多 ,因而该菌对植物的侵染活性影响也较小 ,该菌仍然可以保持其内生优势地位 .该标记的稳定性比较高 ,荧光产生正常 ,很适     

A gfp reporter plasmid to visualize Azorhizobium caulinodans during nodulation of Sesbania rostrata

Compared with other labeling techniques, the use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is advantageous to visualize bacteria because observations can be performed in real time. This feature is particularly interesting to study invasion events of rhizobia during nodule development on their legume host plant. To investigate the symbiotic interaction between Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 and Sesbania rostrata, we constructed two plasmids, pMP220-hem-gfp5 and pBBR5-hem-gfp5-S65T, that carry a modified gfp gene, the expression of which is controlled by the constitutive hem promoter. Introduction of either of these plasmids into A. caulinodans allowed the visualization of single bacteria. Determination of the plasmid stability in cultured bacteria and in nodules demonstrated that pBBR5-hem-gfp5-S65T is more stable than pMP220-hem-gfp5. The plasmid pBBR5-hem-gfp5-S65T can be used to study early invasion events during nodule development on hydroponic roots of S. rostrata.     

Comparison of a range of green fluorescent protein-tagging vectors for monitoring a microbial inoculant in soil

Two new transposon-based tagging vectors have been constructed using the gfp marker gene under control of either constitutive or inducible promoters. The two vectors, along with the established pUTminiTn5gfp were used to tag a diesel-degrading Pseudomonas strain. Tagged strains were obtained that were not affected in terms of their growth or ability to use diesel as a carbon source. The transposon tags were stably maintained in the strains without selection and provided visible fluorescence as colonies or single cells in suspension. Tagging did not impede the survival of tagged Pseudomonas aeruginosa GP41B strains in diesel-contaminated soil microcosms. The tagged strains were easily recovered from the microcosms after a 3-month period. The tagging of bacteria with gfp using either native or introduced constitutive/inducible promoters is an effective and easy way to monitor their survival in soil.