In vitro effect of a glycopeptide acting in vivo on hepatocyte cell cycle

Abstract A factor specifically inhibiting the hepatocyte cell cycle in vivo was found to block the G1-S transition of liver cells in vitro . It proved to be non-toxic in our culture conditions, as judged by the reversibility of the effect on cell proliferation. It was not active on DNA synthesis in fibroblastic cell lines (3T3).     

Changes in gene expression induced by a phorbol diester: expression of IL 2 receptor, T3, and T cell antigen receptor

Phorbol esters cause an apparent differentiation of human T leukemic cell lines. It was shown previously that TPA induces the expression of the interleukin 2 (IL 2) receptor and the T3 complex on some T cell lines, including CCRF-CEM. We demonstrate that expression of the IL 2 receptor correlated with an induction of the 3.5 and 1.5 kb IL 2 receptor mRNA. In addition, the TPA-induced expression of the T3 polypeptides was found to be accompanied by induction of a putative T cell antigen receptor heterodimer on CEM cells. This was demonstrated by the co-precipitation of the T cell receptor with T3 from digitonin-solubilized cells. The cells expressed high levels of T3 delta- and T cell receptor beta-chain mRNA in the absence of TPA. The effect of TPA was to cause a rapid accumulation of T cell receptor alpha-chain mRNA. This suggested that the alpha-chain gene was rearranged before TPA induction and that expression of the T cell receptor/T3 complex on the cell surface was regulated by the level of alpha-chain expression. It was also shown that cloned sublines of CEM cells which expressed different T cell antigen phenotypes differed in their response to TPA.     

c-flag-ago3质粒在人293细胞系中的表达及AGO3蛋白复合物的细胞定位

将c-flag-ago3质粒转入人293细胞系中,使c-flag-ago3基因稳定表达,为进一步研究AGO3蛋白复合物的结构、功能奠定了基础.利用亲和标签flag对目标蛋白进行检测和监测,将已合成的c-flag-ago3质粒和用于对照的质粒si-ago3(能使ago3基因沉默的质粒)导入人293细胞系中,在荧光镜下观察转染效果.RT-PCR法检测基因含量,蛋白印迹法(WB)检测人293细胞表达的flag-ago3,并对其蛋白复合物进行细胞定位.结果显示,c-flag-ago3质粒和si-ago3质粒成功地导入人293细胞系中,免疫细胞化学显示c-flag-ago3基因在细胞中高表达、并检测到AGO3复合物定位于细胞质中.AGO3复合物在细胞中可稳定表达,为进一步研究AGO3蛋白复合物的构成及其在人体中的功能奠定了基础.     

Replication-competent γ-retrovirus Mo-MuLV expressing green fluorescent protein gene as an efficient tool for screening of inhibitors of retroviruses that use heparan sulfate as the primary cell receptor

The effect of sulfated polysaccharides on the efficiency of infection of mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines SC-1 and NIH-3T3 by replication-competent recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) carrying the eGFP gene was investigated. It was shown that used polysaccharides have no cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on SC-1 and NIH 3T3 cells inthe concentrations from 0.01 to 100 μg/ml and have virucidal activity against Mo-MuLV. Polysaccharides in the indicated concentrations inhibit cell infection by Mo-MuLV, that prevents further expansion of viral infection. It was detected that sulfated polysaccharides are effective inhibitors of other retroviruses, including lentiviruses, that use heparan sulfate as cell receptors for non-specific binding.     

抗人表皮生长因子受体单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及初步应用

 用人上皮癌细胞系A 431细胞作为抗原免疫BalB/c小鼠,制备七株抗人表皮生长因子受体的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤,这些杂交瘤经三次亚克隆后仍能稳定地分泌单克隆抗体。对其中四株杂交瘤分泌的单克隆抗体进行了鉴定。免疫沉淀放射自显影结果示单克隆抗体3、101和176均可识别A 431细胞膜抗原MW为170000的蛋白质即EGF受体。单克隆抗体59可以识别低分化鼻咽癌细胞膜上EGF受体。单抗3、176和59等可抑制EGF与受体的特异结合,而101和94则不能抑制EGF与受体的结合。 用Protein-A Sepharose CL4B纯化了单抗,纯化的单抗主要为IgG_1亚类。用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对纯化的单抗进行了纯度测定。     

GSK-3在阿尔茨海默病样细胞骨架蛋白过度磷酸化中的作用(英)

神经原纤维缠结是阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer disease, AD）的特征性病理改变.蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酯酶失衡可导致骨架蛋白的异常过度磷酸化,而异常过度磷酸化的tau 和神经丝 (neurofilament, NF) 是神经原纤维缠结的组成部分.在众多激酶中,糖原合酶激酶-3（glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3）可能是AD神经退行性变起重要作用.为深入探讨GSK-3在AD样神经退行性变中的作用,以磷酯酰肌醇三磷酸激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）的特异性抑制剂渥曼青霉素（wortmannin,WT）处理野生型鼠成神经瘤细胞株（wild type mouse neuroblastoma cell lines, N2a wt）,系统观察WT处理N2a wt不同时间点（1 h、3 h、6 h）细胞代谢率、细胞形态、细胞骨架蛋白tau和NF的磷酸化状态改变以及细胞的命运,并分析了GSK-3活性与上述参数改变之间的相关性.结果发现：1 μmol/L WT处理细胞1 h,GSK-3活性与未经WT处理的对照组相比明显增高,并伴有Ser9磷酸化的GSK-3水平的降低; NF磷酸化程度增强,tau在Ser198/Ser199/Ser202位点的磷酸化增强. 1 μmol/L WT处理细胞3 h,GSK-3活性与对照组和处理1 h 组相比明显下降,NF磷酸化程度较1 h降低,但仍高于正常水平.1 μmol/L WT处理细胞6 h,细胞形态、GSK-3活性、Ser9磷酸化形式的GSK-3β的表达、NF磷酸化程度与对照组相比均无明显改变.WT呈剂量依赖性降低细胞代谢率.1 μmol/L WT处理细胞1 h和3 h导致细胞变圆,突起变短甚至消失.1 μmol/L WT处理细胞1 h,用TUNEL法和电子显微镜技术未观察到细胞凋亡.研究结果提示：在N2a细胞中过度激活GSK-3可导致神经细丝和tau蛋白的AD样过度磷酸化,从而引起神经细胞的AD样退行性变.     

N-糖链合成抑制剂对NIH3T3细胞粘附作用和整合蛋白表达的影响

研究了Ｎ－糖链合成抑制剂——Ｄｅｏｘｙｍａｎｎｏｊｉｒｉｍｙｃｉｎ（ＤＭＭ）和衣霉素（ＴＭ）对ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞粘附作用和细胞表面α５β１整合蛋白含量的影响．研究结果发现甘露糖苷酶Ⅰ抑制剂－ＤＭＭ处理ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞后,３Ｈ－甘露糖（３Ｈ－Ｍａｎ）参入ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞较对照细胞增加一倍,多天线复杂型糖链增加１８％,而细胞表面α５β１整合蛋白与纤连蛋白粘附能力却下降１７％,但对膜整合蛋白α５和β１亚基表达量无明显影响,提示不成熟的糖链对整合蛋白参与的细胞粘附功能有一定影响,但不影响糖蛋白运输及整合到膜上．十四糖二磷酸长萜醇合成抑制剂——ＴＭ为０．５μｇ／ｍｌ时,Ｎ－糖链合成显著抑制,３Ｈ－Ｍａｎ参入减少了５２％,细胞粘附能力下降了３７％,细胞表面膜整合蛋白α５亚基下降了２２％,而β１亚基无明显变化,提示ＴＭ的脱糖基化作用可引起α５亚基转运至细胞膜表面下降,以至影响了细胞的粘附能力．此外,脱糖整合蛋白与纤连蛋白（ｆｉｂｒｏｎｅｃｔｉｎ,Ｆｎ）的结合力下降也是原因之一．     

Expression of nervous system antigen-3 by lines of mouse fibroblasts and kidney cells and continued expression in hybrid cells

In a survey of the expression on cultured mouse cells of the cell surface antigen known as nervous system antigen-3 (NS-3), it was found that RAG, a renal adenocarcinoma line, expressed that antigen. It was also observed that 3T3, a fibroblast line of unknown tissue origin, expressed NS-3. Cells of these two lines were hybridized with cells of two mouse L cell lines that did not express NS-3. Four hybrid clones were tested for both the 3T3 × L cell cross and the RAG × L cell cross, and all the hybrids were found to be NS-3 positive. All the hybrids had at least 40% as much activity as the NS-3 positive parent. Of the four parental mouse cell lines used, only 3T3 expressed Thy-1.2 antigen on the cell surface. In contrast to the continued expression of NS-3 on hybrid cells, Thy-1.2 antigen was not detectable on two clones of 3T3 × L cell hybrids that were tested.     

Cadherin Expression,Vectorial Active Transport,and Metallothionein Isoform 3 Mediated EMT/MET Responses in Cultured Primary and Immortalized Human Proximal Tubule Cells

Background

Cultures of human proximal tubule cells have been widely utilized to study the role of EMT in renal disease. The goal of this study was to define the role of growth media composition on classic EMT responses, define the expression of E- and N-cadherin, and define the functional epitope of MT-3 that mediates MET in HK-2 cells.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry, microdissection, real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to define the expression of E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein in HK-2 and HPT cell cultures. Site-directed mutagenesis, stable transfection, measurement of transepithelial resistance and dome formation were used to define the unique amino acid sequence of MT-3 associated with MET in HK-2 cells.

Results

It was shown that both E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein are expressed in the human renal proximal tubule. It was shown, based on the pattern of cadherin expression, connexin expression, vectorial active transport, and transepithelial resistance, that the HK-2 cell line has already undergone many of the early features associated with EMT. It was shown that the unique, six amino acid, C-terminal sequence of MT-3 is required for MT-3 to induce MET in HK-2 cells.

Conclusions

The results show that the HK-2 cell line can be an effective model to study later stages in the conversion of the renal epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell. The HK-2 cell line, transfected with MT-3, may be an effective model to study the process of MET. The study implicates the unique C-terminal sequence of MT-3 in the conversion of HK-2 cells to display an enhanced epithelial phenotype.     

Restrictive glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis in cwh6/gpi3 yeast cells causes aberrant biogenesis of cell wall proteins.

We previously reported that the defects in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cwh6 Calcofluor white-hypersensitive cell wall mutant are caused by a mutation in SPT14/GPI3, a gene involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Here we describe the effect of cwh6/spt14/gpi3 on the biogenesis of cell wall proteins. It was found that the release of precursors of cell wall proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was retarded. This was accompanied by proliferation of ER structures. The majority of the cell wall protein precursors that eventually left the ER were not covalently incorporated into the cell wall but were secreted into the growth medium. Despite the inefficient incorporation of cell wall proteins, there was no net effect on the protein level in the cell wall. It is postulated that the availability of GPI-dependent cell wall proteins determines the rate of cell wall construction and limits growth rate.     

The novel herbicide oxaziclomefone inhibits cell expansion in maize cell cultures without affecting turgor pressure or wall acidification

Oxaziclomefone [OAC; IUPAC name 3-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl)-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,3-oxazin-4-one] is a new herbicide that inhibits cell expansion in grass roots. Its effects on cell cultures and mode of action were unknown. In principle, cell expansion could be inhibited by a decrease in either turgor pressure or wall extensibility. Cell expansion was estimated as settled cell volume; cell division was estimated by cell counting. Membrane permeability to water was measured by a novel method involving simultaneous assay of the efflux of (3)H(2)O and [(14)C]mannitol from a 'bed' of cultured cells. Osmotic potential was measured by depression of freezing point. OAC inhibited cell expansion in cultures of maize (Zea mays), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and rose (Rosa sp.), with an ID(50) of 5, 30 and 250 nm, respectively. In maize cultures, OAC did not affect cell division for the first 40 h. It did not affect the osmotic potential of cell sap or culture medium, nor did it impede water transport across cell membranes. It did not affect cells' ability to acidify the apoplast (medium), which may be necessary for 'acid growth'. As OAC did not diminish turgor pressure, its ability to inhibit cell expansion must depend on changes in wall extensibility. It could be a valuable tool for studies on cell expansion.     

The Synthetic Tryptanthrin Analogue Suppresses STAT3 Signaling and Induces Caspase Dependent Apoptosis via ERK Up Regulation in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells

Tryptanthrin is a natural product which has been reported to have several medicinal properties. In this study, we tried to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism of its bromo analogue (TBr), a potent cytotoxic agent in the induction of cancer cell death. It was found that TBr primarily targets STAT3 and ERK signaling during the induction of apoptosis in several human leukemia cell lines. In HL-60 cells, TBr treatment caused early down regulation of p-STAT3 with concomitant up regulation of p-ERK which led to the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The mechanism of TBr mediated inhibition of p-STAT3 was found to be due to the activation of ubiquitin dependent degradation of tyrosine 705 and serine 727 p-STAT3. As IL-6 is the main driver of the STAT3 pathway, the effect of TBr on cell death was subdued when treated in the combination with IL-6 in HL60 cells. Interestingly, PD98059 significantly reduced the apoptotic effects of TBr, thus showing the direct involvement of p-ERK in TBr mediated cell death. It was further shown that apoptotic protein Bax silencing in HL-60 cells resists TBr mediated ERK dependent apoptosis. In summary, for the first time we report the mechanism of TBr mediated cell death in human leukemia cell lines by targeting STAT3 and ERK pathways.     

The phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells.

This paper describes a technique of visualizing tracks of cultured cells moving on a glass substrate covered with gold particles. It leads to the following observations: -If the tracks of many cells are examined, cell line characteristic track patterns become apparent. -In several cases, second or third generation descendents of 3T3 cells were observed to repeat track patterns of their ancestor cell. -If a 3T3 cell collides with another 3T3 cell or a nonmigrating BSC-1 cell, it forms an outgoing track from the impact area as if the cell was elastically reflected at the target.     

Auxin and Kinetin Induced Changes of Callus Cell Wall Composition of Abutilon avicennae Gaertn

In a previous report we have shown that the arrangement of callus cell wail fibrils of Abutilon avicennae could be induced to change under IAA (2 ppm) and kinetin (10 ppm) treatments. Kinetin at this concentration was shown to be able to induce callus cell differentiation and form tracheary elements by changing the orientation of the wall fibrils. It was thus assumed that the hormonal induction of cellular differentiation and structual change of the cell wall may possibly be accompanied by the simultaneous changes of chemical composition of the wall. Attempt was therefore made to investigate if such changes do occur in vitro under the influence of phytohormones. Suspension cell-culture of Abutilon avicennae was used in this experiment to study the hormonal effect on the incorporation of H3-glucose into the cell wall polysaccharides. Analysis of neutral sugars of the cell wall following IAA (2ppm) and kinetin (10ppm) treatments was carried out with a gas chromatography. The results obtained in this experiment are shown in tables 1-2 and figures 1, It was found that the auxin was capable of promoting the synthesis of all neutral sugars, among which the glucose and the maunose in particular, increased tremendously. When H3-glucose was added to the culture medium, IAA was found to enhance the incorporation of the isotopes into the matrix polysaccharides (hemiceUulose and pectin). The result demonstrates clearly that the primary function of IAA is to stimulate the synthesis of hemicellulose composition and, as a consequence, the cell wall retained at the primary growth stage. Kinetin, on the other hand, showed an inhibitory effect on most of the neutral sugars except glucose and mannose. It appeared to have a striking inhibitory action on the synthesis of arabinose and rhanmose (a special composition of pectic substance). It also limited the incorporation of H3-glucose into the pectic substance. It is, therefore, suggested that the action of kinetin may mainly be inhibitory on the synthesis of pectic composition. The decreased rate of pectin synthesis would implicate that the cell wall has been advan ced into the phase of secondary growth. The results presented here agree fairly well with our connotation that there is a parallel relationship between cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics during cell wall differentiation and growth.     

Potentiation of antiboty-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by target cell-bound C3b.

Antibody-dependent cytolytic effector lymphocytes are known to possess, in part, receptors for activated C3. Employing a model system consisting of 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes and purified human peripheral lymphocytes, we investigated the effect of target cell bound C3b on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). At concentrations of anti-target cell antibody too low to cause effective ADCC, target cell bound C3b cooperated with antibody to produce marked target cell lysis. In the presence of a 1/6.25 X 10(6) dilution of anti-chicken erythrocyte rabbit IgG, cell lysis increased from 20% to 65% by the attachment of 18,000 C3b molecules per cell. C3b-dependent enhancement of ADCC was dose dependent. It was augmented by attachment of activated properdin (P) to the C3b-bearing target cells.     

Inhibition of nuclear binding of triiodothyronine by antimycin A in cultured human fibroblasts

We have tested the effects of several cell inhibitors on cell and nuclear content of T3 at equilibrium in cultured human fibroblasts. Monodansylcadaverine and colchicine inhibited in parallel, and near to the same extent, cell and nuclear content of T3. Antimycin A did not interfere with cell accumulation of T3 but induced a 10-fold decrease of nuclear T3. This effect was due to a decrease of the apparent affinity constant of the T3 nuclear receptor. Other metabolic inhibitors such as sodium azide or potassium cyanide were without effects. It is suggested that antimycin A blocks a nuclear T3 concentrating mechanism which maintains a gradient of free T3 between the nucleus on the one hand, and the cytosol and plasma, on the other.     

Centrifugal ultrafiltration-dialysis for non-protein-bound oestradiol in blood: importance of the support

The percentage of non-protein-bound oestradiol in serum or other fluid measured by centrifugal ultrafiltration-dialysis was critically dependent on the supporting medium used to collect the ultrafiltrate. When either Whatman No. 1 filter paper discs, Whatman GF/D glass fibre discs or Celite were used, the ratios of 3H-steroid to [14C]glucose on the support were found to change with centrifugation time. This occurred when serum or protein-free filtrates were analysed and was eliminated when silanised Celite was employed as the support. It was also observed that when serum was analysed, the [3H]/[14C] ratio inside the cell increased linearly with centrifugation time and this was ascribed to the small changes in volume which occurred inside the cell as ultrafiltrate accumulated on the support. It was concluded that the correct time to sample the ratio of [3H]/[14C] inside was before centrifugation.     

分子佐剂C3d上调Raji细胞协同刺激分子B7-1和B7-2的表达(简报)

我们在以往研究中,引入选择性增强体液免疫效应的新型分子佐剂C3d,成功构建了重组避孕疫苗hCGB-C3d3,通过免疫Th2型优势的 BALB/c小鼠和,Th1型优势的C57BL/6小鼠,显示分子佐剂C3d在不同品系小鼠均使免疫效应从Th1型细胞免疫向Th2型体液免疫偏倚。     

Efficient glycoengineering of GM3 on melanoma cell and monoclonal antibody-mediated selective killing of the glycoengineered cancer cell

To verify the principal of a new immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer, a monoclonal antibody 2H3 against N-phenylacetyl GM3, an unnatural form of the tumor-associated antigen GM3, was prepared and employed to demonstrate that murine melanoma cell B16F0 could be effectively glycoengineered by N-phenylacetyl-d-mannosamine to express N-phenylacetyl GM3 and that 2H3 was highly cytotoxic to the glycoengineered B16F0 cell in the presence of complements. It was further demonstrated that B16F0 cell could be glycoengineered 4–5 times more effectively than 3T3 A31 cell, a normal murine embryo fibroblast cell, and that the antibody and complement mediated cytotoxicity was at least 200 times more potent to the glycoengineered B16F0 cell than to the N-phenylacetyl-d-mannosamine-treated 3T3 A31 cell. These results show the promise for developing useful melanoma immunotherapies based on vaccination against N-phenylacetyl GM3 followed by treatment with N-phenylacetyl-d-mannosamine.     

Human recombinant IL-3 is a growth factor for normal B cells.

IL-3 is a well known hemopoietic cell growth and differentiation factor. However, its functional role in normal B cell differentiation has not been established. We have investigated the effect of IL-3 on the growth and differentiation of human B cells. IL-3 enhanced the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain-stimulated B cells. The optimal time of IL-3 to stimulate B cell growth was on day 2 to day 3, suggesting that IL-3 was a B cell growth factor acting in the late stage. IL-3 synergized with IL-2 to enhance B cell proliferation and differentiation. Pretreatment of B cells with IL-3 for more than 3 days increased the expression of IL-2R on B cells. However, pretreatment of B cells with IL-2 did not alter the subsequent response to IL-3, suggesting that the synergy between IL-2 and IL-3 may be attributed to the up-regulation of IL-2 response by IL-3. In addition, pretreatment of B cells with IL-4 decreased subsequent response of B cells to IL-3 as well as IL-2, suggesting that IL-3- and IL-2-responding cells passed a similar way during the early stage of B cell activation. It appears that IL-3 and IL-6 mediate normal B cell differentiation via separate mechanisms. IL-3-induced B cell differentiation was mainly mediated by increasing cell growth, whereas IL-6 induced B cell differentiation without affecting proliferation.