Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-mediated suppression of cholesterol synthesis and LDL uptake is defective in Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts

One characteristic of type C Niemann-Pick (NPC) disease is the substantial intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. The increased cholesterol content in NPC fibroblasts which are grown in the presence of low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been postulated to be due to a deficiency in cellular cholesterol esterification. We have examined several aspects of LDL metabolism in NPC fibroblasts. We observe that LDL binding, internalization, and lysosomal hydrolysis of LDL cholesteryl esters are normal in NPC cells. As reported by Pentchev et al. (Pentchev, P. G., Comly, M. E., Kruth, H. S., Vanier, M. T., Wenger, D. A., Patel, S., and Brady, R. O. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 8247-8251), we find that LDL does not stimulate cholesterol esterification. However, we also show that LDL does not down-regulate cholesterol synthesis or LDL receptor activity as normal. In NPC cells, these processes are regulated normally by nonlipoprotein effectors, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol or mevalonate. Since NPC cells are not defective in lysosomal hydrolysis of LDL-derived cholesteryl esters, they must exhibit a different defect than Wolman's or cholesteryl ester storage diseases. We conclude that NPC cells are defective specifically in LDL-mediated regulation of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We suggest that the intracellular processing of LDL-derived cholesterol may be defective in NPC fibroblasts.     

Cutting edge: impaired glycosphingolipid trafficking and NKT cell development in mice lacking Niemann-Pick type C1 protein

Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) is a late endosomal/lysosomal transmembrane protein involved in the cellular transport of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol that is mutated in a majority of patients with Niemann-Pick C neurodegenerative disease. We found that NPC1-deficient mice lacked Valpha14-Jalpha18 NKT cells, a major population of CD1d-restricted T cells that is conserved in humans. NPC1-deficient mice also exhibited marked defects in the presentation of Sphingomonas cell wall Ags to NKT cells and in bacterial clearance in vivo. A synthetic fluorescent alpha-glycosylceramide analog of the Sphingomonas Ag trafficked to the lysosome of wild-type cells but accumulated in the late endosome of NPC1-deficient cells. These findings reveal a blockade of lipid trafficking between endosome and lysosome as a consequence of NPC1 deficiency and suggest a common mechanism for the defects in lipid presentation and development of Valpha14-Jalpha18 NKT cells.     

Role of Niemann-Pick type C1 protein in intracellular trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a disease that affects intracellular cholesterol-trafficking pathways. By cloning the hamster ortholog of NPC1, we identified the molecular lesions in two independently isolated Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants, CT60 and CT43. Both mutants lead to premature translational terminations of the NPC1 protein. Transfecting hamster NPC1 cDNA complemented the defects of the mutants. Investigation of the CT mutants, their parental cells, and an NPC1-stable transfectant allow us to present evidence that NPC1 is involved in a post-plasma membrane cholesterol-trafficking pathway. We found that the initial movement of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol to the plasma membrane (PM) did not require NPC1. After reaching the PM and subsequent internalization, however, cholesterol trafficking back to the PM did involve NPC1. Both LDL-derived cholesterol and cholesterol originating from the PM accumulated in a dense, intracellular compartment in the CT mutants. Cholesterol movement from this compartment to the PM or endoplasmic reticulum was defective in the CT mutants. Our results functionally distinguish the dense, intracellular compartment from the early endocytic hydrolytic organelle and imply that NPC1 is involved in sorting cholesterol from the intracellular compartment back to the PM or to the endoplasmic reticulum.     

Annexin A6 is recruited into lipid rafts of Niemann–Pick type C disease fibroblasts in a Ca-dependent manner

Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the late endosome/lysosome compartment. Some members of the annexin family of proteins such as annexin A2 (AnxA2) and annexin A6 (AnxA6) follow the same route as cholesterol during the endocytic pathway and are found, as AnxA6, attached to the membranes of the cholesterol storage compartment in NPC disease fibroblasts. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis that AnxA6 participates in the NPC-induced changes in the organization of membrane microdomains resistant to solubilization by a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, i.e., detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). Using cellular fractionation, fluorescence microscopy and specific antibodies we observed that in the absence of calcium AnxA6 was found in the DRM-depleted membrane fractions isolated from NPC and control fibroblasts. In the presence of calcium, AnxA6 re-located to the fractions enriched in DRMs only in the NPC cells, suggestive of AnxA6 participation in organization of these microdomains.     

Annexin A6 is recruited into lipid rafts of Niemann-Pick type C disease fibroblasts in a Ca2+-dependent manner

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the late endosome/lysosome compartment. Some members of the annexin family of proteins such as annexin A2 (AnxA2) and annexin A6 (AnxA6) follow the same route as cholesterol during the endocytic pathway and are found, as AnxA6, attached to the membranes of the cholesterol storage compartment in NPC disease fibroblasts. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis that AnxA6 participates in the NPC-induced changes in the organization of membrane microdomains resistant to solubilization by a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, i.e., detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs). Using cellular fractionation, fluorescence microscopy and specific antibodies we observed that in the absence of calcium AnxA6 was found in the DRM-depleted membrane fractions isolated from NPC and control fibroblasts. In the presence of calcium, AnxA6 re-located to the fractions enriched in DRMs only in the NPC cells, suggestive of AnxA6 participation in organization of these microdomains.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha controls cellular cholesterol trafficking in macrophages

The mobilization of cholesterol from intracellular pools to the plasma membrane is a determinant that governs its availability for efflux to extracellular acceptors. NPC1 and NPC2 are proteins localized in the late endosome and control cholesterol transport from the lysosome to the plasma membrane. Here, we report that NPC1 and NPC2 gene expression is induced by oxidized LDL (OxLDL) in human macrophages. Because OxLDLs contain natural activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a fatty acid-activated nuclear receptor, the regulation of NPC1 and NPC2 by PPARalpha and the consequences on cholesterol trafficking were further studied. NPC1 and NPC2 expression is induced by synthetic PPARalpha ligands in human macrophages. Furthermore, PPARalpha activation leads to an enrichment of cholesterol in the plasma membrane. By contrast, incubation with progesterone, which blocks postlysosomal cholesterol trafficking, as well as NPC1 and NPC2 mRNA depletion using small interfering RNA, abolished ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux induced by PPARalpha activators. These observations identify a novel regulatory role for PPARalpha in the control of cholesterol availability for efflux that, associated with its ability to inhibit cholesterol esterification and to stimulate ABCA1 and scavenger receptor class B type I expression, may contribute to the stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport.     

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 is a sphingosine storage disease that causes deregulation of lysosomal calcium

Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the acidic compartment (which we define as the late endosome and the lysosome) protein, NPC1. The function of NPC1 is unknown, but when it is dysfunctional, sphingosine, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and cholesterol accumulate. We have found that NPC1-mutant cells have a large reduction in the acidic compartment calcium store compared to wild-type cells. Chelating luminal endocytic calcium in normal cells with high-affinity Rhod-dextran induced an NPC disease cellular phenotype. In a drug-induced NPC disease cellular model, sphingosine storage in the acidic compartment led to calcium depletion in these organelles, which then resulted in cholesterol, sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipid storage in these compartments. Sphingosine storage is therefore an initiating factor in NPC1 disease pathogenesis that causes altered calcium homeostasis, leading to the secondary storage of sphingolipids and cholesterol. This unique calcium phenotype represents a new target for therapeutic intervention, as elevation of cytosolic calcium with curcumin normalized NPC1 disease cellular phenotypes and prolonged survival of the NPC1 mouse.     

Cellular free cholesterol in Hep G2 cells is only partially available for down-regulation of low-density-lipoprotein receptor activity.

We have previously shown that in Hep G2 cells and human hepatocytes, as compared with fibroblasts, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity is only weakly down-regulated after incubation of the cells with LDL, whereas incubation with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) of density 1.16-1.20 g/ml (heavy HDL) strongly increased the LDL-receptor activity. To elucidate this difference between hepatocytes and fibroblasts, we studied the cellular cholesterol homoeostasis in relation to the LDL-receptor activity in Hep G2 cells. (1) Interrupting the cholesteryl ester cycle by inhibiting acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity with compound 58-035 (Sandoz) resulted in an enhanced LDL-mediated down-regulation of the receptor activity. (2) The stimulation of the receptor activity by incubation of the cells with cholesterol acceptors such as heavy HDL was not affected by ACAT inhibition. (3) Incubation of the Hep G2 cells with LDL, heavy HDL or a combination of both grossly affected LDL-receptor activity, but did not significantly change the intracellular content of free cholesterol, suggesting that in Hep G2 cells the regulatory free cholesterol pool is small as compared with the total free cholesterol mass. (4) We used changes in ACAT activity as a sensitive (indirect) measure for changes in the regulatory free cholesterol pool. (5) Incubation of the cells with compactin (2 microM) without lipoproteins resulted in a 4-fold decrease in ACAT activity, indicating that endogenously synthesized cholesterol is directed to the ACAT-substrate pool. (6) Incubation of the cells with LDL or a combination of LDL and heavy HDL stimulated ACAT activity 3-5 fold, whereas incubation with heavy HDL alone decreased ACAT activity more than 20-fold. Our results suggest that in Hep G2 cells exogenously delivered (LDL)-cholesterol and endogenously synthesized cholesterol are primarily directed to the cholesteryl ester (ACAT-substrate) pool or, if present, to extracellular cholesterol acceptors (heavy HDL) rather than to the free cholesterol pool involved in LDL-receptor regulation.     

Impaired dynamics of the late endosome/lysosome compartment in human Niemann-Pick type C skin fibroblasts carrying mutation in NPC1 gene

The Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is characterized by accumulation of lipids within the late endosome/lysosome (LE/LY) compartment as a result of dysfunctions of the NPC1 or NPC2 proteins and an altered distribution and/or functioning of proteins involved in the regulation of membrane dynamics. In our previous report we isolated membranes of the LE/LY compartment from NPC L1 skin fibroblasts with a mutation in the NPC1 gene (exon 8, R348X) and showed that annexin A6 (AnxA6) may contribute to the impaired dynamics of these membranes in a cholesterol-dependent manner and therefore to the overnormative storage of cholesterol. In this report we show that the LE/LY fraction isolated from NPC L1 cells is characterized by a 4-fold enrichment in cholesterol, 2.5-fold in sphingomyelin and 2-fold in saturated fatty acids. As a result, the fluidity of LE/LY membranes isolated from NPC L1 cells is greatly reduced in comparison to control ones. We conclude that modified lipid composition and properties of this compartment may affect distribution and function of proteins implicated in cellular membrane dynamics. As a consequence, the backward vesicular transport of cholesterol from the LE/LY compartment to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and finally to plasma membrane is impaired.     

Intravascular metabolism of lipoprotein cholesteryl esters in African green monkeys: differential fate of doubly labeled cholesteryl oleate

High density lipoproteins (HDL), doubly labeled with [3H]cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl [14C]oleate, were reinjected to study HDL cholesteryl ester metabolism in African green monkeys. The transfer of labeled HDL cholesteryl ester to low density lipoprotein (LDL) was rapid and equilibration of the [3H]cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl [14C]oleate specific activities in LDL and HDL occurred within 90 min after reinjection. The apparent rates of disappearance from the circulation of the two moieties of the cholesteryl ester were different. In the same four animals, the residence time for the turnover of plasma [3H]cholesterol averaged 6.1 days while the residence time for the removal of cholesteryl [14C]oleate from plasma was approximately 2.1 days. These results suggest that for some lipoprotein cholesteryl esters removed from plasma, the cholesterol moiety subsequently reappeared in plasma. The difference between the rate of decay of the 14C-labeled fatty acid moiety, which represents all of the cholesteryl ester removed from plasma (0.48 pools/day) and the decay of the 3H-labeled cholesterol moiety, which represents the sum of cholesteryl ester removal and cholesterol reappearance (0.16 pools/day), is the fraction of the cholesteryl ester pool recycled per day (0.32 pools/day or 22.5 mg/kg per day). In other words, approximately 68% of the cholesterol moiety that was removed from plasma as cholesteryl oleate reappeared in the plasma cholesterol pool. These studies support the concept that an efficient reutilization cycle for plasma cholesterol occurs, i.e., the cholesteryl ester molecule can exit and the cholesterol moiety can re-enter plasma without effective equilibration of the cholesterol moiety with extravascular cholesterol pools.     

Type C Niemann-Pick disease. A parallel loss of regulatory responses in both the uptake and esterification of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in cultured fibroblasts

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) internalization by mutant type C Niemann-Pick (NPC) fibroblasts results in uptake of excess total cholesterol. Uptake of excess lipoprotein cholesterol appears to be mediated by the specific LDL receptor pathway. Associated with excessive LDL-cholesterol uptake is a lesion in early intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis. In vitro acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity is normal in cell-free extracts of mutant cells. The ability of exogenous sterols to enhance intracellular esterification of [3H]mevalonate-derived [3H]cholesterol was severely limited in mutant cell cultures suggesting that in vivo activation and/or expression of activated acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase may be compromised by the primary mutation of type C Niemann-Pick disease. After 2 days of LDL uptake, rates of intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis in mutant cells paralleled the rates of esterification in normal cells suggesting that specific early in vivo expression of the acyltransferase may be affected in this disorder.     

Cellular cholesterol substrate pools for adenosine-triphosphate cassette transporter A1-dependent high-density lipoprotein formation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The removal of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), facilitated by the membrane transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), is the rate-limiting step in the formation of high density lipoprotein particles. This review summarizes recent literature concerning the relative contributions of different cellular pools of cholesterol used by ABCA1 in the initial lipidation of apoA-I for high density lipoprotein particle formation. RECENT FINDINGS: Cell culture studies have shown that apart from lipidating apoA-I directly, ABCA1 can also mediate cholesterol delivery indirectly to apoA-I in the plasma membrane. Moreover, it is now clear that the late endosome/lysosome pool of cholesterol is a critical part of the total cholesterol substrate pool for ABCA1. Internalization of ABCA1 appears to be a requirement for maximum ABCA1-mediated cholesterol mobilization for high density lipoprotein formation. SUMMARY: Current evidence suggests that ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoA-I involves mobilization of cholesterol from plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi network, late endocytic and lysosomal compartments, and cholesteryl ester droplets. Apart from lipidating apoA-I directly, ABCA1 has also been found to efflux cholesterol indirectly to apoA-I in plasma membranes.     

Cholesteryl ester enrichment of plasma low-density lipoproteins in hamsters fed cereal-based diets containing cholesterol

Male Syrian hamsters were fed 0.02, 0.03, or 0.05% cholesterol to test the hypothesis that moderate cholesterol intake increases the cholesteryl ester content of the plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Dietary cholesterol levels of 0.02%-0.05% were chosen to reflect typical human intakes of cholesterol. Hamsters were fed ad libitum a cereal-based diet (modified NIH-07 open formula) for 15 weeks. Increasing dietary cholesterol from 0.02% to 0.05% resulted in significantly increased plasma LDL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, increased liver cholesterol concentration, and increased total aorta cholesterol content. The cholesteryl ester content of plasma LDL was determined as the molar ratio of cholesteryl ester to apolipoprotein B and to surface lipid (i.e., phospholipid + free cholesterol). Increasing dietary cholesterol from 0.02% to 0.05% resulted in significantly increased cholesteryl ester content of LDL particles. Furthermore, cholesteryl ester content of LDL was directly associated with increased total aorta cholesterol, whereas a linear relationship between plasma LDL cholesterol concentration and aorta cholesterol was not observed. Thus, the data suggest that LDL cholesteryl ester content may be an important atherogenic feature of plasma LDL.     

Regulation of sterol transport between membranes and NPC2

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is caused by defects in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene and is characterized by accumulation of cholesterol and glycolipids in the late endosome/lysosome compartment. NPC2 is an intralysosomal protein that binds cholesterol in vitro. Previous studies demonstrated rapid rates of cholesterol transfer from NPC2 to model membranes [Cheruku, S. R., et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31594-31604]. To model the potential role of NPC2 as a lysosomal cholesterol export protein, in this study we used fluorescence spectroscopic approaches to examine cholesterol transfer from membranes to NPC2, assessing the rate, mechanism, and regulation of this transport step. In addition, we examined the effect of NPC2 on the rate and kinetic mechanism of intermembrane sterol transport, to model the movement of cholesterol from internal lysosomal membranes to the limiting lysosomal membrane. The results support the hypothesis that NPC2 plays an important role in endo/lysosomal cholesterol trafficking by markedly accelerating the rates of cholesterol transport. Rates of sterol transfer from and between membranes were increased by as much as 2 orders of magnitude by NPC2. The transfer studies indicate that the mechanism of NPC2 action involves direct interaction of the protein with membranes. Such interactions were observed directly using FTIR spectroscopy and protein tryptophan spectral shifts. Additionally, cholesterol transfer by NPC2 was found to be greatly enhanced by the unique lysosomal phospholipid lyso-bisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), suggesting an important role for LBPA in NPC2-mediated cholesterol trafficking.     

Effects of hypoxia on cholesterol metabolism in human monocyte-derived macrophages

We assessed the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) of human monocyte-derived macrophages under hypoxia. The specific binding and association of 125I-labeled LDL (125I-LDL) were not changed under hypoxia compared to normoxia. However, the degradation of 125I-LDL under hypoxia decreased to 60%. The rate of cholesterol esterification under hypoxia was 2-fold greater on incubation with LDL or 25-hydroxycholesterol. The cellular cholesteryl ester content was also greater under hypoxia on incubation with LDL. Secretion of apolipoprotein E into the medium was not altered under hypoxia, suggesting that apolipoprotein E independent cholesterol efflux may be reduced under hypoxia. Thus, hypoxia affects the intracellular metabolism of LDL, stimulates cholesterol esterification, and enhances cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. Hypoxia is one of the important factors modifying the cellular lipid metabolism in arterial wall.     

Sterol-modulated glycolipid sorting occurs in niemann-pick C1 late endosomes

The Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein and endocytosed low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol were shown to enrich separate subsets of vesicles containing lysosomal associated membrane protein 2. Localization of Rab7 in the NPC1-containing vesicles and enrichment of lysosomal hydrolases in the cholesterol-containing vesicles confirmed that these organelles were late endosomes and lysosomes, respectively. Lysobisphosphatidic acid, a lipid marker of the late endosomal pathway, was found in the cholesterol-enriched lysosomes. Recruitment of NPC1 to Rab7 compartments was stimulated by cellular uptake of cholesterol. The NPC1 compartment was shown to be enriched in glycolipids, and internalization of GalNAcbeta1-4[NeuAcalpha2-3]Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1'-ceramide (G(M2)) into endocytic vesicles depends on the presence of NPC1 protein. The glycolipid profiles of the NPC1 compartment could be modulated by LDL uptake and accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol. Expression in cells of biologically active NPC1 protein fused to green fluorescent protein revealed rapidly moving and flexible tubular extensions emanating from the NPC1-containing vesicles. We conclude that the NPC1 compartment is a dynamic, sterol-modulated sorting organelle involved in the trafficking of plasma membrane-derived glycolipids as well as plasma membrane and endocytosed LDL cholesterol.     

Acid hydrolases in early and late endosome fractions from rat liver.

We have examined the distribution of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and five acid hydrolases in early and late endosomes and a receptor-recycling fraction isolated from livers of estradiol-treated rats. Enrichment of mannose 6-phosphate receptor mass relative to that of crude liver membranes was comparable in membranes of early and late endosomes but was even greater in membranes of the receptor-recycling fraction. Enrichment of acid hydrolase activities (aryl sulfatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase, and cholesteryl ester acid hydrolase) and cathepsin D mass was also comparable in early and late endosomes but was considerably lower in the receptor-recycling fraction. The enrichment of two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase and cholesteryl ester acid hydrolase, in endosomes was severalfold greater than that of the other three examined, about 40% of that found in lysosomes. Acid phosphatase and cholesteryl ester acid hydrolase were partially associated with endosome membranes, whereas cathepsin D was found entirely in the endosome contents. These findings raise the possibility that lysosomal enzymes traverse early endosomes during transport to lysosomes in rat hepatocytes and suggest that the greater enrichment of some acid hydrolases in endosomes is related to their association with endosome membranes. Despite the substantial enrichment of lysosomal enzymes in hepatocytic endosomes, we found that two, cholesteryl ester acid hydrolase and cathepsin D, did not degrade cholesteryl esters and apolipoprotein B-100 of endocytosed low density lipoproteins in vivo, presumably because they are inactive at the pH within endosomes.     

Internalized Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Passes through an Endosome Compartment That Is Distinct from the Acid Vesicle–Lysosome Compartment

Cholesterol from the plasma membrane of MA-10 Leydig tumor cells is internalized into the cell and either esterified or used as substrate for steroid hormone synthesis. In the present studies we show that chloroquine and sphinganine cause LDL cholesterol and cholesteryl esters to accumulate in the cells. A lysosome fraction contained the excess cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. Both inhibitors blocked the conversion of plasma membrane cholesterol into intracellular cholesteryl esters and caused dose-dependent inhibition of dibutyryl-cAMP-stimulated progesterone synthesis. Radiolabeled cholesterol applied to the plasma membrane of MA-10 cells accumulated in the lysosome fraction of chloroquine and sphinganine-treated cells. Evidence that these inhibitors did not require the Golgi was provided by experiments using brefeldin A. Experiments utilizing a fluorescent cholesterol analogue and a lysosomal marker indicated that cholesterol entered the cells in structures that were different than the acidic vesicle–lysosome compartment. Consistent with this observation was the observation that the peak fluorescence fractions of cells subjected to density gradient centrifugation was of lower density than the lysosome fraction.     

Type C Niemann-Pick disease. Abnormal metabolism of low density lipoprotein in homozygous and heterozygous fibroblasts

The esterification of cholesterol derived from human low density lipoprotein (LDL) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) was deficient in cultured fibroblasts from subjects with heterozygous and homozygous type C Niemann-Pick (NPC) disease. Failure to significantly esterify LDL-derived cholesterol resulted in abnormal accumulation of predominantly unesterified cholesterol in homozygous NPC fibroblasts. Compared with normal and homozygous fibroblasts, heterozygous NPC fibroblasts synthesized intermediate levels of cholesteryl ester during the initial 6 h of incubation with LDL. The rate of cholesterol esterification in heterozygous cells was normal when measured over a 24-h period of incubation with LDL. In addition to demonstrating a defect in cholesterol esterification, homozygous NPC fibroblasts accumulated more total cholesterol when incubated with LDL or FBS than normal fibroblasts accumulated. When heterozygous NPC fibroblasts were incubated with LDL or FBS, cellular accumulation of cholesterol reached levels that were high-normal or intermediary between levels observed in normal and homozygous NPC fibroblasts. The partial expression of these metabolic errors in the heterozygous genotype relevantly links these errors to the primary mutation of this disorder.     

The transport of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol to the plasma membrane is defective in NPC1 cells

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is characterized by lysosomal storage of cholesterol and gangliosides, which results from defects in intracellular lipid trafficking. Most studies of NPC1 have focused on its role in intracellular cholesterol movement. Our hypothesis is that NPC1 facilitates the egress of cholesterol from late endosomes, which are where active NPC1 is located. When NPC1 is defective, cholesterol does not exit late endosomes; instead, it is carried along to lysosomal storage bodies, where it accumulates. In this study, we addressed whether cholesterol is transported from endosomes to the plasma membrane before reaching NPC1-containing late endosomes. Our study was conducted in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that display the classical NPC biochemical phenotype and belong to the NPC1 complementation group. We used three approaches to test whether low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol en route to NPC1-containing organelles passes through the plasma membrane. First, we used cyclodextrins to measure the arrival of LDL cholesterol at the plasma membrane and found that the arrival of LDL cholesterol in a cyclodextrin-accessible pool was significantly delayed in NPC1 cells. Second, the movement of LDL cholesterol to NPC1-containing late endosomes was assessed and found to be normal in Chinese hamster ovary mutant 3-6, which exhibits defective movement of plasma membrane cholesterol to intracellular membranes. Third, we examined the movement of plasma membrane cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum and found that this pathway is intact in NPC1 cells, i.e. it does not pass through NPC1-containing late endosomes. Our data suggest that in NPC1 cells LDL cholesterol traffics directly through endosomes to lysosomes, bypassing the plasma membrane, and is trapped there because of dysfunctional NPC1.