植物水孔蛋白最新研究进展

水孔蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)是高效转运水分子的膜内在蛋白,具有丰富的多样性,在调控植物的水分关系中有重要作用．介绍了AQP的分类、结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的多种生理功能和AQP活性的各种调控方式．综述了水分胁迫和盐胁迫等逆境条件及脱落酸、赤霉素和乙烯等植物激素对AQP基因表达调控等方面的研究进展．     

沙蒿AQP基因结构预测及干旱胁迫下的时空表达模式研究

为探究水通道蛋白(AQP)在沙蒿响应干旱胁迫中的作用机制,该研究以青海省柴达木盆地沙蒿为试验材料,采用RACE技术对其AQP基因进行扩增,获得沙蒿AQP全长克隆并对AQP蛋白进行结构预测和分析;采用qRT-PCR对沙蒿AQP基因在不同程度干旱胁迫以及不同组织部位的表达模式进行分析。结果表明:(1)成功克隆获得沙蒿AQP基因长746 bp的片段1和长534 bp的片段2,经拼接后得到全长cDNA序列,沙蒿AQP基因总长为864 bp。(2)亚细胞定位表明沙蒿AQP基因定位于细胞膜上;同源比对显示沙蒿与向日葵、莴苣、橡胶树等植物的AQP基因具有较高的相似性;结构预测表明AQP蛋白含6个跨膜螺旋结构且亲水性较弱,α螺旋和无规则卷曲为AQP蛋白二级结构的主要构成元件。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明,沙蒿AQP基因随着干旱胁迫的加重呈现有规律的变化,根、茎、叶中表达均上调,且叶中AQP基因表达量上调幅度最大。研究表明沙蒿AQP基因结构特征及其表达模式都是沙蒿对干旱胁迫的一种适应。     

水通道蛋白在塔里木兔肺组织中的表达和作用

通过检测塔里木兔Lepus yarcandensis肺脏中水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)1、AQP3及AQP4的表达和分布情况,以探讨水通道蛋白在干旱区动物水液代谢中的作用。采用常规HE染色观察肺组织学结构,采用免疫组织化学检测AQP1、AQP3及AQP4在肺脏中的分布位置及表达。结果表明,AQP1分布在支气管上皮细胞,肺泡间质毛细血管内皮细胞以及肺泡上皮(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)细胞。AQP3分布在小气管上皮顶质膜和大气道上皮细胞基底膜。AQP4分布在小气管和大气道上皮细胞基底膜。AQP1、AQP3及AQP4在肺中表达的强弱关系为AQP1>AQP4>AQP3。这些结果说明,水通道蛋白在塔里木兔肺泡腔、肺组织间隙及毛细血管腔之间水的转运中很可能起着很重要的作用。同时对吸入空气的湿润和呼出气体中水分的重吸收也具有重要意义。     

牦牛AQP4基因CDS序列的克隆及其生物信息学特征分析

为了研究高原动物对青藏高原高寒、低氧等极端生境的适应机理,进一步探讨高原动物对高原反应——高原脑水肿抗性的分子机理,运用基因克隆与生物信息学相关技术和方法,对牦牛脑AQP4(水通道蛋白4,AQP4)基因CDS全长序列进行克隆、基因序列比对及其生物信息学特征分析。结果表明,牦牛AQP4的CDS含有一个966 bp的开放阅读框,编码322个氨基酸;牦牛AQP4基因编码蛋白分子量34.69 k D,理论等电点(p I)7.59,其编码蛋白含有6次跨膜结构,属于疏水性蛋白;二级结构主要由α-螺旋、延伸及无规则卷曲构成;AQP4基因编码产物氨基酸同源性及系统进化分析发现,牦牛AQP4基因编码氨基酸序列与黄牛、绵羊等物种间同源性较高,系统进化情况与其亲缘关系远近一致。     

水甘油通道蛋白结构和功能与疾病研究进展

水甘油通道蛋白(aquaglyceroporins)属于内在膜蛋白(major intrinsic protein,MIP)家族成员,是既可以运输水分子,又可以运输甘油等小分子物质穿透细胞膜等生理屏障的双功能水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)。研究发现其在人和其他生物的许多脏器中广泛分布,研究表明,其生理状态的改变与许多疾病的发生、发展及预后密切相关。本文从水甘油通道蛋白的基本结构、功能和相关疾病的关系,以及针对甘油水通道蛋白靶向治疗等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

水通道蛋白的生理功能 ——水通道基因敲除小鼠表型研究进展

水通道蛋白 (aquaporin, AQP) 是一族细胞膜上选择性高效转运水分子的特异孔道. 自从 Agre 等于 1992 年从红细胞膜发现第一个水通道蛋白 AQP1以来,有关水通道蛋白结构与功能的研究取得了迅速的、系列性的进展 . 已报道的哺乳动物 AQP 家族已有 11 个在蛋白质序列上有同源性成员 (AQP0~AQP10). AQP 在体内各系统组织中广泛表达,除了在与体液分泌和吸收密切相关的多种上皮和内皮细胞高表达外,在一些与体液转运无明显关系的组织细胞如红细胞、白细胞、脂肪细胞和骨骼肌细胞等处也有表达,提示 AQP 可能在多种器官生理和病理中发挥重要作用. 基因打靶技术是研究特定基因在体内生理功能的有力手段. 目前 AQP1、3、4、5 基因敲除和 AQP2 基因点突变的基因敲入小鼠模型 ( 模拟人类常染色体隐性遗传尿崩症 ) 已成功建立并广泛用于表型研究,在 AQP 水通道蛋白生理功能方面获得许多重要进展.     

植物抗逆反应中水孔蛋白的表达调控研究

水孔蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)作为一种功能性跨膜输水蛋白,对植物体形成水选择性运输通道并实现水分的跨膜运输起到重要的作用.当植物处于盐、干旱、低温等逆境胁迫状态时,体内的水分平衡被打破,水孔蛋白在水分运输和胞内渗透压的调控等方面表现出重要作用.综述了植物抗逆反应中水孔蛋白表达调控的研究进展.     

水通道蛋白AQP2翻译后修饰及表达调控

AQP2(aquaporin-2)是一种水通道蛋白,表达于集合管的主细胞,其活性主要受抗利尿激素(arginin vasopressin,AVP)调控。AVP调节的AQP2数量和细胞内定位在维持机体水代谢平衡和尿液浓缩中发挥着决定性的作用。AQP2受多种修饰,如磷酸化、泛素化、糖基化等。本文根据最新的文献报道,着重介绍了AQP2翻译后修饰及调控机制。     

AQP1促进肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖与迁移

肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)的迁移和增殖是肺动脉重塑进而造成肺动脉高压的主要病理基础。水通道蛋白1(AQP1)具有促进上皮细胞、内皮细胞迁移的作用,但机制不清。由于AQP1也表达于血管平滑肌细胞,推测AQP1可能参与缺氧诱导的PASMCs增殖及迁移。通过PCR和免疫印迹分析,检测AQP的表达以及缺氧对AQP表达水平的影响,并通过细胞迁移以及增殖实验观察AQP1在缺氧诱导的PASMCs迁移与增殖中的作用。AQP1在PASMCs和主动脉平滑肌细胞(Ao SMCs)均表达,但缺氧只增加PASMCs中AQP1的表达,以及促进PASMCs的迁移与增殖。敲除AQP1可抑制PASMCs的增殖以及缺氧诱导的细胞增殖和迁移。过表达AQP1促进PASMCs的增殖和迁移。缺氧促进β联蛋白在PASMCs内的表达。敲除β联蛋白后,抑制Ad AQP1所介导的PASMCs迁移与增殖。这些结果表明,缺氧可促进AQP1在肺动脉内的表达,AQP1可通过β联蛋白对PASMCs的增殖和迁移进行调节。     

水通道蛋白4与脑水肿研究进展

水通道蛋白4(AQP4)是膜水通道蛋白家族的一员,在脑组织中高表达,是控制水进出脑组织的通道。近年来发现,AQP4的功能和表达与脑水肿密切相关。同时脑水肿又是和脑疾病治疗密切相关的病理过程,对两者的研究或许可以为我们带来更多的临床治疗新思路。本文综述了AQP4的结构、表达、调控与功能以及AQP4与脑水肿关系的研究进展。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.