中国乌头属药用植物比较解剖学的研究

本文对中国乌头属Aconitum三亚属53种及变种的药用植物进行了比较解剖学的研究。纳出该属植物根部组织构造的6大类型和18种亚型,找出了鉴定乌头类药材的解剖学特征。并结合植物分类学。化学分类学、细胞染色体和毒性,探讨了该属组织构造与植物系统演化之间的相关性。结果表明根部具有较进化的I型和II型构造的植物,含毒性很大的双酯型生物碱,主要存在于乌头亚属乌头组3,5-11系中;较原始的Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型及少数小根类Ⅱ型构造的植物,含毒性较小的阿替生和胺醇类生物碱,主要存在于露蕊乌头亚属和乌头亚属乌头组1—2系;更原始的V型和Ⅵ型构造的植物,含毒性更小的牛扁碱型生物碱,主要存在于牛扁亚属中。本文还从解剖学的角度对乌头属下等级的系统位置作了讨沦。     

白喉乌头及其炮制品生物碱成分变化与细胞毒性研究

摘要 目的：比较白喉乌头生品、炮制品生物碱成分的含量变化及其细胞毒性。方法：将白喉乌头生品及哈萨克法炮制品（以下简称"炮制品"）采用高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography，HPLC）分析比较，测定炮制前后各提取液生物碱成分的变化；用MTT比色法分析比较不同浓度白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液的细胞毒性。结果：白喉乌头经炮制，乌头碱及次乌头碱峰面积显著减少，降低率分别为 45.1 %和 74.5 %；去乙酰高乌甲素峰面积明显升高，升高率为62.2 %；高乌甲素、冉乌头碱及去乙酰冉乌头碱峰面积基本不变；同时，有新的色谱峰产生，说明经炮制有新成分产生；白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液浓度分别为在5000、2500、1250、625、312.5 μg/mL 给药48 h，与白喉乌头生品提取液相比，其炮制品提取液细胞抑制率明显降低（P＜0.05），白喉乌头生品及炮制品的IC50分别是1826.70 μg/mL、3192.48 μg/mL。结论：白喉乌头经炮制，主要成分的色谱峰面积发生了变化，同时有新色谱峰产生，其毒性成分乌头碱、次乌头碱峰面积明显减少，说明乌头碱、次乌头碱含量减少，通过 MTT 比色法检测细胞毒性，证明其达到减毒目的。     

濒危药用植物短柄乌头及其近缘种的核型研究

对短柄乌头及其展毛短柄乌头、铁棒锤核型进行研究,为短柄乌头的细胞地理分布和选育提供理论基础.3个种其染色体基数为 X＝8,短柄乌头6个居群出现5种核型公式,不同居群染色体形态变异较大.其中宁蒗和盐源2个居群核型公式相同.四川木里居群属于 Stebbins 的1A 型,丽江、宁蒗、四川盐源居群属于2B 型,会泽、东川居群属于3B 型;铁棒锤和展毛短柄乌头核型类型都是属于2B 型.短柄乌头各项染色体参数表现出较高的不对称性,核型比较不相近.核型公式变异、核型不对称系数、核型不对称指数没有显示出清晰的、对应的地理分布.6个短柄乌头居群中也没发现三倍体,短柄乌头的选育还需进一步研究.     

国产7种乌头属植物的核型研究

本文报道了国产7种乌头属植物（两色乌头（Aconitum alboviolaceum Kom.,牛扁 A.barbartum var.puberulum Ledeb.,蔓乌头A.volubile Pall.,展毛蔓乌头 A.ciliare DC.,北乌头 A.kusnezoffii Reichb.,蒿叶乌头 A.artemisiaefolium Bar.et Skv.,细叶乌头 A.macrorhgnchum Turcz.）的核型。其中展毛蔓乌头、蒿叶乌头和细叶乌头的核型为首次报道。本文还首次指出乌头属中具多年生根状茎的牛扁亚属植物的核型没有明显的二型性,而具二年生块根的乌头正属植物的核型的二型性十分明显。此外还讨论了细叶乌头及展毛蔓乌头的系统位置,认为它们与蔓乌头有较近的亲缘关系。     

中国乌头属植物药用亲缘学研究

毛莨科Ranunculaceae乌头属Aconitum L．植物作为有毒植物及药用植物一直受到广泛的关注。本属全世界约有300余种,其中超过半数分布在中国。本文在总结乌头属二萜生物碱的化学分类及其分布、特征性二萜生物碱及其分类价值以及二萜生物碱的生源关系及其分类学意义的基础上,结合其毒性和疗效讨论了国产乌头属植物亲缘关系、化学成分和疗效及毒性之间的相关性,亦即药用亲缘学的初步研究。发现牛扁亚属subgen．Lycoctonum是以牛扁碱和C18-二萜生物碱为主的类群,由于其毒性中等,因而是寻找镇痛、抗炎等新药的一个对象。从二萜生物碱化学成分来看,露蕊乌头亚属subgen．Gymnaconitum并不显得最为进化,对其分类位置尚难作出最后的结论。乌头亚属subgen．Aconitum亚属下系之间的化学分类表现出如下特征：（1）唐古特乌头系ser．Tangutica和圆叶乌头系set．Rotundifolia是以内酯型二萜生物碱为主的类群,毒性较小,是新药寻找的重点研究类群。保山乌头系ser．Bullatifolia以C20-二萜生物碱如光翠雀碱和宋果灵以及C19-二萜生物碱如乌头碱、滇乌碱和尼奥灵等为主。短柄乌头系see Brachypoda显示以3-乙酰乌头碱、乌头碱、伏乌碱等高度进化的乌头碱型二萜生物碱为主,胺醇类如尼奥灵次之,有时共存其他纳哌啉型C20-二萜生物碱的特征。准噶尔乌头系ser．Grandituberosa的化学特征是以高度进化的乌头碱型如乌头碱等和比较原始的胺醇如塔拉萨敏、尼奥灵等以及C20-二萜生物碱为主,均有较大毒性。褐紫乌头系ser．Brunnea则以C20-二萜生物碱如光翠雀碱和宋果灵为主,杂有高度进化的乌头碱型二萜生物碱如乌头碱等成分。化学分类上不支持其独立成为一个分支。以上各系组成乌头亚属的原始和中间过渡类群。其中唐古特乌头系和圆叶乌头系最为相近,褐紫乌头系可能是连接保山乌头系和短柄乌头系的“桥梁”,而准噶尔乌头系更靠近保山乌头系。（2）显柱乌头系set．Stylosa是以含大茴香酸酯基的乌头碱型二萜生物碱以及塔拉萨敏和查斯曼宁胺醇类为主的类群,是块根较大的“大乌头”的主要来源,具有很大的毒性。兴安乌头系ser．Ambigua以含大茴香酸酯基的乌头碱型和原始胺醇类如塔拉萨敏、尼奥灵等二萜生物碱为主。蔓乌头系ser．Volubilia是以含大茴香酸酯基／苯甲酸酯基的乌头碱型和塔拉萨敏胺醇类以及高度进化的乌头碱型二萜生物碱为主的中间过渡类群。乌头系ser．Inflata以含15-羟基的单酯、双酯或多酯以及胺醇类鸟头碱型二萜生物碱为主,且酯基中无大茴香酸酯基,此系是草乌的主要植物来源,具有很大的毒性,应十分慎用。这些系可能代表乌头亚属进化的类群。其中显柱乌头系与兴安乌头系可能较近缘。蔓乌头系可能是连接显柱乌头系／兴安乌头系与乌头系的中间类群。另外,保山乌头系、短柄乌头系和准噶尔乌头系可能是直接向显柱乌头系、蔓乌头系和乌头系过渡的较为原始的类群。（3）岩乌头系set．Racemulosa从化学分类角度来看是一个特殊的类群,支持其独立成一个分支。其化学特征以牛扁碱型和乌头碱型的胺醇二萜生物碱如牛扁碱、异塔拉萨亭定和C20-二萜生物碱为主。如果单纯从化学成分来看,它与牛扁亚属植物似乎有一定关系。     

国产乌头属的化学分类

根据二萜生物碱的类型、生物合成、在乌头属植物中的分布,并参照国产乌头属的系统分类、形态演化和地理分布,本文讨论国产乌头属的化学分类。 1．以牛扁碱型成分为主的牛扁亚属和以乌头碱型成分为主的乌头亚属可能在乌头属进化的初期阶段就已分化,各自沿着独立的道路发展。2．乌头亚属包括以下类群：(1)以阿替生型、维特钦型、乌头碱型胺酵和 酯碱为主的保山乌头系,主要分布于国产乌头属近代发展分化中心之一的横断山脉和金沙江流域,可能国产乌头组的近代分化就是由该系发展而来; (2)以乌头碱、中乌头碱、下乌头碱为主的乌头系,为进化程度较高的群,所含乌头碱及尼奥灵显示了该系与保山乌头系的亲缘关系; (3)以乌头碱和松果灵为主的准噶尔乌头系,所含乌头碱和松果灵显示了该系与保山乌头系的亲缘关系; (4)以滇乌碱类酯碱为主的显柱乌头系和蔓乌头系,为进化程度较高的群,其酯碱有别于乌头碱类。3．以阿替生及C₁₉内酯型为主的甘青乌头系及圆叶乌头系,可能为进化早期形成的高山特化类群。4. 以阿替生和C₁₉乌头碱型胺醇为主的露蕊乌头亚属,可能为特化类群。     

36例乌头碱中毒致室性心律失常的临床研究

目的:研究乌头碱中毒致室性心律失常是为了提高对室性心律失常的诊疗水平.方法:36例乌头碱中毒患者入院,立即洗胃,心电监护.根据心电图情况及时纠正心律紊乱,选用利多卡因、硫酸镁、氯化钾静滴及电除颤抢救.结果:36例患者有效30例,显效4例,无效2例.总有效率94.44%,乌头碱中毒时间与治疗早搏消失时间的疗效比较P值<0.05,有显著性差异.结论:乌头碱中毒所致室性心律失常治疗关键:及早药物及电复律,可提高其治愈率.     

乌头根腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

【背景】四川江油地区栽培乌头极易发生根腐病,植株染病后枯萎死亡,最终影响药材产量。因发病因素和致病菌多样,乌头根腐病的防治向来困难。【目的】鉴定四川江油地区栽培乌头根腐病病原菌,为病害诊断和防治提供理论基础。【方法】采用组织分离法进行病原菌分离;按照Koch’s法则对分离的病菌进行致病性验证;通过形态学观察和真菌r DNA-ITS序列分析,鉴定病原菌种类。【结果】从具有根腐病症状的乌头根部分离得到47株真菌,其中菌株GF3-3、GF3-6和GF6-1是乌头根腐病的致病菌;通过形态特征结合rDNA-ITS序列分析将菌株GF3-3、GF3-6和GF6-1分别鉴定为Fusariumsolani、F.oxysporum和F.proliferatum。【结论】茄腐镰刀菌(F.solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum)和层出镰刀菌(F. proliferatum)是乌头根腐病的主要病原菌,其中层出镰刀菌引起乌头患根腐病为首次报道。     

云南栽培川乌的生物碱成分

川乌(Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.)是我国有名中药并为中药附片的原植物,我国药典谓本品具祛风湿、散寒、止痛作用。陈嬿等首先报告陕西产川乌含有海帕乌头碱(hypaconitine)、乌头碱(aconitine),美沙乌头碱(mesaconitine)、塔拉地萨敏(talatisamine)、川乌碱甲和川乌碱乙。又从南京引种川乌提取得到美沙乌头碱、海帕乌头碱、乌头碱。岩佐準三等报告中药川乌含海帕乌头碱、乌头碱、美沙乌头碱     

四川乌头属的修订

四川是我国乌头属Aconitum L.植物的重要分布区。本文对该地区的乌头属植物进行了分类修订。通过文献查阅、野外观察和标本室研究,对乌头属的形态性状在居群间和居群内的变异式样进行了比较分析,发现叶分裂程度、上萼片的形状和花梗毛被等性状是较为可靠的分种依据,但是在个别情况,这些性状也会在同一种的同一居群内或不同居群间发生变化。花瓣和种子的特征对于属下划分有重要意义。本文承认四川乌头属植物有46种11变种,另有2种和1变种暂存疑。29种和22变种降为异名;作出新组合2个,其中包括1个改级新组合。紫乌头A. delavayi Franch.和保山乌头A. nagarum Stapf为四川新分布记录。对康定乌头A. tatsienense Finet &; Gagnep.、川鄂乌头A. henryi Pritz.和狭裂乌头A. refractum (Finet &; Gagnep.) Hand.-Mazz.进行了后选模式的标定。初步澄清了东俄洛乌头A. tongolense Ulbr.和狭裂乌头等种类中长期存在的名实混乱。还给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布以及分亚属、分系和分种检索表。     

Histological study of organogenesis and embryogenesis inCyclamen persicum Mill. tissue cultures: Evidence for a single organogenetic pattern

Summary Evidence is given thatCyclamen persicum callus culture give rise to structures such as shoot-buds, roots, unipolar tubers, bipolar tubers and embryos. Observations made on their structure by means of morphological and histological analyses are reported and discussed in relation to the anatomy of someCyclamen structures such as zygotic embryos and seedling tubers. Such analyses demonstrate that the bipolar structures including somatic embryos and bipolar tubers lack vascular connection with the callus whereas unipolar structures establish vascular strands with the callus. Here, the relationship between these regenerated structures is depicted. The organogenetic pattern inCyclamen persicum callus culture could well be a derived pathway for somatic embryogenesis. A theoretical diagram concerning the morphogenetic program is presented.     

Efficacy of potent antagonistic yeast Wickerhamiella versatilis against soft rot disease of potato caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum

Abstract

In this study, an antagonistic yeast isolate, Wickerhamiella versatilis was considered as a promising biocontrol agent against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum (Pcc) the causal agent of soft rot disease of potato. Antagonistic yeast inhibited the growth of Pcc in vitro, and reducing the soft rot severity of infected potato tubers (cv. Diamant) under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, cellulase and pectinase hydrolytic activities in infected potato tubers with yeast?+?Pcc were decreased compared with infected tubers with Pcc. The histological characterization of treated potato tubers with antagonistic yeast W. versatilis using scanning electron microscope showed the accumulation of extracellular substances that may induce plant resistant and protects potato tubers from hydrolysis and damages. This study may introduce the possibility of using the antagonistic yeast isolate, as a biocontrol agent against soft rot of potato tubers.     

The effect of submergence on tuber production and dormancy in two subspecies ofBolboschoenus maritimus

Two subspecies ofBolboschoenus maritimus (L.)Palla were cultivated in submerged and non-submerged conditions. The production of tubers, the proportion of tubers remaining dormant and the time between production and reactivation were investigated. Total tuber production was found to be dependent on subspecies and may be considered a biological character of the subspecies.Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp.compactus, a subspecies of less, flooded habitats, produced more tubers with a greater capacity for growth leaving a smaller proportion of dormant tubers. Inactivity of tubers and their reactivation after one or two years were enhanced by submergence in both subspecies. The proportion of tubers that are permanently dormant as well as the dormancy of the whole plant are important features influencing the survival of populations ofB. maritimus over periods of unfavourable conditions.     

太子参微块根发育的解剖学与组织化学定位

采用植物组织培养、解剖学及组织化学定位方法研究太子参试管微块根发育的形态结构与营养物质积累特征的结果表明：太子参微块根由组培苗膨大的腋芽基部长出的不定根发育而成,经历了初生结构与次生结构发育,其膨大加粗是由于不定根的次生生长。维管形成层向内形成大量的次生木质部构成微块根的主要部分。淀粉粒是太子参微块根的主要营养存储方式。随着微块根的次生生长,淀粉粒先在次生木质部薄壁细胞中形成,随后在次生韧皮薄壁细胞中也大量积累。膨大的微块根可以合成太子参皂苷,成熟微块根中次生韧皮部的皂苷含量略高于次生木质部。离体太子参微块根的生长发育和营养物质的积累与块根中的相同。     

Tubers as fallback foods and their impact on Hadza hunter-gatherers

The Hadza are hunter-gatherers in Tanzania. Their diet can be conveniently categorized into five main categories: tubers, berries, meat, baobab, and honey. We showed the Hadza photos of these foods and asked them to rank them in order of preference. Honey was ranked the highest. Tubers, as expected from their low caloric value, were ranked lowest. Given that tubers are least preferred, we used kilograms of tubers arriving in camp across the year as a minimum estimate of their availability. Tubers fit the definition of fallback foods because they are the most continuously available but least preferred foods. Tubers are more often taken when berries are least available. We examined the impact of all foods by assessing variation in adult body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%BF) in relation to amount of foods arriving in camp. We found, controlling for region and season, women of reproductive age had a higher %BF in camps where more meat was acquired and a lower %BF where more tubers were taken. We discuss the implications of these results for the Hadza. We also discuss the importance of tubers in human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 140:751–758, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Size-related consumption of Scirpus maritimus tubers by greylag geese Anser anser explained by their functional response

To explain the preference of wintering greylag geese Anser anser for small Scirpus maritimus tubers (<10mm) over larger ones, our hypothesis was that the former would provide higher intake rates. This 'consumption rate hypothesis' was tested experimentally by deriving the functional responses of geese feeding on tubers of three contrasting sizes. Goose consumption rates were measured as: (i) feeding rate (tubers/min) and (ii) instantaneous intake rate (g fresh weight/min) on various tuber densities (5-200 tubers/tray). Geese had linear functional responses over the range of tuber densities offered, and tuber size affected their consumption rate. The results were then used to re-examine intake rates according to relative biomass of tubers found in the wild. In support of our hypothesis, the larger tubers allowed the lower intake rates. Foraging mechanisms that possibly control the tuber ingestion rate of geese were explored. After controlling (through chemical analyses) that nutritional components of tubers do not differ between sizes, it was concluded that geese preference is mainly due to size-related constraints (i.e. handling time) on their ingestion rates. Additional limiting factors (tuber extraction, digestion capacity) which are likely to constrain food intake of wild geese are also discussed.     

三七块根紫色素的花色苷本质及其含量和总皂苷含量的正相关性

三七是中国云南省的"第一药材",云南文山三七是三七的道地药材。三七块根的横截面为黄白色至紫色。紫色块根约占研究块根总数的28 .21 %,其中柱鞘、内皮层、皮层或表皮为紫色。特征颜色反应和紫外——可见光谱表明:三七块根紫色素属于黄酮类化合物,可能含有酚性邻位二羟基,不含类胡萝卜素、查耳酮、噢哢、异黄酮、儿茶素。花色苷和/或其苷元花色素奠定了紫色块根着色的基础,其他的非红色的黄酮类化合物起共色素的作用。块根的平均花色苷含量和平均总皂苷含量均以纯紫色块根的为最高,其次是黄紫混合色块根的,纯黄色的最低。块根的花色苷含量差异达到极显著水平,但总皂苷含量差异却没有达到显著水平。每个块根都含有不同量的花色苷,随花色苷量的增加,块根的紫色一般逐渐明显。块根的花色苷含量与其总皂苷含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0 .355。本文可为三七块根颜色呈现的机理探索及其色素的分子结构鉴定提供参考。     

The nature and distribution of various forms of nitrogen in the potato

The distribution of nitrogen fractions in the organs of King Edward potato plants harvested at intervals during the growing season has been determined. A general picture of the nitrogen distribution is presented and certain problems suggested by the data are discussed.
Each organ of the plant shows a uniformity in its nitrogenous composition during the whole season of active growth. The seed tubers are characterized by their high content of non-protein nitrogen. This fraction yields the greater part of the nitrogen withdrawn from the seed tubers; the amide, amino and 'other nitrogen' fractions all being markedly depleted. The severely depleted tubers retain some 20% of their initial nitrogen content.
The roots are rich in non-protein nitrogen, in which nitrate nitrogen is an important fraction. The roots from ammonium sulphate-treated plots had a higher total nitrogen content than those from untreated plots, due to accumulation of ammonia nitrogen.
The 'tops' have a higher nitrogen content and a higher proportion of protein than the roots. There is an increase in protein content and a decrease in non-protein nitrogen in passing from stems, to petioles, to leaf laminae. The depleted tubers and roots and stems have a uniform low-protein content of the order 0.4-0.6 mg. protein nitrogen per g. fresh weight.
Asparagine and glutamine occur in approximately equal amounts in the seed tubers and roots. Glutamine is more completely withdrawn than asparagine from the tubers, and in the 'tops' it constantly exceeds asparagine in amount.
A study of the concentration gradients, from leaves to petioles, to stems, to stem bases and new tubers, of the fractions of the non-protein nitrogen focuses attention upon the 'other nitrogen' as containing the organic nitrogen most actively involved in translocation.
The concentration and total content of the glycoside solanine in the different organs has been determined at each sampling.     

Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the detection of potato leafroll virus in potato tubers

Factors affecting the detection of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tubers of field-grown potato plants with primary or secondary infection were studied. The reactions of extracts of virus-free potato tubers were minimised by pre-incubating the extracts at room temperature and by careful choice of the dilution of enzyme-conjugated globulin. PLRV was reliably detected in tubers produced by secondarily infected plants of all six cultivars tested. PLRV concentration was greater in heel-end than in rose-end vascular tissue of recently harvested tubers but increased in rose-end tissue when tubers stored at 4°C for at least 5 months were placed at 15–24°C for 2 wk. PLRV occurred at greater concentration in tubers from plants of cv. Maris Piper with natural or experimentally induced primary infection than in tubers from secondarily infected plants; again PLRV concentration was greater in heel-end than in rose-end vascular tissue. Plants whose shoots were infected earliest in the growing season were invaded systemically and produced the greatest proportion of infected tubers; plants infected late in the season also produced infected tubers but PLRV was not detected in their shoot tops. PLRV concentration in tubers from the earliest-infected plants was less than in tubers from later-infected plants. PLRV was detected reliably by ELISA in tubers from progenies that were totally infected but was not detected in all infected tubers from partially infected progenies. ELISA is suitable as a routine method of indexing tubers for PLRV, although the virus will not be detected in all infected tubers produced by plants to which it is transmitted late in the growing season.     

Agrobacterial <Emphasis Type="Italic">rol</Emphasis> genes modify thermodynamic and structural properties of starch in microtubers of transgenic potato

Wild-type (WT) plants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and their transgenic forms carrying agrobacterial genes rolB or rolC under the control of B33 class I patatin promoter were cultured in vitro on MS medium with 2% sucrose in a controlled-climate chamber at 16-h illumination and 22°C. These plants were used as a source of single-node stem cuttings, which were cultured in darkness on the same medium supplemented with 8% sucrose. The tubers formed on them were used for determination of the structure of native starch using the methods of differential scanning microcalorimetry (DSC), X-ray scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that, in starch from the tubers of rolB-plants, the temperature of crystalline lamella melting was lower and their thickness was less than in WT potato. In tubers of rolC plants, starch differed from starch in WT plants by a higher melting temperature, considerably reduced melting enthalpy, and a greater thickness of crystalline lamellae. Deconvolution of DSC thermogram makes it possible to interpret the melting of starch from the tubers of rolC plants as the melting of two independent crystalline structures with melting temperatures of 65.0 and 69.8°C. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the earlier obtained data indicating that, in the tubers of rolC plants, starch granules are smaller and in the tubers of rolB plants larger than in WT plants. Possible ways of influence of rol transgenes on structural properties of starch in amyloplasts of potato tubers are discussed.