Insulin,Glucose, and Potassium in the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

A daily infusion of 500-1,000 ml of 50% glucose containing 100-120 units of soluble insulin and 100-120 mEq of potassium chloride per litre was given to six patients suffering from hyponatraemia and congestive cardiac failure resistant to digoxin and diuretic therapy. In two patients there was no response, but four showed a striking improvement with a sodium and water diuresis, a rise in plasma sodium level, and in two cases a reversion from atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. It is suggested that insulin, glucose, and potassium given by the intravenous route in adequate dosage forms a useful adjunct to the management of severe congestive heart failure.     

Effects of salinity and gibberellin on water content,growth and mineral composition of cowpea,calabrese and red radish plants

Salinity had generally little influence on the water content of different parts of cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.), calabrese(Brassica oleracea L. var.botrylis) and red radish(Raphanus salivus L.) plants. Salinity showed a promotive effect on the growth of cowpea, while in calabrese the effect was either promotive or depressive depending upon the concentration of the NaCl, and in red radish plants salinity progressively suppressed growth. Total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium contents of cowpea leaves were not affected by salinity treatments, while in calabrese and red radish leaves the contents of N, P and K were generally decreased as the salinity level increased. Gibberellin (GA₃) applied to salt-treated plants had either a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the growth, water content and contents of N, P, K and Na in the leaves depending upon the plant type, the concentration of GA₃ and level of salinity.     

Comparative study of the gamma-rhythm in the norm, pre-examination stress and patients with the first depressive episode

The work gives the results of comparative analysis of gamma-rhythm (30-40 Hz) spectral power and synchronization indices in the healthy subjects both in normal situation and before the examination with that of depressive patients with the first episode, in the rest condition and during cognitive tests performance. It is demonstrated that gamma-rhythm spectral power in frontal and temporal areas of depressive patients was significantly higher than that in the norm. In stressful situation the number of differences of healthy subjects from depressive patients decreased in the rest condition and in Kraepelin test. Spatial imagination revealed more significant differences between depressive patients and healthy subjects both in normal and in stressful situations. Gamma-rhythm synchronization level was the same in healthy subjects both in the rest condition and during the tests performance, but in stressful situation it increased in the latter situation as well as in depressive patients. Thus, in the most cases stressful situation decreases the differences of EEG indices between healthy subjects and depressive patients both in the rest condition (by spectral power) and during the tests performance (by both indices). This may point out stress as the "trigger" of depression.     

Comparative depressive actions of barbiturates on potassium chloride uptake by intact barley and rice seedlings

Summary

The comparative depressive actions of the three barbiturates, barbital, amobarbital, and secobarbital, respectively classed as long-, medium-, and short-acting barbiturates, on potassium and chloride ion uptake by intact barley and rice seedlings were investigated. Barbital exerted the least and secobarbital the most depressive action on the uptake of both potassium and chloride ions by both types of seedlings. The functioning of the Meyer-Overton principle regarding lipid solubility in relation to drug or anaesthetic potency, observed previously in germinating angiosperm seedlings and in germinating pollen grains, was also evident in this investigation.     

Effects of Sucrose on Water Relations of Cut, Senescing, Carnation Flowers

Carnation flower stems were stood in water or sucrose solutionand changes in water content, water and osmotic potential, turgorpressure and solutes (sugars, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)of petals were measured throughout the flower life. In bothtreatments the petals had a higher specific water content atincipient wilting than when the flowers were first cut. In water,turgor pressure decreased rapidly after the seventh day becauseof a decrease in tissue solute content. In sucrose solution,loss, of solutes was delayed probably because the sugar provideda respiratory substrate to maintain cell membrane integrity.In these cells, sugars and water accumulated causing decreasesin water potential and osmotic potential. Solutes and waterwere lost at about day 15 and turgor pressure decreased. Therewas some evidence that from about day 11 cells were so gorgedwith sugars that they burst when they were placed in water duringthe adjustment of water content prior to water potential measurements. Most of the initial petal osmotic energy content could be accountedfor by sugar, potassium, and anions associated with potassium,but in water, as the petals aged and sugar content decreased,so the potassium ions contributed a larger proportion of theosmotic energy; with stems in sucrose, the endogenous sugarcontent (reducing sugars plus sucrose) contributed an increasingproportion of the total osmotic energy. Dianthus caryophyllus, carnation, flowers, water relations, senescence     

Water and ion balance in the tissues of the dehydrated cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Cockroaches dehydrated for 8 days lost nearly 50% of their haemolymph volume and approx 25% of their tissue water. Haemolymph osmolality and sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations in the haemolymph and tissue water were all regulated within narrow limits. It is confirmed that sodium and potassium ions are sequestered within the fat body during periods of dehydration. The increase in sodium and potassium ions in the fat body is shown to arise from ionic regulation of haemolymph and other tissues. During periods of rehydration, sodium and potassium concentrations decrease in the fat body and haemolymph volume and ionic concentrations return to near original levels. A small proportion of the surplus haemolymph chloride ions is shown to be associated with the cuticle during times of water deprivation.     

Effects of intraarterial, intravenous, and intraluminal neurotensin on canine ileal sodium and water absorption and blood flow

Neurotensin is a regulatory peptide which is found primarily in the ileum and is secreted into the blood and lumen. The physiologic effects of neurotensin are uncertain but in certain pathologic states neurotensin increases to levels which can have effects on many organs. The effects of intravenous, intraarterial and intraluminal neurotensin (0.075-7.5 micrograms/min) on fed canine ileal sodium and water fluxes, potassium secretion, and blood flows were studied. Intravenous and intraarterial infusion of neurotensin increased net sodium, potassium, and water secretion, due to increased secretory fluxes, and increased hematocrits. Intraarterial neurotensin was not more effective than intravenous neurotensin except for stimulating potassium secretion. Neurotensin increased potassium secretion at 0.075 micrograms/min IA, increased sodium and water secretion at 0.75 micrograms/min IA and IV, and increased hematocrit at 7.5 micrograms/min IA and and IV. Total and absorptive site blood flows and arterial and venous pressures were not changed. Intraluminal neurotensin had no effects at any infusion rate. Neurotensin can increase potassium secretion at physiologic levels by a local effect and can increase sodium and water secretion at high physiological-pathological levels through a hormonal mechanism. The secretion is not dependent on cardiovascular changes.     

Clinical Patterns and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Melancholic,Atypical and Non-Melancholic Depressions

Objective

To assess sociodemographic, clinical and treatment factors as well as depression outcome in a large representative clinical sample of psychiatric depressive outpatients and to determine if melancholic and atypical depression can be differentiated from residual non-melancholic depressive conditions.

Subjects/Materials and Method

A prospective, naturalistic, multicentre, nationwide epidemiological study of 1455 depressive outpatients was undertaken. Severity of depressive symptoms was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Self Rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR₃₀). IDS-SR₃₀ defines melancholic and atypical depression according to DSM-IV criteria. Assessments were carried out after 6–8 weeks of antidepressant treatment and after 14–20 weeks of continuation treatment.

Results

Melancholic patients (16.2%) were more severely depressed, had more depressive episodes and shorter episode duration than atypical (24.7%) and non-melancholic patients. Atypical depressive patients showed higher rates of co-morbid anxiety disorders and substance abuse. Melancholic patients showed lower rates of remission.

Conclusion

Our study supports a different clinical pattern and treatment outcome for melancholic and atypical depression subtypes.     

Reduced concentrations of potassium,magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics

Animal studies have shown that potassium depletion induced by diuretics or potassium deficient fodder leads to a selective decrease in the concentrations of potassium and in the concentration of sodium-potassium pumps in skeletal muscle. In 25 patients who had received diuretics for 2-14 years the mean concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps were measured in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens and were significantly lower than in those from a group of age matched controls. The reductions in all three variables were significant in those patients receiving diuretics for arterial hypertension as well as in those being treated for congestive heart failure. In 14 patients the mean muscle potassium concentration was below the control range, but only one of those was hypokalaemic (3·4 mmol/l), and 13 were receiving potassium supplements. In 15 patients the mean muscle magnesium concentration was below normal, and the mean muscle potassium and magnesium concentrations showed a linear correlation. In 12 patients in whom the mean muscle potassium concentration was below 80 μmol/g wet weight there was a linear correlation between the cellular potassium:sodium ratio and the concentration of ³H-ouabain binding sites indicating that potassium deficiency also leads to a down regulation of sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle.In spite of potassium supplements long term treatment with diuretics may lead to potassium and magnesium deficiencies, which are not detectable using the standard methods of serum analysis. The changes in concentrations of electrolytes and sodium-potassium pumps associated with treatment with diuretics may impair muscle function and potassium homoeostasis and interfere with the distribution of digitalis glycosides.     

Potassium Deficiency-induced Changes in Stomatal Behavior, Leaf Water Potentials, and Root System Permeability in Beta vulgaris L

Studies of the water relations of potassium deficient sugarbeet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) revealed two factors for stomatal closure. One component of stomatal closure was reversible by floating leaf discs on distilled water to relieve the water deficit in the leaves; the other component was reversible in the light by floating the leaf discs on KCl solution for 1 hour or more. Potassium-activated stomatal opening in the light was observed when the guard cells were surrounded by their normal environment of epidermal and mesophyll cells, just as observed by previous workers for epidermal strips. Leaf water potentials, like stomatal apertures, appear to be strongly related to leaf potassium concentration. Potassium-deficient plants have a greatly decreased root permeability to water, and the implications of this effect on stomatal aperture and leaf water potential are discussed. In contrast, petiole permeability to water is unaffected by potassium treatment.     

Effect of potassium deficiency on carbon dioxide,cation, and phosphate content of muscle,with a note on the carbon dioxide content of human muscle

Albino rats weighing 160 to 175 gm. were fed a complete synthetic diet containing 0.003 per cent potassium and 0.7 per cent sodium for 40 days. Controls were given the same diet plus adequate added potassium. 1. Data from analyses of serum and skeletal muscle showed (a) a fall in serum chloride concentration and an increase in serum carbon dioxide concentration and pH in the potassium-deficient rats; (b) increases of sodium, magnesium, and calcium and a decrease of potassium in the muscle of the potassium-deficient rats; (c) no change of muscle chloride or carbon dioxide concentrations in the potassium-deficient rats. (2) Application of the Wallace-Hastings calculations to these data revealed (a) intracellular pH of the skeletal muscle of the normal rat to be 6.98 +/- 0.08; (b) an increase in serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) in potassium deficiency, together with increases in concentrations of [H(2)CO(2)] and [HCO(3) (-)] per kg. extracellular water and [H(2)CO(3)] per kg. cell water; (c) a decrease in values for [CO(2)] and [HCO(3) (-)] per kg. intracellular water; (d) a fall of intracellular pH in potassium deficiency to 6.42 +/- 0.05. (3) Analyses of sacrospinalis muscle from five men undergoing operation for ruptured intervertebral disc showed a mean value of 9.46 +/- 1.31 mM carbon dioxide per kg. blood-free tissue. Some problems of interpretation of data are briefly discussed.     

Tracer and nontracer potassium fluxes in squid giant axons and the effects of changes in external potassium concentration and membrane potential

The efflux of labeled and unlabeled potassium ions from the squid giant axon has been measured under a variety of experimental conditions. Axons soaked in sea water containing 42K ions lost radioactivity when placed in inactive sea water according to kinetics which indicate the presence of at least two cellular compartments. A rapidly equilibrating superficial compartment, probably the Schwann cell, was observed to elevate the specific activity of 42K lost from such axons to K-free sea water for a period of hours. The extra radioactive potassium loss from such axons during stimulation, however, was shown to have a specific activity identical within error to that measured in the axoplasm at the end of the experiment. The same was shown for the extra potassium loss occurring during passage of a steady depolarizing current. Axons placed in sea water with an elevated potassium ion concentration (50 mM) showed an increased potassium efflux that was in general agreement with the accompanying increase in membrane conductance. The efflux of potassium ions observed in 50 mM K sea water at different membrane potentials did not support the theory that the potassium fluxes obey the independence principle.     

Edinburgh primary care depression study: treatment outcome,patient satisfaction,and cost after 16 weeks.

OBJECTIVE--To compare the clinical efficacy, patient satisfaction, and cost of three specialist treatments for depressive illness with routine care by general practitioners in primary care. DESIGN--Prospective, randomised allocation to amitriptyline prescribed by a psychiatrist, cognitive behaviour therapy from a clinical psychologist, counselling and case work by a social worker, or routine care by a general practitioner. SUBJECTS AND SETTING--121 patients aged between 18 and 65 years suffering depressive illness (without psychotic features) meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition for major depressive episode in 14 primary care practices in southern Edinburgh. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Standard observer rating of depression at outset and after four and 16 weeks. Numbers of patients recovered at four and 16 weeks. Total length and cost of therapist contact. Structured evaluation of treatment by patients at 16 weeks. RESULTS--Marked improvement in depressive symptoms occurred in all treatment groups over 16 weeks. Any clinical advantages of specialist treatments over routine general practitioner care were small, but specialist treatment involved at least four times as much therapist contact and cost at least twice as much as routine general practitioner care. Psychological treatments, especially social work counselling, were most positively evaluated by patients. CONCLUSIONS--The additional costs associated with specialist treatments of new episodes of mild to moderate depressive illness presenting in primary care were not commensurate with their clinical superiority over routine general practitioner care. A proper cost-benefit analysis requires information about the ability of specialist treatment to prevent future episodes of depression.     

Movement of nitrate,chloride, and potassium in a sandy loam soll

Summary This study was conducted to measure the movement of nitrogen, chloride, and potassium in a sandy loam soil under field conditions and with controlled sprinkle irrigation. After 62.5 mm of water was applied, soil nitrate measurements indicated 67 per cent of the applied N fertilizer was lost from the upper 105 cm of the soil profile. Following a cumulative irrigation of 112.5 mm of water, 82 per cent of the applied N was lost. Since the chloride movement and redistribution was almost identical to the nitrate movement pattern, it would seem plausible that most of the nitrates were lost from the upper part of the soil by leaching. The potassium movement involved the redistribution of exchangeable K from the 0–8 cm soil zone into the 8–15 cm zone and with some buildup of K occurring in the 15–30 cm soil layer. re]19741126 rv]19751111     

Patterns in moss element concentrations in fens across species,habitats, and regions

The ionome and stoichiometry of fen mosses have not yet been studied in extensive data sets despite their potential to explain ecological behaviour of the species and to indicate nutrient limitation or oversupply. We analysed element concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in apical parts of dominant peat and brown mosses along the complete pH/calcium gradient in fens of three Central European regions (the Western Carpathians, the Bohemian Massif and, marginally, the West-Bohemian mineral springs). We obtained data from 143 localities for 56 species, with the most replicates for calcium-tolerant Sphagnum warnstorfii. Tissue element concentrations were to a great extent determined by species identity, except for magnesium, iron, and potassium (in the potassium-poor region). Water chemistry determined substantially species’ magnesium, potassium (in the potassium-poor region), and partially also calcium concentrations. Calcium and potassium concentrations were generally most predictable by water chemistry, water table depth (WTD), and species identity, while concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and especially iron were least predictable. Principal component analysis across the species showed the same two principal gradients in all regions. One reflected the ratios between iron and the other ions and the other the ratios between calcium + magnesium and other ions, sorting the species from calcicole (Scorpidium cossonii) to acidicole (Sphagnum fallax). Particular species differed strongly with respect to calcium concentration in both the biomass and the water, and median calcium concentration in a species coincided greatly with median concentration in the water. Tissue phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium also differed significantly among the species, but analogous coincidences with the concentrations in water were not found. The results for iron and magnesium were inconsistent between the regions. Within particular species, correlations between biomass and water element concentrations were either positive or negative, but largely nonsignificant. The rare moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus had higher element concentrations (except for nitrogen) than would be predicted from water chemistry, resembling the pattern of R-strategy plants. In the Western Carpathians, calcium concentrations in S. warnstorfii decreased significantly with WTD, becoming stabilised at around 5 mg/g at WTD >15 cm. The inter-regional differences in species element concentrations were usually explainable by different iron, magnesium, and potassium concentrations in water, with signs of phosphorus immobilisation by iron such as generally higher N:P ratios in the iron- and simultaneously phosphorus-richer region (Bohemian Massif). Because moss chemical composition combines the effects of species identity and various effects of the environment, caution is needed in any meta-analysis.     

Significance of Potassium in Genesis of Arrhythmias in Induced Cardiac Ischaemia

Paired biopsy specimens from the right or left atrial appendage have been taken from patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery after various periods of intermittent coronary artery occlusion and analysed for potassium, sodium, and chloride content, total tissue water, and extracellular fluid volume.Tissue potassium content is reduced after coronary artery occlusion, and potassium loss bears an apparently linear relationship to the duration of occlusion. After 150 minutes of occlusion the potassium content had decreased by nearly 50%.For the first 50 minutes of occlusion the myocardial cells swelled at the expense of the extracellular fluid volume. Thereafter there was movement of water in the opposite direction, with subsequent cell shrinkage.The loss of potassium and the alteration in cellular hydration exert profound effects on the calculated gradient of potassium across the cell membrane. This is discussed in relation to the arrhythmias and low cardiac output after myocardial ischaemia. An attempt to rationalize treatment is made.     

Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness.

Two mechanisms have been proposed to account for solute permeation of lipid bilayers. Partitioning into the hydrophobic phase of the bilayer, followed by diffusion, is accepted by many for the permeation of water and other small neutral solutes, but transient pores have also been proposed to account for both water and ionic solute permeation. These two mechanisms make distinctively different predictions about the permeability coefficient as a function of bilayer thickness. Whereas the solubility-diffusion mechanism predicts only a modest variation related to bilayer thickness, the pore model predicts an exponential relationship. To test these models, we measured the permeability of phospholipid bilayers to protons, potassium ions, water, urea, and glycerol. Bilayers were prepared as liposomes, and thickness was varied systematically by using unsaturated lipids with chain lengths ranging from 14 to 24 carbon atoms. The permeability coefficient of water and neutral polar solutes displayed a modest dependence on bilayer thickness, with an approximately linear fivefold decrease as the carbon number varied from 14 to 24 atoms. In contrast, the permeability to protons and potassium ions decreased sharply by two orders of magnitude between 14 and 18 carbon atoms, and leveled off, when the chain length was further extended to 24 carbon atoms. The results for water and the neutral permeating solutes are best explained by the solubility-diffusion mechanism. The results for protons and potassium ions in shorter-chain lipids are consistent with the transient pore model, but better fit the theoretical line predicted by the solubility-diffusion model at longer chain lengths.     

Effect of potassium on the water potential, the pressure potential, the osmotic potential and cell elongation in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris

The effect of potassium on the water potential, the osmotic potential and the pressure potential in younger and older leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris grown in hydroponic culture was studied. Inadequate potassium supply resulted in an increase of the osmotic potential. In the older leaves the water potential was raised, in the younger leaves the pressure potential was depressed in the treatment insufficiently supplied with potassium as compared with leaves with an adequate potassium supply. Cell size of the younger leaves was smaller in the treatment with the low K⁺ supply in comparison with the leaves well supplied with K⁺. Potassium had a beneficial effect on plant growth, especially on fresh matter production. The water status of leaves (water content, pressure potential, osmotic potential) responded more sensitively to potassium supply than dry matter production. Besides organic N and organic anions, K⁺ was the most abundant solute found in the press sap of the leaves. From the results it is concluded that K⁺ is indispensible for attaining an optimum potential (turgor) in young leaves which in turn has an impact on plant growth.     

Diabetes distress, but not depressive symptoms, is associated with glycaemic control among Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes: Diabetes Distress and Care Registry at Tenri (DDCRT 1)

Aims To investigate the association between glycaemic control, diabetes distress and depressive symptoms among Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods Cross-sectional data from 3305 patients with Type 2 diabetes were obtained from a baseline assessment of a diabetes registry at a general hospital in Japan. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and Problem Areas in Diabetes scale were used to measure depressive symptoms and diabetes-related distress, respectively. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risks for poor glycaemic control across the quartiles of Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and Problem Areas in Diabetes scale scores. Results The average age of the participants was 64.9?years and the average HbA(1c) level was 58.1?mmol/mol (7.5%). Clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale scores ≥?16) were reported by 27.8% of participants. These scores significantly correlated with Problem Areas in Diabetes scale scores (r?=?0.4354, P?相似文献   

Microprobe analysis of Na,K, Cl,P, S,Ca, Mg and H2O in frozen-hydrated sections of anterior caeca of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated sections was carried out for sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, phosphorus and water concentrations in the lumen and epithelial cells of freshly-fed adult female desert locusts, and in blood of fed and starved locusts.Sodium and chloride were found to be at a much lower level in the lumen and cells than potassium, and at a much higher level in the blood. The luminal folds were plugged with a dense organic matrix, presumed to be polyanionic glycosaminoglycans, which appeared to restrict access of charged moieties of the absorptive sites. The data were consistent with a model of caecal fluid absorption in which a passive flux of potassium from lumen to blood, possibly assisted by an active absorption of chloride, drives fluid into the blood. Unlike the case of the vertebrate intestine, active absorption of sodium from the lumen would not contribute significantly to the fluid transport in vivo.