斜带石斑鱼生长激素/催乳素家族基因cDNAs的分子克隆及其进化意义

从斜带石斑鱼垂体提取总。RNA,再取其50ng合成SMART cDNA。从所构建的垂体SMART cDNA质粒文库中筛选到生长激素／催乳素基因家族的2个成员的全长cDNA片段：生长激素(GH)基因全长为938bp,编码204个氨基酸;催乳素基因(PRI．)全长为1429bp,编码212个氨基酸。采用计算机软件Mega 2和CLUSTAL W1．64b对9种鱼的生长激素／催乳素基因家族的3个成员(GH、PRL和生长催乳素SL)的氨基酸序列进行系统分析,构建NJ分支系统树,对于序列中的插入／缺失位点则采用Pairaise Deletion,1000次自展(Bootstrap)分析计算各节点支持率。根据3个基因的氨基酸序列构建的系统树表明,石斑鱼与金头鲷、金鲈和牙鲆聚成一类,虹鳟与大马哈鱼聚成一类,鲫鱼与鲶鱼聚成一类,鳗鲡成另外一类。根据石斑鱼全长cDNA推断的氨基酸序列比较表明,SL相对GH和PRL有较高的保守性。石斑鱼的GH、PRL和SL的氨基酸同源性在24％～31％,但其C-端的氨基酸同源性较高,尤其是C-端的3个Cys是严格保守的。其中SL与GH的同源性(30．8％)高于与PRL的同源性(25．6％),GH和PRL的同源性最低(24．1％)。     

川金丝猴垂体生长激素基因的克隆与初步分析

本研究通过PCR克隆测序,初步确定了川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)的垂体生长激素基因的全部外显子核苷酸序列及推断出相应的氨基酸序列（包括26个氨基酸的信号肽序列以及191个氨基酸的成熟蛋白序列）。我们构建了灵长类7个物种垂体生长激素基因进化关系的基因树。垂体生长激素氨基酸序列的比较和垂体生长激素重要功能位点分析的结果显示：猴科的猕猴与疣猴科的川金丝猴垂体生长激素基因差异非常小。我们推测在猴超科动物中,垂体生长激素无明显功能上的差异。 Abstract:Putative pituitary growth hormone gene of Rhinopithecus roxellanae was cloned and sequenced.All exons sequences and deduced amino acid sequence (containing 26 residues signal peptide and 191 residues mature protein) were obtained.We constructed a phylogenetic tree,which well reflected the true evolutionary relationship of pituitary growth hormone genes from 7 primates species.From the results of amino acids sequence comparison and analysis of functionally important sites of growth hormone,pituitary growth hormone of macaque from Cercopithecidae and snub-nosed golden monkey from Colobidae show little difference.We indicated that pituitary growth hormone from Cercopithecoidea species have no apparently functional difference.     

大麻哈鱼生长激素基因Ⅱ的分子克隆和序列分析

以λ噬菌体ＥＭＢＬ－３为基因载体,构建大麻哈鱼（Ｏｎｃｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ　ｋｅｔａ）基因组文库,并从中分离出含全长的生长激素（ｃｓＧＨ）基因的克隆。本研究首次报道了对ｃｓＧＨ全长核苷酸序列分析的结果。发现ｃｓＧＨ基因由６个外显子和５个内含子组成,长度为３３６１碱基对（ｂｐ）。由该序列可推导出含２１０个氨基酸的多肽,其中存在２２个疏水氨基酸残基的信号肽。本研究所分析的ｃｓＧＨ的外显子和内含子,其排列方式与其他鲑类（Ｓａｌｍｏｎｉｄｓ）和罗非鱼（Ｔｉｌａｐｉａ）是相似的,而与鲤科鱼类（Ｃａｒｐｓ）不同,后者外显子和内含子的排列方式与哺乳类和鸟类相似。将所测定的 ｃｓＧＨ基因的编码区与已发表的 ｃｓＧＨⅡ和ｃｓＧＨ Ⅱ两种 ｃＤＮＡ序列进行比较,证明本研究所克隆的 ｃｓＧＨ基因应属于 ｃｓＧＨ Ⅱ,因它们的编码序列 １００％同源。     

外源生长激素基因在蓝太阳鱼中的整合、表达和遗传

通过基因重组, 将石斑鱼生长激素基因编码序列克隆到鲤鱼βactin基因启动子下游, 构建了“全鱼”生长激素基因表达载体pCAecGHc。采用显微注射法, 研制出转“全鱼”生长激素基因蓝太阳鱼。经过PCR、PCR Southern杂交、RT PCR等技术对转植基因在转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合和表达情况进行了检测。结果表明:转植基因在两批次P0 转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合率为5 .60%和12. 26%, 并在转基因鱼中得到了正确表达, 表现为嵌合性表达。对转基因蓝太阳实验鱼进行了对照养殖实验, 初步显示转基因蓝太阳鱼具有较快的生长表型效应, 比对照组生长速度快20%-40%左右。应用近交策略培育出了两个转基因蓝太阳鱼F1 品系, 检测表明, 转植基因在两个品系的整合率分别为22 .03%和40 .8%。结果表明: 转植基因通过性腺传递给了子代, 同时也证实转基因P0 代的生殖腺为转植基因的嵌合体。     

人生长激素基因在转基因鲤鱼体内的遗传

通过有性繁殖转移入生长激素基因鲤鱼(P₁),获得了转基因鲤鱼的子一代(F₁)和子二代(F₂);外源基因在转基因P1与普通鲤鱼杂交产生的F₁代和转基因F1代自交产生的F₂代鱼中的存在率分别为45．4％和66．7％,外源基因拷贝数在子代个体之间存在很大差异,从每细胞2拷贝到每细胞200拷贝不等;外源基因在转基因鱼子代中仍可表达具有生物功能的产物．人生长激素(h1GH),并能促进鱼的生长。     

鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）生长激素基因的亚克隆及其序列分析

本文对ＰＣＲ扩增的６６８ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段进行了亚克隆,然后以Ｓａｎｇｅｒ双脱氧中止法为原理,利用美国ＡＢＩ公司３７０Ａ自动核酸序列分析仪,确定了６６８ｂｐ的核苷酸序列。序列分析表明鲤鱼生长激素基因的开放读框含有６３０ｂｐ,并推测其中包括２２个氨基酸的信号肽和１８８个氨基酸的成熟多肽。鲤鱼生长激素基因的酶切图谱和序列分析的结果都证明我们已获得了全长的鲤鱼生长激素基因。     

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压的调节作用

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压的调节起着重要作用。转生长激素基因鱼表现出明显的快速生长效应。生长激素促进了鲑科鱼类对海水的适应能力。本文对此进行了综述,并讨论了生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压调节作用的生理机制、生长激素与胰岛素样生长因子以及甲状腺激素的关系。     

鲤鱼生长激素基因的PCR扩增、克隆及其序列比较

从鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)脑垂体中分离其总RNA,经反转录成为第一条链cDNA。以第一条链cDNA为模板,以合成的两段29个寡聚核苷酸为引物,再经过PCR扩增,合成了鲤鱼的生长激素基因,并把其克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体(P^{blue-ocripx Ks+/-})上。序列分析和限制酶切图谱表明所克隆的鲤鱼生长激素基因的开放读框含有630bp,编码210个氨基酸,其中含有22个氨基酸的信号肽和188个氨基酸的成熟GH序列。我们所克隆的鲤鱼GH基因与Koren发表的鲤鱼GHcDNA的序列在编码区完全一致,但是与chao发表的鲤鱼GHcDNA比较,在编码区核酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为95．6％和96．7％。     

Cloning and Sequencing of the Growth Hormone Gene of Large Yellow Croaker and Its Phylogenetic Significance

Using conserved primers and the PCR reaction, the growth hormone (GH) gene and the 3'-UTR of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) were amplified and sequenced. The gene structure was analyzed and compared to the GH genes of 5 other percoid fish downloaded from Genbank. Also the GH gene of the large yellow croaker and the genes from 14 Percoidei and 2 Labroidei species were aligned using Clustal X. A matrix of 564 bp was used to construct the phylogenetic tree using maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. Phylogenetic trees by the two methods are identical in most of the clades with high bootstrap support. The results are also identical to those from morphological data. In general, this analysis does not support the monophyll of the families Centropomidae and Carangidae. But our GH gene tree indicates that the representative species of the families Sparidae and Sciaenidae are a monophyletic group.     

Effect of diet on fatty acid compositions in Sciaenops ocellatus

The role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the fatty acid composition of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was investigated. Individuals (n = 435) were fed three natural diets (Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus, brown shrimp Farfantapenaeus aztecus and Atlantic brief squid Lolliguncula brevis) that had significantly different proximate composition, energy density and PUFA compositions for 40 days. Diets were characterized as containing: high lipid, high protein, high energy and low PUFA (fish‐based), low lipid, low protein, low energy, moderate PUFA (shrimp‐based), and low lipid, high protein, moderate energy and high PUFA levels (squid‐based), respectively. Specimens were collected at days 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 to evaluate rate of dietary fatty acid composition in tissues. Two‐source mixing models were used to calculate dietary fatty acid accumulation in consumer tissues. Results indicated that juvenile red drum incorporated an average of 35% dietary PUFAs after 5 days. Although relative biomass and dietary proximate composition had an effect upon the dietary fatty acid contribution, red drum averaged 91% incorporation of the five most prevalent PUFAs [18 : 2 (n ? 6), 20 : 4 (n ? 6), 20 : 5 (n ? 3), 22 : 5 (n ? 3) and 22 : 6 (n ? 3)] across all diets after 40 days. Growth varied as a function of diet and rates were higher for individuals fed the squid diet than those fed shrimp or fish diets primarily due to increased levels of protein and PUFAs [including 22 : 6 (n ? 3); 25·8%] in the diet. Red drum fed squid exhibited the greatest increase in average dietary fatty acid contribution by day 5, a trend that continued for the duration of the experiment. Since PUFA composition in red drum was significantly influenced by diet in as few as 5 days and almost completely incorporated into body tissues after 40 days, results from this study support the premise that fatty acids (especially PUFAs) are promising dietary indicators and may be useful for future studies examining trophic relationships of estuarine and marine fishes.     

Studies on the Fatty Liver Diseases of Sciaenops ocellatus Caused by Different Ether Extract Levels in Diets

An experiment was conducted to study fatty liver disease caused by different ether extract levels in diets of juvenile Sciaenops ocellatus.Juvenile S.ocellatus(n=1,260;initial body weight approximately 2.73 g) were divided into nine treatment groups (triplicate groups per treatment) and fed in aquatic cases by a recirculated filtered rearing system;the temperature of the aquatic cases was maintained at 23.2±2.0°for 8 weeks.Nine kinds of diets containing different protein (38,42,46%) and ether extract levels (4,8,12%) were used.Results showed that the relative growth ratio and survival ratio of the fish fed on medium lipid diets (8%) or high ether extract diets (12%)were significantly lower than those of the fish fed on low ether extract diets (4%) (p<0.05).There was a positive correlation between the ether extract contents in hepatopancreas of fish and the ether extract contents of diets.At the end of the experimental period,the fish of the nine experimental groups suffered from different degrees of fatty liver disease and serious illness,and death occurred in a large number offish fed on medium (8%) and high ether extract diets (12%) from the third test week;mortality was highest in the fifth test week.The ill S.ocellatus showed symptoms of loss of appetite,lack of movement,black skin,and weight loss and eventually died.The main pathological change in ill fish was fatty liver disease.Their hepatopancreas were swollen and pale,accompanied by fatty degeneration,fatty necrosis of hepatocytes,and atrophy of the pancreas.Ultrastructural changes showed the presence of many lipid droplets and granules in the mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,and cell plasm of hepatocytes.Study results indicated that all the nine kinds of diets with different lipid or protein levels could cause nutritional fatty liver disease in juvenile S.ocellatus.The pathological severity and serious level of fatty liver disease in the tested fish positively correlated with the contents of the ether extract,but not with those of protein,in test diets.The increase in the level of ether extract in test diets was responsible for the direct cause of illness or death in juvenile S.ocellatus.     

Association of Large Juvenile Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, with an Estuarine Creek on the Atlantic Coast of Florida

Seasonal abundance, size distribution, year-class presence, residence duration, and migrational patterns of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in an estuarine marsh creek in the northern Indian River Lagoon, Florida, were investigated during a study in which gill net samples were collected monthly from August 1991 to March 1996. A total of 282 large juvenile red drum were collected, of which 161 were tagged and released and 68 were sacrificed for age determination. Although red drum were collected in the creek throughout the year, abundance levels were negatively correlated with water temperatures and reached maximum levels during the winter months. Significant correlations between fish abundance and salinity or dissolved oxygen levels were not detected. The majority (90%) of the fish collected were large juveniles (260–450mm standard length) that were estimated to be from 10 to 26 months old. The oldest red drum we examined from the creek was estimated to be 37 months old. Tag-recapture data indicated that some fish repeatedly used or were associated with the creek for periods of up to 18 months after release. Estuarine creeks in this region provide exploitable habitat for large juvenile red drum (相似文献   

青鱼生长激素cNDA的克隆与序列分析

从青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）脑下垂体中提取总RNA,采用逆转录PCR法扩增出青鱼生长激素cDNA编码区,克隆到Pucm-T载体上。序列测定表明青鱼生长激素基因的开放阅读框架含有630bp,其中包括22个氨基酸的信号肽和188个氨基酸的成熟肽,青鱼生长激素基因的克隆成功为该基因的功能及应用研究奠定了基础。     

人生长素基因的合成及克隆

根据人生长素基因的氨基酸序列,选择大肠杆菌所偏好的密码子,人工设计并合成了20个寡核苷酸片断。通过重叠区扩增法,利用PCR成功地合成了人生长激素基因的全序列。经克隆测序,证明已成功地实现了人生长素基因的合成及克隆。     

Timing and Factors Affecting Cannibalism in Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, Larvae in Captivity

Since 1987, when the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, was introduced into Taiwan, research has been concentrated on its feasibility and biological studies applied to aquaculture. As a part of these biological studies, an experiment was conducted to investigate the timing and factors affecting cannibalism in red drum larvae in captivity. Experimental larvae were graded into small and large sizes. Four treatments were then applied: (1) the control group, (2) water turbidity increased by adding green algae, (3) density of larvae increased twofold, and (4) satiation feeding with Artemia nauplii. Each treatment was triplicated, each in a 12 l test tank stocked with 20 large and 20 small test larvae except those with doubled density of larvae. In a period of three days, the size difference in test larvae was found to be the most important factor affecting cannibalism, whereas water turbidity and density of larvae showed no apparent effect. Satiation feeding significantly decreased but did not stop cannibalism. The peak stage of cannibalism for red drum larvae was likely to occur at a total body length of 1.8–1.9 cm, when the ratio of lower jaw length to total body length was at its maximum.     

猪GH基因部分突变位点对生产性能的影响

本试验利用PCR－RFLPs技术,用MspⅠ,ApaⅠ两种限制酶,检测了猪生长激素基因＋206－＋711位共506bp片段中[ 295- 300, 563- 566]2处突变位点,分析各多态位点在姜曲海猪中的分布及其与生产性能的关系。发现：姜曲海猪中,MspⅠ酶切突变位点中的G1G2基因型和G2G2基因基因型个体的生产性能没有差异,不同日龄体重在两组间变化没有规律。ApaⅠ酶切突变位点G4G4基因型个体的20个日龄体重、45日龄体重高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体,但差异不显。G4G4基因型个体的70日龄体重极显高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体（P＜0．01）。G4G4基因型个体的0－70日龄日增重也极显高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体（P＜0．01）。这些结果显示GH基因有可能作为数量性状基因座的侯选基因。     

Developmental osteology of Sciaenops ocellatus and Cynoscion nebulosus (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), economically important sciaenids from the western Atlantic

The adult skeleton in members of the economically important Sciaenidae is well documented, but information on earlier developmental stages is sparse and often focused on a particular character complex. To generate information on skeletal development in sciaenid fishes, we investigated the ontogeny of the entire skeleton in the western Atlantic Sciaenops ocellatus (Red drum) and Cynoscion nebulosus (Spotted seatrout), which are the focus of successful captive rearing programmes within the southern United States. Development of the skeleton (excluding the basisphenoid and sclerotic bones) is complete in S. ocellatus and C. nebulosus at 14.4 mm SL and 13.5 mm SL, respectively. The basisphenoid did not appear until later in development (21.9 mm SL in S. ocellatus and 19.5 mm SL in C. nebulosus), while the sclerotic bones are not present in the material examined. No major differences are identified between the ossification sequences compiled for each species. Cynoscion nebulosus exhibited variation in the presence/absence of two elements, supraneural 1 and the coronomeckelian. Lastly, we compile and compare available information on skeletal development across members of the Sciaenidae and compare the sequence of ossification compiled for S. ocellatus to that available for Danio rerio and Salminus brasiliensis (entire skeleton), and Chanos chanos (cranium only).