基于18S rRNA、COⅡ基因的?鱼(Miichthys miiuy)系统发育分析

为了解鮸鱼的系统发育地位,探索18S rRNA、COⅡ分子标记对石首鱼科系统分类的适用性,对鮸鱼的18S rRNA基因、线粒体COⅡ基因进行克隆、序列分析和构建NJ系统进化树。结果表明:扩增得到鮸鱼18S rRNA基因1305 bp,A+T含量为46.2%;COⅡ基因序列为854 bp,A+T含量为53.5%,有明显的反G偏倚(15.2%),含一个699 bp的ORF,编码233个氨基酸;基于18S rRNA序列构建的系统树显示,鲈形目鱼类聚为一个紧密的簇,该目中各科鱼类间18S rRNA序列的同源性均大于97.8%,无法反映鮸鱼在石首鱼科中的系统发育情况。基于COⅡ序列构建的系统树显示,鲈形目鱼类分为2簇:包括鮸鱼在内的所有石首科鱼类聚为一个大簇,其他各科聚为另一个大簇;其中鮸鱼与黄唇鱼亲缘关系最近,二者序列相似性为97.4%。虽然石首科鱼类聚成的簇中有些分支的自展支持率较低(<50%),个别种类的聚类与传统分类有所差异,但大部分聚类是一致的。结果既能丰富鮸鱼的分子系统学资料,又可为研究鮸鱼的系统发育地位及石首鱼科鱼类的进化关系提供参考资料。     

从细胞色素b基因序列变异分析中国鲇形目鱼类的系统发育

采用PCR技术获得中国鲇形目鱼类11科24属27个代表种类细胞色素b基因1138bp全序列,比较分析了来自北美洲、非洲的部分鲇形目鱼类同一基因序列,并选取脂鲤目、鲤形目和鲱形目鱼类作外类群,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树。结果表明：(1)鲇形目鱼类细胞色素b基因序列中,与脂鲤目、鲤形目以及鲱形目鱼类相比存在3bp的缺失;(2)鲇形目鱼类各科代表种类形成一单系群;(3)两种建树方法均支持铫科、粒鲇科和钝头鮠科形成一单系群;而胡子鲇科、刀鲇科、海鲇科、鮰科、长臀鮠科、鲢科、鲇科、棘脂鲿科、鲿科形成一大的单系群;但鳗鲇科的系统位置两种建树方法没有取得一致结果;而其中长臀鲍科与北美的鮰科形成姐妹群,胡子鲇、鮰科、鲇科、鲿科和鮡科是较明显的单系群。     

基于线粒体基因组全序列的鲟形目鱼类(Pisces: Acipenseriformes)的分子系统发育重建

为厘清鲟形目鱼类的系统发育, 研究新测定了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)、长江鲟(A. dabryanus)、短吻鲟(A. brevirostrum)、纳氏鲟(A. naccarii)、鳇(Huso dauricus)和匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)共6种鲟类的线粒体全基因组序列。联合已测的17种鲟类的线粒体基因组数据, 利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了鲟形目鱼类的分子系统发育关系, 并采用似然值检验对不同的树拓扑结构进行了评价。结果表明, 6种新测鲟类的线粒体基因组大小为16521—16766 bp, 编码13个蛋白质编码基因、22个转运RNA基因和2个核糖体基因, 与大多数已测的鲟类的线粒体基因组结构高度相似。基于23种鲟形目鱼类线粒体基因组数据, 系统发育分析的结果表明: (1)鲟形目的两个科, 匙吻鲟科(Polyodontidae)和鲟科(Acipenseridae)均为单系; (2)鲟科的内部亲缘关系复杂, 鲟属和鳇属的物种均不构成单系群。鲟科鱼类按分子系统发育重建结果可以分为3个类群: 尖吻鲟类(A. sturio - A. oxyrinchus clade)、大西洋鲟类(Atlantic clade)和太平洋鲟类(Pacific clade)。树拓扑结构的检验结果表明, 鲟科的系统发育关系为(尖吻鲟类(太平洋鲟类, 大西洋鲟类))。铲鲟属(Scaphirhynchus)是大西洋鲟类的基部类群。研究也说明线粒体基因组数据在鲟形目鱼类系统与进化研究方面具有重要应用价值。     

6种重要经济鱼类生长激素完整cDNA的克隆和序列分析

通过RT-PCR、3′RACE、5′-RACE方法,从6种重要经济鱼类——大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)、石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)、鲶鱼(Silurus asotus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)和方正银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch,Fang Zheng crucian carp)中克隆了生长激素(Growth Hormone,GH)的完整cDNA序列(除石斑鱼序列外,其他生长激素序列均系第一次克隆),并详细分析了其序列特征。测序结果显示,克隆的6种GH cDNA长度依次为953bp、1023bp、825bp、1082bp、1154bp和1180bp,它们均包含一个长度为600个左右核苷酸的完整阅读框,分别编码一个200个左右氨基酸的蛋白：大眼鳜、石斑鱼和黄鳝GH为204个氨基酸,鲶鱼GH为200个氨基酸,泥鳅和方正银鲫GH为210个氨基酸。这6种蛋白序列与其他已知的鱼类GH序列都有较高的同源性,特别是与相同目的鱼类序列相比。通过序列比对,在这些蛋白序列内鉴定了许多保守的氨基酸残基,其中的大多数聚集而成5个保守域。基于这6种鱼类序列的编码区和其他鱼类的GH编码序列进行分子系统学分析,结果(MP和NJ树)与根据形态特征构建的系统发育树基本一致,特别是在硬骨鱼类较大分类阶元(目间、目以上)的系统发育研究方面比较一致,尽管仍存在一定差异,说明生长激素基因的编码区应该在硬骨鱼类系统发育研究领域得到更多的重视。     

中国鲿科鱼类线粒体DNA控制区结构及其系统发育分析

采用PCR技术获得了中国鲿科鱼类代表种类线粒体DNA控制区基因的全序列,对控制区基因结构进行了分析,并选用粒鲇科的中华粒鲇,鮡科的三线纹胸鮡作为外类群,用最大简约法(MP)和邻接法(NJ)构建了系统发育树。结果显示鲿科鱼类中控制区基因适于系统发育分析,鲿科鱼类构成一个单系类群;圆尾拟鲿应该放入鮠属里。     

基于多变量形态度量学和线粒体Cytb序列的鲈属鱼类分类探讨

鲈属鱼类的分类在学术界尚存在很多争议。本文通过鲈属鱼类32个多变量形态学参数和1134bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b序列的比较,对鲈属鱼类分类问题做了探讨。结果显示河鲈和伊犁鲈之间的形态距离为0.15,黄金鲈和伊犁鲈为0.14,河鲈和黄金鲈为0.09,在形态上黄金鲈和河鲈较接近,而伊犁鲈与前两者差异明显;主成分2(16.09%)对主成分1(21.71%)作图结果显示黄金鲈和河鲈有重叠区,而伊犁鲈与其它二种鲈有较大差距;细胞色素b同源序列差异百分比为河鲈与伊犁鲈13.08%、黄金鲈与伊犁鲈10.68%、黄金鲈与河鲈11.47%,鲈属鱼类间的碱基差异属于种间的遗传差异。MP、NJ和ML三种系统发育树在河鲈、黄金鲈和伊犁鲈三个种或亚种之间的拓扑结构一致,显示黄金鲈与伊犁鲈的演化关系较河鲈为近。根据20个样本的细胞色素b基因序列的遗传差异和系统发育树以及地理分布上的繁殖隔离,我们进一步认定黄金鲈和河鲈是不同的种,鲈属鱼类包括伊犁鲈、河鲈和黄金鲈三个种。     

广东北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类种质资源调查

为了解广东省北江流域野生淡水鱼类种质资源和遗传多样性,于2007—2008年开展了广东省北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类的调查,运用线粒体DNA D-loop测序方法开展遗传多样性分析,测定采集鱼类的mtDNA D-loop基因序列并提交GenBank数据库,运用相关软件分析序列并建立聚类树。采集的野生淡水鱼类32种,隶属于3目10科27属,其中鲤形目鱼类21种,占65.6%,鲈形目鱼类4种,占12.5%,鲇形目鱼类7种,占21.9%。在鲤形目鱼类中,鳅科、平鳍鳅科、爬鳅科共12种,占鲤形目鱼类的57.1%。调查结果表明,北江流域存在丰富的野生淡水鱼类物种多样性,须采取有效措施保护北江流域淡水鱼类资源。测定的线粒体DNA D-loop序列均提交GenBank数据库获得序列号：EU380208-EU380236,EU697088-EU697148。测序结果和聚类树分析表明,线粒体DNA D-loop可作为鱼类种类鉴定的分子标记,分析结果印证了传统形态分类学的知识,提供了分子生物学证据。     

广西河池地区鱼类资源调查及两支流的鱼类多样性比较

于1994年至2008年间,对广西河池地区的柳江水系和红水河水系进行了鱼类资源调查。依据实际调查,并结合以往文献记载,这两水系中分布的鱼类共有185种,分别隶属于9目21科107属。较以前调查,新增种类21种,包括1新属19新种。柳江水系分布的鱼类共有134种,分别隶属于8目19科88属。其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲈形目鱼类次之,鲇形目鱼类第三,其他目的鱼类种类相对较少,仅1—3种。红水河水系分布的鱼类共有157种,分别隶属于8目20科101属。其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲇形目鱼类次之,鲈形目鱼类第三,其他目的鱼类种类相对较少。红水河水系的鱼类多样性较柳江水系丰富,其主要原因为红水河流经区域喀斯特地貌发育,地下河流众多而且流域面积广,水量充沛。     

同脉缟蝇亚属种团间的系统发育关系初探

选取2个线粒体基因COI和16S-r RNA,2个核基因Elongation factor 1-α和28S-r RNA,初步探讨同脉缟蝇亚属种团间的系统发育关系,研究表明,翅斑的减少是趋于原始的性状;基于线粒体基因COI和16S-r RNA构建的NJ、ME、MP、ML系统树中,MP树更与形态分类的研究结果一致;而基于Elongation factor 1-α和28S-r RNA基因构建的NJ、ME、MP、ML系统树反映的系统发育关系完全相同;以同脉缟蝇亚属18种为代表构建的6个种团的系统发育关系并没有呈现出一致的规律性,不能从分子水平验证根据已有的外部形态特征划分种团的可靠性。     

大黄鱼16SrRNA和18SrRNA基因的测定与序列分析

利用多对引物,扩增并测定出大黄鱼16SrRNA基因和18SrRNA基因的部分序列,其长度分别为1202bp和1275bp,16SrRNA基因序列的GC含量为46．12％,18SrRNA基因的Gc含量为53．oo％。将大黄鱼16SrRNA基因序列与GenBank中15种硬骨鱼类的同源序列结合,同时将其18SrRNA基因序列与GenBank中9种脊索动物的同源序列相结合,运用软件获得各自序列间差异百分比,转换和颠换数值等信息。基于这两种基因序列,利用NJ法和BI法,分别构建16种硬骨鱼类和10种脊索动物的分子系统树。18SrRNA构建的系统树包括三大支,一支为哺乳类、鸟类和爬行类共6个物种,一支为两栖类的1个物种,另一支为2种硬骨鱼类。16SrRNA构建的系统树显示大黄鱼所在的石首鱼科与鲈科和盖刺鱼科亲缘关系较近。此外还讨论了这两个基因的序列特征。     

Cloning and Sequencing of the Growth Hormone Gene of Large Yellow Croaker and Its Phylogenetic Significance

Using conserved primers and the PCR reaction, the growth hormone (GH) gene and the 3'-UTR of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) were amplified and sequenced. The gene structure was analyzed and compared to the GH genes of 5 other percoid fish downloaded from Genbank. Also the GH gene of the large yellow croaker and the genes from 14 Percoidei and 2 Labroidei species were aligned using Clustal X. A matrix of 564 bp was used to construct the phylogenetic tree using maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. Phylogenetic trees by the two methods are identical in most of the clades with high bootstrap support. The results are also identical to those from morphological data. In general, this analysis does not support the monophyll of the families Centropomidae and Carangidae. But our GH gene tree indicates that the representative species of the families Sparidae and Sciaenidae are a monophyletic group.     

Episodic Molecular Evolution of Pituitary Growth Hormone in Cetartiodactyla

The sequence of growth hormone (GH) is generally strongly conserved in mammals, but episodes of rapid change occurred during the evolution of primates and artiodactyls, when the rate of GH evolution apparently increased substantially. As a result the sequences of higher primate and ruminant GHs differ markedly from sequences of other mammalian GHs. In order to increase knowledge of GH evolution in Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla plus Cetacea) we have cloned and characterized GH genes from camel (Camelus dromedarius), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), using genomic DNA and a polymerase chain reaction technique. As in other mammals, these GH genes comprise five exons and four introns. Two very similar GH gene sequences (encoding identical proteins) were found in each of hippopotamus and giraffe. The deduced sequence for the mature hippopotamus GH is identical to that of dolphin, in accord with current ideas of a close relationship between Cetacea and Hippopotamidae. The sequence of camel GH is identical to that reported previously for alpaca GH. The sequence of giraffe GH is very similar to that of other ruminants but differs from that of nonruminant cetartiodactyls at about 18 residues. The results demonstrate that the apparent burst of rapid evolution of GH occurred largely after the separation of the line leading to ruminants from other cetartiodactyls.     

Physical Linkage of the B29/Ig-β (CD79B) Gene to the Skeletal Muscle, Sodium-Channel, and Growth Hormone Genes in Rat and Human

In the region between the polyadenylation site of the rat skeletal muscle (SkM) Na-channel gene and the 5′ end of the growth hormone (GH) gene, a gene coding for B-cell-specific membrane protein B29/Ig-β was found and noted to have the same orientation as the Na-channel and GH genes. Rat B29/Ig-β gene was 3.1 kb in length with six exons and was separated by 3.3 and 9.3 kb from Na-channel and GH genes, respectively. Rat B29/Ig-β protein comprised 228 amino acids, and its amino acid sequence was 85 and 69% identical with the mouse and human counterparts, respectively. With the long-area PCR method, genomic DNA connecting human SkM Na-channel (SCN4A) and B29/Ig-β (CD79B) genes and CD79B and GH (GH1) genes was amplified, and the physical linkage of SCN4A/CD79B/GH1 genes in the human genome was established. The human CD79B gene was separated by 6.3 and 10.5 kb from the SCN4A and GH1 genes, respectively.     

Allozyme differentiation within and between red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean

Nine polymorphic nuclear-gene (allozyme) loci were surveyed among 491 red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) sampled in 1988 and 1989 from nearshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) and the Atlantic coast of the southeastern United States (Atlantic). Data were combined with those from a previous study to generate a data set of 762 individuals representing 11 sample localities in the Gulf and 175 individuals representing five sample localities in the Atlantic. The combined data set included individuals from the 1986 and 1987 year classes and permitted rigorous testing of both temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity. Average heterozygosity-per-locus values (estimated using 33 assumed monomorphic loci) were 0·048 (Gulf red drum) and 0·046 (Atlantic red drum). Tests of heterogeneity in allele frequencies between year classes at individual localities and across regions (Gulf and Atlantic) were non-significant. Tests of spatial (geographic) heterogeneity indicated that red drum are weakly subdivided: genetically-differentiated subpopulations occur in the northern Gulf and along the south-eastern Atlantic coast. Genetic data were consistent with the hypothesis that red drum within the Gulf and along the Atlantic coast comprise singie subpopulalions. Genetic differences between Gulf and Atlantic red drum seem likeiy to stem from historical or recent interactions between dispersal and impediments to gene flow.     

The chimpanzee GH locus: composition, organization, and evolution

In most mammals the growth hormone (GH) locus comprises a single gene expressed primarily in the anterior pituitary gland. However, in higher primates multiple duplications of the GH gene gave rise to a complex locus containing several genes. In man this locus comprises five genes, including GH-N (expressed in pituitary) and four genes expressed in the placenta, but in other species the number and organization of these genes vary. The situation in chimpanzee has been unclear, with suggestions of up to seven GH-like genes. We have re-examined the GH locus in chimpanzee and have deduced the complete sequence. The locus includes five genes apparently organized in a fashion similar to that in human, with two of these genes encoding GH-like proteins, and three encoding chorionic somatomammotropins/placental lactogens (CSHs/PLs). There are notable differences between the human and chimpanzee loci with regard to the expressed proteins, gene regulation, and gene conversion events. In particular, one human gene (hCSH-L) has changed substantially since the chimpanzee/human split, potentially becoming a pseudogene, while the corresponding chimpanzee gene (CSH-A1) has been conserved, giving a product almost identical to the adjacent CSH-A2. Chimpanzee appears to produce two CSHs, with potentially differing biological properties, whereas human produces a single CSH. The pattern of gene conversion in human has been quite different from that in chimpanzee. The region around the GH-N gene in chimpanzee is remarkably polymorphic, unlike the corresponding region in human. The results shed new light on the complex evolution of the GH locus in higher primates.     

Novel architecture of family-9 glycoside hydrolases identified in cellulosomal enzymes of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus and Clostridium thermocellum

We have sequenced a new gene, cel9B, encoding a family-9 cellulase from a cellulosome-producing bacterium, Acetivibrio cellulolyticus. The gene includes a signal peptide, a family-9 glycoside hydrolases (GH9) catalytic module, two family-3 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM3c-CBM3b tandem dyad) and a C-terminal dockerin module. An identical modular arrangement exists in two putative GH9 genes from the draft sequence of the Clostridium thermocellum genome. The three homologous CBM3b modules from A. cellulolyticus and C. thermocellum were overexpressed, but, surprisingly, none bound cellulosic substrates. The results raise fundamental questions concerning the possible role(s) of the newly described CBMs. Phylogenetic analysis and preliminary site-directed mutagenesis studies suggest that the catalytic module and the CBM3 dyad are distinctive in their sequences and are proposed to constitute a new GH9 architectural theme.     

榕江香猪生长激素基因的鉴定及功能分析

生长激素是调节动物生长的主要激素.本研究应用聚合酶链式反应技术从榕江香猪的基因组文库中分离出1.903kb生长激素基因.克隆的生长激素基因由五个外显子和四个内含子组成.榕江香猪生长激素基因的碱基序列与已知四个国外猪种和9个中国地方猪种之间的同源性为97%～99%,其间的差异主要集中在内含子2和4.通过限制性内切酶（DdeI,NarI,BsmNI）分析,鉴定出榕江香猪生长激素基因的五个多态性位点,分别位于5＇-侧翼区274（T/C）位点,外显子2的622（G/A）和631（G/A）位点,内含子2中的841（T/C）以及外显子4中的1 358（A/G）位点.同时,1 358（A/G）位的碱基改变导致榕江香猪生长激素成熟肽第108位异亮氨酸替换,三维结构分析表明,异亮氨酸的存在可能导致生长激素与受体间亲合力降低.