重组工程及其应用

随着功能基因组研究的需要 ,新近建立起一项新型高效的基于体内同源重组的遗传工程技术———重组工程技术。重组工程可定义为 :基于噬菌体短同源序列重组功能的遗传工程 ,或者基于同源重组的遗传工程。λ噬菌体Red系统完全不同于传统的依赖RecA的大肠杆菌重组系统 ,特点是使用长度仅为 <5 0个碱基的同源臂高效率地催化体内同源重组反应。体内重组过程不再需要预先构建含有同源序列的质粒或噬菌体的中间产物 ,只需要简单在体外合成寡核苷酸同源序列 ,或者用PCR方法合成线性打靶序列。重组反应不依赖大肠杆菌RecA系统 ,不需要限制性内切核酸酶和连接酶 ,不需要复杂的体外重组操作 ,可在大肠杆菌体内对染色体DNA、对BAC和PAC质粒或普通质粒载体进行精确的修饰 ,包括真核或原核细胞基因组DNA的基因敲除、基因敲入、基因克隆和各种突变体的引入。由于该技术具有高效率、简单性和应用的广泛性等独特优点 ,将来完全有可能取代传统的遗传工程技术。主要介绍了λ噬菌体Red重组酶系统及重组工程在功能基因组研究方面的应用与进展     

Red体内同源重组介导的egfp、kan基因融合和重组质粒构建

重组工程是近年来建立的一种基于高效率体内同源重组的新型遗传工程技术,可应用于靶DNA序列的敲入、敲除和基因克隆等。在应用重组工程技术进行基因亚克隆时发现,体外重叠PCR法难以获得高质量的目的DNA打靶片段,严重影响重组效率。为了解决上述问题,根据Red重组酶介导的体内同源重组工作原理进行了技术改进。先用PCR方法合成egfp和kan两条末端互补的线性DNA片段,然后将其电击共转化进入携带Red重组酶和pcDNA3．1载体DNA的大肠杆菌DY331菌株内,经体内同源重组直接产生的pcDNA3.1—egfp-kan环状重组质粒DNA分子可通过抗生素标记筛选获得,阳性率可达到45％。瞬时转染pcDNA3．1-egfp-kan可获得绿色荧光蛋白在293细胞中的表达。     

Red体内同源重组介导的egfp、kan基因融合和重组质粒构建

重组工程是近年来建立的一种基于高效率体内同源重组的新型遗传工程技术,可应用于靶DNA序列的敲入、敲除和基因克隆等。在应用重组工程技术进行基因亚克隆时发现,体外重叠PCR法难以获得高质量的目的DNA打靶片段,严重影响重组效率。为了解决上述问题,根据Red重组酶介导的体内同源重组工作原理进行了技术改进。先用PCR方法合成egfp和kan两条末端互补的线性DNA片段,然后将其电击共转化进入携带Red重组酶和pcDNA3.1载体DNA的大肠杆菌DY331菌株内,经体内同源重组直接产生的pcDNA3.1-egfp-kan环状重组质粒DNA分子可通过抗生素标记筛选获得,阳性率可达到45%,瞬时转染pcDNA3.1-egfp-kan可获得绿色荧光蛋白在293细胞中的表达。     

Red体内同源重组介导的egfp、kan基因融合和重组质粒构建

重组工程是近年来建立的一种基于高效率体内同源重组的新型遗传工程技术,可应用于靶DNA序列的敲入、敲除和基因克隆等。在应用重组工程技术进行基因亚克隆时发现,体外重叠PCR法难以获得高质量的目的DNA打靶片段,严重影响重组效率。为了解决上述问题,根据Red重组酶介导的体内同源重组工作原理进行了技术改进。先用PCR方法合成egfp和kan两条末端互补的线性DNA片段,然后将其电击共转化进入携带Red重组酶和pcDNA3.1载体DNA的大肠杆菌DY331菌株内,经体内同源重组直接产生的pcDNA3.1-egfp-kan环状重组质粒DNA分子可通过抗生素标记筛选获得,阳性率可达到45%,瞬时转染pcDNA3.1-egfp-kan可获得绿色荧光蛋白在293细胞中的表达。     

Red同源重组技术研究进展

伴随着分子生物学的发展,一种基于λ噬菌体Red重组酶的同源重组系统已应用于大肠杆菌基因工程研究。Red重组系统由三种蛋白组成:Exo蛋白是一种核酸外切酶,结合在双链DNA的末端,从5′端向3′端降解DNA,产生3′突出端;Beta蛋白结合在单链DNA上,介导互补单链DNA退火;Gam蛋白可与RecBCD酶结合,抑制其降解外源DNA的活性。Red同源重组技术具有同源序列短(40～60bp)、重组效率高的特点。这种技术可在DNA靶标分子的任意位点进行基因敲除、敲入、点突变等操作,无需使用限制性内切酶和连接酶。此外,这种新型重组技术可直接将目的基因克隆于载体上,目的基因既可来源于细菌人工染色体也可是基因组DNA。Red同源重组技术使难度较大的基因工程实验顺利进行,大大推动功能基因组研究的发展。     

噬菌体重组酶介导的DNA同源重组工程

来源于噬菌体的遗传操作工具在基因工程中具有非常重要的地位,例如位点特异性重组酶、柯斯质粒DNA文库及同源重组酶等。其中,来源于Lambda噬菌体的同源重组酶Redα/Redβ和来源于Rac原噬菌体的同源重组酶RecE/RecT能够高效地介导35–50bp短同源臂之间的重组。基于噬菌体同源重组酶Redα/Redβ和RecE/RecT开发的DNA同源重组工程(Recombineering)能够对靶标DNA分子进行快速、精准、高效的修饰,不受限制性内切酶识别位点和DNA分子大小限制,已发展成为一种新型的基因工程技术。本文主要综述了噬菌体同源重组酶及其作用机制、在大肠杆菌及其他细菌中的应用和开发,以及在微生物次级代谢产物的挖掘、动植物转基因、病毒基因组克隆和修饰等方面的应用。原位激活沉默基因簇需要宿主特异性的DNA同源重组工程进行启动子和调控元件的修饰;异源表达次级代谢产物的首要步骤一般是通过RecET直接克隆大的DNA片段;动植物转基因复杂载体的构建效率在有了Red同源重组系统以后有了革命性的发展;RecET直接克隆和Red同源重组介导的感染性克隆构建和修饰方法,不仅有利于病毒基因组功能研究...     

cosmid克隆筛选的体内同源重组法——一个含有小鼠t复合体连锁DNA顺序的cosmid克隆的分离

一个从cosmid分子克隆库中筛选特别基因顺序的遗传学方法——体内同源重组(invlvo homologous recombination)法。即使探针DNA与分子克隆库中带有与探针同源顺序的克隆发生体内重组,然后以遗传学方法进行筛选。cosmid分子克隆库构建在rec宿主细胞内,经体内包装(in vivo Packaging)成λ噬菌体颗粒,把该噬菌体颗粒转入带有探针DNA的rec~+细胞内,探针是已被克隆在与cosmid载体没有同源顺序的质粒(如PUC8或PUC9)内的。经过一段时间(1—3小时),待重组发生后,把cosmid进行体内包装。此时探针DNA连同质粒已整合入cosmid基因组内,因此它带有原为两个载体所分别带有的双重抗性——Amp~r(氨苄青霉素,PUC8或PUC9)和Kan~r(卡那霉素,cosmid)。这种双重抗性菌落可在含有这2种抗菌素的培养平皿上选出,该重组cosmid借助于λ切除酶的作用将已被整合的探针质粒重新切除,再经体内包装后,该cosmid被还原并纯化,然后可用一含有Xgal的培皿识别和选出。本文用此法以有关DNA探针从cosmid分子克隆库中分离得到含有与小鼠t复合体连锁的基因组顺序的克隆,并对该克隆作了物理图谱分析。     

pBR322-Red在大肠杆菌lac操纵子基因敲除和敲入中的应用

pBR322-Red是一种新型重组工程系统,它携带了λ-噬菌体Red重组酶基因和一系列调控元件.对pBR322-Red最优重组条件进行探索后应用该质粒提供的体内同源重组功能,在菌株W3110体内,对染色体上的lac操纵子进行了基因修饰,包括:①运用kan/sacB选择反选择方法和重叠引物方法敲除了阻遏基因lacⅠ,②运用kan/sacB选择反选择方法和线性双链DNA介导的DNA重组方法将报告基因lacZ敲入lacA和lacY的位置,并且首次测定了报告基因lacZ在这三个结构基因位置的组成性表达情况.结果表明运用不同的重组策略,pBR322-Red系统都能方便有效地对大肠杆菌W3110染色体进行基因敲除和敲入修饰.     

利用细菌人工染色体同源重组对小鼠基因进行条件型敲除

目的:探索通过细菌人工染色体(BAC)同源重组系统构建条件基因敲除载体的高效率方法,提高条件基因敲除小鼠(Flox小鼠)的构建效率。方法:利用作者自己构建的噬菌体重组酶系统,通过BAC同源重组进行条件型基因敲除载体构建工作。首先通过亚克隆构建了一系列载体含有同源臂的靶向质粒,线性化后,打靶片段经电穿孔法转入大肠杆菌内,与相应的BAC同源重组,再经过三步同源重组和一步位点特异性重组,构建小鼠条件型基因敲除载体。结果:高效率构建了小鼠基因的最终条件基因敲除载体。结论:通过BAC同源重组高效构建条件基因敲除载体,为条件基因敲除载体的构建提供了全新思路,并为FLox小鼠的建立,及相应基因在发育、生理、致病机制等方面的功能研究奠定了基础。     

一种可转移的重组工程系统 pYM-Red 的建立

重组工程是近几年发展的新型遗传工程技术. 以 PCR 扩增的线性低拷贝质粒 pACYC184 为载体,用 Gap-repair 方法从大肠杆菌 DY330 染色体上直接体内亚克隆了包括 Red 重组酶基因在内的长约 6.7 kb 的基因序列,构建了 pYM-Red 重组质粒. 在宿主菌 W3110 体内进行了染色体上 galk 基因的敲除,验证了 Red 重组酶的生物功能,并确定了影响 pYM-Red 重组效率的诱导时间和线性 DNA 片段用量. 在 42℃诱导 10 min 和线性 DNA 打靶分子浓度为 300 ng 时, pYM-Red 的重组效率可达到大约每 4 000 个电转存活细胞中有 1 个重组阳性克隆,分别比 pKD46 和 pBR322-Red 系统高 5~6 倍.     

Sex differences in recombination

One of the stronger empirical generalizations to emerge from the study of genetic systems is that achiasmate meiosis, which has evolved 25–30 times, is always restricted to the heterogametic sex in dioecious species, usually the male. Here we collate data on quantitative sex differences in chiasma frequency from 54 species (4 hermaphroditic flatworms, 18 dioecious insects and vertebrates and 32 hermaphroditic plants) to test whether similar trends hold. Though significant sex differences have been observed within many species, only the Liliaceae show a significant sexual dimorphism in chiasma frequency across species, with more crossing over in embryo mother cells than in pollen mother cells; chiasma frequencies are unrelated to sex and gamety in all other higher taxa studied. Further, the magnitude of sexual dimorphism, independent of sign, does not differ among the three main ecological groups (dioecious animals, plants, and hermaphroditic animals), contrary to what would be expected if it reflected sex-specific selection on recombination. These results indicate that the strong trends for achiasmate meiosis do not apply to quantitative sex differences in recombination, and contradict theories of sex-specific costs and benefits. An alternative hypothesis suggests that sex differences may be more-or-less neutral, selection determining only the mean rate of recombination. While male and female chiasma frequencies are more similar than would be expected under complete neutrality, a less absolute form of the hypothesis is more difficult to falsify. In female mice the sex bivalent has more chiasmata for its length than the autosomes, perhaps compensating for the absence of recombination in males. Finally, we observe that chiasma frequencies in males and females are positively correlated across species, validating the use of only one sex in comparative studies of recombination.     

Automixis in Artemia: solving a century‐old controversy

Parthenogenesis (reproduction through unfertilized eggs) encompasses a variety of reproduction modes with (automixis) or without (apomixis) meiosis. Different modes of automixis have very different genetic and evolutionary consequences but can be particularly difficult to tease apart. In this study, we propose a new method to discriminate different types of automixis from population‐level genetic data. We apply this method to diploid Artemia parthenogenetica, a crustacean whose reproductive mode remains controversial despite a century of intensive cytogenetic observations. We focus on A. parthenogenetica from two western Mediterranean populations. We show that they are diploid and that markers remain heterozygous in cultures maintained up to ~36 generations in the laboratory. Moreover, parallel patterns of population‐wide heterozygosity levels between the two natural populations strongly support the conclusion that diploid A. parthenogenetica reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion and low, but nonzero recombination. This settles a century‐old controversy on Artemia, and, more generally, suggests that many automictic organisms harbour steep within‐chromosome gradients of heterozygosity due to a transition from clonal transmission in centromere‐proximal regions to a form of inbreeding similar to self‐fertilization in centromere‐distal regions. Such systems therefore offer a new avenue for contrasting the genomic consequences of asexuality and inbreeding.     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的噬菌体基因组编辑

对原核生物获得性免疫系统CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR- associated genes)的研究促进了新一代基因组编辑工具的产生和发展。噬菌体既是原核生物CRISPR阵列(CRISPR array)进化的原动力,又是CRISPR/Cas系统防御的对象。噬菌体功能基因组学研究的速率却落后于发现新噬菌体和测定基因组序列的速率。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的噬菌体基因组编辑,可为噬菌体功能基因组学研究提供新手段。本文评述了基于CRISPR/Cas系统编辑噬菌体基因组的几例开创性研究,并且比较了多种操作程序的异同点和优缺点。同时,进一步构建了联合使用CRISPR/Cas系统与噬菌体重组系统开展噬菌体基因组编辑的新方案,讨论了新方案的潜在局限性,并对如何选择不同方案给予了建议。     

Whole-Genome Regression and Prediction Methods Applied to Plant and Animal Breeding

Meiotic crossovers facilitate the segregation of homologous chromosomes and increase genetic diversity. The formation of meiotic crossovers was previously posited to occur via two pathways, with the relative use of each pathway varying between organisms; however, this paradigm could not explain all crossovers, and many of the key proteins involved were unidentified. Recent studies that identify some of these proteins reinforce and expand the model of two meiotic crossover pathways. The results provide novel insights into the evolutionary origins of the pathways, suggesting that one is similar to a mitotic DNA repair pathway and the other evolved to incorporate special features unique to meiosis.     

植物基因同源重组研究现状

同源重组是普遍存在的生物学现象,从噬菌体、细菌到相传真核生物均有存在。它对生物的遗传与变异具有重大影响,一直是生物学家研究的热点。本文从染色体外同源重组、染色体内同源重组以及基因打靶三个方面综述了同源重组在植物方面的研究现状。从分子水平上较详尽的介绍了同源重组发生的机制以及同源重组在生物领域的应用、前景展望及其存在的局限性。     

关于遗传学中有丝分裂重组的理解

有丝分裂重组是遗传学的重要内容,但当前遗传学教学中对有丝分裂重组部分的课堂教学较少。从有丝分裂重组的发现、真菌系统中的有丝分裂重组、有丝分裂重组作图等几个方面较为详细的介绍了有丝分裂重组现象,希望为教师课堂教学提供参考,并有助于学生对基因重组内容的全面认识。     

A novel reporter for intrachromosomal homoeologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana

A reporter system using engineered introns as recombination substrates in the uidA (GUS) gene has been developed and characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. The non-coding nature of the recombination substrate has allowed us to monitor recombination events between duplicated copies of the intron that are either identical (homologous recombination) or harbour sequence polymorphisms (homoeologous recombination). The effects of substrate length and divergence on the frequency of recombination events were examined. A positive correlation between substrate length and somatic recombination frequency was found as the frequency of recombination increased 183-fold when the recombination substrate was lengthened from 153 to 589 bp. The existence of 11 polymorphisms in a 589-bp recombination substrate (1.9% sequence divergence) led to an almost 10-fold reduction in the frequency of recombination. This result demonstrates that relatively modest levels of sequence divergence can substantially reduce the frequency of recombination in plants. A molecular analysis of recombination products revealed that the recombination junctions are more frequent in the central segment of the recombination substrate.     

基因克隆及组装技术的研究进展 *

随着测序技术的发展,已知的DNA序列数量呈指数性增加,为了能更快的探索其未知的生物功能,一些简化组装流程的DNA克隆及组装新技术争相发展起来。其中大部分需要在菌体外构建重组体,但重组酶纯化过程复杂,运送和保存方法要求严格,致使成本较高。最近研究者开发了一些在菌体内进行DNA组装的简易、低成本的新方法。主要对各类基因克隆及组装方法的研究现状、原理和优缺点等进行综述,并结合实际的工作内容展望了未来的发展趋势,希望能为进一步研究开发新技术提供参考。     

Mus81 is essential for sister chromatid recombination at broken replication forks

Recombination is essential for the recovery of stalled/collapsed replication forks and therefore for the maintenance of genomic stability. The situation becomes critical when the replication fork collides with an unrepaired single-strand break and converts it into a one-ended double-strand break. We show in fission yeast that a unique broken replication fork requires the homologous recombination (HR) enzymes for cell viability. Two structure-specific heterodimeric endonucleases participate in two different resolution pathways. Mus81/Eme1 is essential when the sister chromatid is used for repair; conversely, Swi9/Swi10 is essential when an ectopic sequence is used for repair. Consequently, the utilization of these two HR modes of resolution mainly relies on the ratio of unique and repeated sequences present in various eukaryotic genomes. We also provide molecular evidence for sister recombination intermediates. These findings demonstrate that Mus81/Eme1 is the dedicated endonuclease that resolves sister chromatid recombination intermediates during the repair of broken replication forks.