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Understanding the mechanisms of species distribution within ecosystems is a fundamental question of ecological research. The current worldwide changes and loss of habitats associated with a decline in species richness render this topic a key element for developing mitigation strategies. Ecological niche theory is a widely accepted concept to describe species distribution along environmental gradients where each taxon occupies its own distinct set of environmental parameters, that is, its niche. Niche occupation has been described in empirical studies for different closely related taxa, like ant, ungulate, or skink species, just to name a few. However, how species assemblages of whole ecosystems across multiple taxa are structured and organized has not been investigated thoroughly, although considering all taxa of a community would be essential when analyzing realized niches. Here, we investigated the organization of niche occupation and species distribution for the whole ground‐associated invertebrate community of small tropical insular ecosystems. By correlating environmental conditions with species occurrences using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA), we demonstrated that the ground‐associated invertebrate community does not spread evenly across the overall niche space, but instead is compartmentalized in four distinct clusters: crustacean and gastropod taxa occurred in one cluster, attributable to the beach habitat, whereas hexapods and spider taxa occurred in three distinct inland clusters, attributable to distinct inland habitats, that is, grassland, open forest, and dense forest. Within the clusters, co‐occurrence pattern analysis suggested only a few negative interactions between the different taxa. By studying ground‐associated insular invertebrate communities, we have shown that species distribution and niche occupation can be, similar to food webs, organized in a compartmentalized way. The compartmentalization of the niche space might thereby be a mechanism to increase ecosystem resilience, as disturbances cascade more slowly throughout the ecosystem. 相似文献
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Laura Verbeek Edwin van den Berg Fabio T. T. Hanashiro Andros T. Gianuca Maren Striebel Pieter Lemmens Steven A. J. Declerck Helmut Hillebrand Luc De Meester 《Freshwater Biology》2018,63(6):581-596
- A resampling of 38 small farmland ponds in Belgium after 10 years revealed a high temporal species turnover for both phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, associated with substantial changes in abiotic factors, especially a reduction in total phosphorus concentration.
- Across ponds, phytoplankton biomass decreased while evenness and richness increased between the samplings in 2003 and 2013. By contrast, the zooplankton assemblage was characterised by lower biomass, richness and evenness in 2013. Ponds experiencing larger environmental change showed stronger changes in phytoplankton richness and evenness.
- Resource use efficiency (RUE) of zooplankton increased with greater environmental change and zooplankton evenness, which points to a switch towards species with higher RUE or greater variety in food sources in higher trophic levels.
- As ponds are important habitats for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems services, the strong but predictable species turnover and the opposing effects of environmental change on different trophic levels need to be embedded in conservation and management plans.
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Guido Trivellini Carlo Polidori Cristian Pasquaretta Simone Orsenigo Giuseppe Bogliani 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2016,9(6):495-505
- The habitat requirements of a species are the resources, conditions and space required for survival and reproduction. The habitat requirements of butterflies have been well studied, but the extent to which individuals within a species and between species utilise and share the habitat is poorly known.
- In a butterfly assemblage in northern Italy, we found that adults from 30 species avoid deciduous high‐density forests and their ecotones, and they were positively related to open areas and their ecotones. Besides these common features, five groups of species can be discriminated in relation to a gradient from open area to forest, and species within groups were not equally specialised, as observed from a bipartite network analysis. In particular, some species appeared to be specialised and others appeared to be generalist, suggesting a nested pattern of resource use, rather than a clustered pattern in which each species uses a different subset of habitat types.
- The degree of variation in specialisation among species varied with the number of species falling in each group. Thus, an increased number of species, and thus possibly competition, is more likely to promote the co‐occurrence of generalist and specialised species (nested patterns) rather than an increased niche segregation among species.
- Ascertaining how species overlap their habitat use at a local scale can be relevant for conservation purposes, because specialised populations are potentially more susceptible to network distortions.
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Clémentine Préau Iris Nadeau Yann Sellier Francis Isselin-Nondedeu Romain Bertrand Marc Collas César Capinha Frédéric Grandjean 《Freshwater Biology》2020,65(2):304-315
- The white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) is globally endangered due to the impacts of habitat modification and fragmentation, water pollution, climate change, and invasive species, particularly the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). These pressures have caused the decline of A. pallipes populations in Europe, demonstrating the importance of predicting the species' potential distribution under current and future conditions. Focusing on the watercourses of mainland France, we aimed to identify suitable areas for A. pallipes to guide the conservation of current populations and future introduction actions or protection measures.
- We applied ecological niche modelling to model the potential distribution of both A. pallipes and P. leniusculus and identified locations suitable for A. pallipes only. We also assessed the potential distribution of the species under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively describing low-warming and high-warming conditions.
- We found that A. pallipes and P. leniusculus exploit equivalent niches in France. Despite this, under current conditions, about 5% of the study area simultaneously records a high suitability for A. pallipes and a low suitability for P. leniusculus and is therefore of significant conservation interest. This percentage remains relatively stable under RCP 2.6 for 2050 and 2100, but decreases to 2% under RCP 8.5 for 2100.
- Ecological niche modelling can supply crucial guidance for conservation actions aimed at protecting endangered species at a national scale by identifying sites most suitable for protection and sites where climate change and invasive species constitute a threat.
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从鱼类种间互作及其生态网络特征视角研究鱼类群落结构特征,对解析多鱼种共存机制和基于群落水平的多鱼种资源管理均具有重要意义。为分析鱼类资源利用的竞争互作对群落结构稳定性的影响,根据2016-2018年8个航次的雷州湾海域底拖网调查的鱼类数据,将空间生态位重叠理论和生态网络建模相结合,从种间互作的角度应用加权聚类系数C、加权平均路径长度A、关联度Co等指标分析鱼类的群落结构。结果表明：①鱼类生态位重叠所形成的种间互作网络季节变动较大,而年度变动则相对较小,共包含鱼类58-122种,种间互作的关系数量1318-7103。②雷州湾海域鱼类群落内种间互作密集,聚合程度高（C介于0.84-0.98）且能量传递效率高（A介于0.02-0.09）,呈现互作弱化之趋势（Co介于0.32-0.48）,群落结构总体较稳定。③小尺度范围（20°40''-21°00''N,110°30''-110°45''E）内,鱼类群落内种间互作特征是维持多种鱼类共存的重要内因。该特征表现为季节和年度的变化总体上相似,种间直接关联程度与种间互作强度呈正相关（P<0.01）,而局部聚合程度与种间直接关联、互作强度均呈负相关（P<0.01）。本研究可为鱼类群落结构稳定性的量化评价和资源养护的管理规划提供参考依据。 相似文献
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该文采用定量分析法, 研究了湖北神农架千家坪地区川金丝猴 (Rhinopithecus roxellana) 现生栖息地优势树种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似比例, 分析了优势树种生态位对神农架川金丝猴生存的影响。结果如下:1) 在64000m2的样方中, 木本植物255种, 隶属于44科105属, 其中乔木23科51属129种, 灌木22科49属113种, 木质藤本7科9属13种。优势科主要有蔷薇科、樟科、槭树科、忍冬科、壳斗科和四照花科等。2) 生态位宽度在栖息地森林群落乔木层中最高的为红桦 (Betula albo-sinensis) (5.261), 华山松 (Pinus armandii) (4.545) 、巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii) (4.289) 和糙皮桦 (Betula utilis) (3.256) 次之;灌木层中最高的为红晕杜鹃 (Rhododendron erubescens) (2.245), 多枝柳 (Salixpolyclona) (2.064) 、华中山楂 (Crataegus wilsonii) (1.508) 和陇东海棠 (Malus kansuensis) (1.453) 次之。3) 主要树种生态位宽度大于1的有30种, 占总数的11.67%, 其中21种是川金丝猴食源植物, 占神农架川金丝猴食源植物总数的10.40%;重要值排名前25位的树种中, 18种为食源植物, 占重要值总和的74.50%。4) 优势种的生态位重叠值在0.4以上的有7对种群;大部分种群的生态位相似性比值在0~0.3之间, 占全部种对的83.82%。结果表明, 神农架川金丝猴栖息地植物组成复杂, 优势种多为食源植物;优势种的生境高度相似、生态位多有重叠、种间竞争较为激烈, 将导致现有栖息地森林群落结构及植物组成发生变化, 食源植物短缺, 甚至栖息地面积缩减等现象, 这些都会影响川金丝猴的生存。因此, 加强保护神农架千家坪川金丝猴现生栖息地森林为川金丝猴创造适宜生存空间迫在眉睫。 相似文献
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以湘中丘陵区石栎 (L ithocarp us glaber)群落为调查研究对象 ,分析了群落的特征 ,定量计测了乔木层主要树种的生态位宽度和重叠值。结果表明 ,石栎群落垂直结构较为复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层 ,亦有少量的层间植物。群落的优势种较明显 ,乔木层的物种多样性指数较高。主要树种生态位宽度值大小顺序为 :石栎、苦槠、木荷、白栎、拟赤杨、南酸枣和柏木。在生态位重叠值中 ,以优势种石栎与白栎、柏木、枫香、樟树、拟赤杨、木荷、南酸枣、苦槠、秃瓣杜英重叠值较大 ,枫香与苦槠的重叠值最小 ,石栎与马尾松、君迁子属中等重叠 相似文献
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Gregory F. Grether;Ann E. Finneran;Jonathan P. Drury; 《Ecology letters》2024,27(1):e14350
Understanding species distributions and predicting future range shifts requires considering all relevant abiotic factors and biotic interactions. Resource competition has received the most attention, but reproductive interference is another widespread biotic interaction that could influence species ranges. Rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.) exhibit a biogeographic pattern consistent with the hypothesis that reproductive interference has limited range expansion. Here, we use ecological niche models to evaluate whether this pattern could have instead been caused by niche differentiation. We found evidence for climatic niche differentiation, but the species that encounters the least reproductive interference has one of the narrowest and most peripheral niches. These findings strengthen the case that reproductive interference has limited range expansion and also provide a counterexample to the idea that release from negative species interactions triggers niche expansion. We propose that release from reproductive interference enables species to expand in range while specializing on the habitats most suitable for breeding. 相似文献
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Rapid changes in species composition, also known as ecotones, can result from various causes including rapid changes in environmental conditions, or physiological thresholds. The possibility that ecotones arise from ecological niche construction by ecosystem engineers has received little attention. In this study, we investigate how the diversity of ecosystem engineers, and their interactions, can give rise to ecotones. We build a spatially explicit dynamical model that couples a multispecies community and its abiotic environment. We use numerical simulations and analytical techniques to determine the biotic and abiotic conditions under which ecotone emergence is expected to occur, and the role of biodiversity therein. We show that the diversity of ecosystem engineers can lead to indirect interactions through the modification of their shared environment. These interactions, which can be either competitive or mutualistic, can lead to the emergence of discrete communities in space, separated by sharp ecotones where a high species turnover is observed. Considering biodiversity is thus critical when studying the influence of species–environment interactions on the emergence of ecotones. This is especially true for the wide range of species that have small to moderate effects on their environment. Our work highlights new mechanisms by which biodiversity loss could cause significant changes in spatial community patterns in changing environments. 相似文献
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小五台山森林群落优势种的生态位分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究河北小五台山森林群落优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,运用广义可加模型拟合各个优势种对环境梯度变化的响应规律.结果表明: 在148个样方中,共记录到维管植物75科222属392种,分别从乔木层、灌木层、草本层中选取重要值较大的36个优势种进行分析.乔木层的红桦、白桦、华北落叶松、油松,灌木层的土庄绣线菊、六道木、美蔷薇、毛榛,草本层的青绿薹草、野青茅、地榆、宽叶薹草在森林群落中生态位宽度较大,竞争力及环境适应力较强.在同一片层中,生态位重叠指数高的物种喜好相似生境,各个优势种在共生或伴生的同时存在着一定的竞争关系.色木槭和辽东栎存在高度重叠,由于资源丰富,竞争并不强烈;白桦与色木槭、辽东栎、水榆花楸等多种杂木树种存在重叠,有限的资源导致该群落中竞争较为强烈.各物种对不同环境因子的适应能力存在差异.多数优势种对海拔的响应表现出单峰曲线,分布在一定海拔范围内;部分优势种对海拔的响应呈线性升高或降低,集中分布在高海拔或低海拔区,各个优势种对坡位的响应情况与海拔相似.各优势种沿坡向多呈线性变化,与土壤温度呈显著正相关,物种表现出喜阴或喜阳的特性.红桦、六道木、东陵绣球、青绿薹草、兴安升麻等优势种对凋落层厚度和土壤厚度的响应呈线性升高.华北落叶松、红桦、金露梅、野青茅等优势种对土壤湿度的响应呈线性升高,而对土壤导电率的响应呈线性降低.大多数优势种对土壤pH和干扰程度表现出单峰曲线,部分优势种呈线性降低. 相似文献
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Arina L. Maltseva Marina A. Varfolomeeva Roman V. Ayanka Elizaveta R. Gafarova Egor A. Repkin Polina A. Pavlova Alexei L. Shavarda Natalia A. Mikhailova Andrei I. Granovitch 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(16):11134
Divergence of ecological niches in phylogenetically closely related species indicates the importance of ecology in speciation, especially for sympatric species are considered. Such ecological diversification provides an advantage of alleviating interspecies competition and promotes more efficient exploitation of environmental resources, thus being a basis for ecological speciation. We analyzed a group of closely related species from the subgenus Neritrema (genus Littorina, Caenogastropoda) from the gravel‐bouldery shores. In two distant sites at the Barents and Norwegian Sea, we examined the patterns of snail distribution during low tide (quantitative sampling stratified by intertidal level, presence of macrophytes, macrophyte species, and position on them), shell shape and its variability (geometric morphometrics), and metabolic characteristics (metabolomic profiling). The studied species diversified microbiotopes, which imply an important role of ecological specification in the recent evolution of this group. The only exception to this trend was the species pair L. arcana / L. saxatilis, which is specifically discussed. The ecological divergence was accompanied by differences in shell shape and metabolomic characteristics. Significant differences were found between L. obtusata versus L. fabalis and L. saxatilis / L. arcana versus L. compressa both in shell morphology and in metabolomes. L. saxatilis demonstrated a clear variability depending on intertidal level which corresponds to a shift in conditions within the occupied microhabitat. Interestingly, the differences between L. arcana (inhabiting the upper intertidal level) and L. compressa (inhabiting the lower one) were analogous to those between the upper and lower fractions of L. saxatilis. No significant level‐dependent changes were found between the upper and lower fractions of L. obtusata, most probably due to habitat amelioration by fucoid macroalgae. All these results are discussed in the contexts of the role of ecology in speciation, ecological niche dynamics and conservatism, and evolutionary history of the Neritrema species. 相似文献
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Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus , two large-bodied piscivore-omnivores in Lake Texoma, Texas-Oklahoma, U.S.A., showed very high overlap in food use, but substantial differences in use of habitat during the year. Both species primarily ate fishes, aquatic insects, vegetation and detritus, terrestrial insects, seeds and zooplankton, with overall overlap = 98%. Diet breadth indices were very similar (blue catfish=4.31, channel catfish = 4.53). Quantitative and qualitative feeding varied seasonally and food habits changed ontogenetically. Feeding intensity was greatest in winter and lowest in late summer. Aquatic insects were eaten more from May to October and fishes more in winter. At body sizes from 100 to 299 mm Ls , both species primarily ate aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, fishes or zooplankton, whereas the diets of individuals >300 mm Ls of both species were dominated by fishes. Overall, their overlap in distribution across major habitat types was only 58%, with blue catfish most abundant in deep water offshore, and channel catfish more common in shallow cove habitats. Blue catfish that did occur in coves were in the deeper parts of those habitats, essentially not occurring in the littoral zone. In lakes without blue catfish, channel catfish are widely dispersed in various habitats and it is suspected that displacement of channel catfish by blue catfish may influence habitat differences of the two species in Lake Texoma. Because the spatial separation of the species also reflects their typical interspecific differences in unimpounded drainages, however, the habitat differences observed in Lake Texoma probably also reflect evolved, historical differences in ecology of the two species. 相似文献
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Shigeki Kishi 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(3)
The characteristics of flower‒visitor networks, comprised of multiple species interacting with each other, predict ecological and evolutionary processes. Intraspecific and interspecific variations in interaction patterns should affect network structures. Because female and male visitors usually differ in flower‐visiting patterns due to mating strategy, visitor sex should affect nestedness, in which specialist species interact with a subset of species that interact with generalist species. I hypothesized that a network of male visitors and flowering plants would be more nested than a female network because males are less picky about which flowers they visit. To examine the effect of visitor sex on nestedness, I used museum specimens of insects and built 11 flower–visitor species networks, each composed of female and male subnetworks, and compared the strength of nestedness and related network metrics between the subnetworks. I found that male subnetworks were significantly more nested than female ones, and species networks were less nested than male or female subnetworks. The result may be attributable to the by‐chance selection of flowers by males. Because a nested structure is predicted to promote community stability in mutualistic flower–visitor networks, the greater nestedness of male subnetworks may suggest a positive effect of male visitors on pollination community stability. 相似文献
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Ana Filipa Palmeirim Maíra Benchimol José Carlos Morante‐Filho Marcus Vinícius Vieira Carlos A. Peres 《Diversity & distributions》2018,24(8):1109-1120
Aim
Mega hydroelectric dams have become one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss in the lowland tropics. In these reservoirs, vertebrate studies have focused on local (α) diversity measures, whereas between‐site (β) diversity remains poorly assessed despite its pivotal importance in understanding how species diversity is structured and maintained. Here, we unravel the patterns and ecological correlates of mammal β‐diversity, including both small (SM) and midsized to large mammal species (LM) across 23 islands and two continuous forest sites within a mega hydroelectric reservoir.Location
Balbina Hydroelectric Dam, Central Brazilian Amazonia.Methods
Small mammals were sampled using live and pitfall traps (48,350 trap‐nights), and larger mammals using camera traps (8,160 trap‐nights). β‐diversity was examined for each group using multiplicative diversity decomposition of Hill numbers, which considers the importance of rare, common and dominant species, and tested to what extent those were related to a set of environmental characteristics measured at different spatial scales.Results
β‐diversity for both mammal groups was higher when considering species presence–absence. When considering species abundance, β‐diversity was significantly higher for SM than for LM assemblages. Habitat variables, such as differences in tree species richness and percentage of old‐growth trees, were strong correlates of β‐diversity for both SMs and LMs. Conversely, β‐diversity was weakly related to patch and landscape characteristics, except for LMs, for which β‐diversity was correlated with differences in island sizes.Main conclusions
The lower β‐diversity of LMs between smaller islands suggests subtractive homogenization of this group. Although island size plays a major role in structuring mammal α‐diversity in several land‐bridge islands, local vegetation characteristics were additional key factors determining β‐diversity for both mammal groups. Maintaining the integrity of vegetation characteristics and preventing the formation of a large set of small islands within reservoirs should be considered in long‐term management plans in both existing and planned hydropower development in lowland tropical forests.18.
Valdeir Pereira Lima Cesar Augusto Marchioro Fernando Joner Hans ter Steege Ilyas Siddique 《Austral ecology》2020,45(3):376-383
Forecasting the impacts of climate change on species distribution has several implications for conservation. Plinia edulis is a rare and threatened tree species from Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. In this study, we assessed the impact of global climate change on the distribution of P. edulis. Additionally, we evaluated the efficacy of the Brazilian protected network to conserve this species. Ecological niche models were built using the maximum entropy method based on occurrence records and environmental predictors. Models predicted a reduction of climatically suitable areas for P. edulis in all evaluated scenarios in the coming years. Furthermore, we observed that Brazilian protected areas (PAs) are ineffective to conserve this species. Given the fact that P. edulis is a promising tree species rarely found within Brazilian PAs and threatened by global climate change, we strongly recommend the cultivation of this multipurpose species in agroforestry systems, landscaping and homegardens in order to promote its conservation through sustainable use. 相似文献
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Tiago Jordão Porto Ricardo Pinto‐da‐Rocha Pedro Luís Bernardo da Rocha 《Diversity & distributions》2018,24(3):375-386
Aim
This study formally evaluates the ability of three models to use geographical data on species distribution to predict the habitat use patterns of species in heterogeneous landscapes.Location
Species and habitats in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest were investigated.Methods
Based on empirical data on harvestmen and scorpions, we estimated the strength of species association with preferred habitat and classified them as habitat generalists or habitat specialists. We compared these empirical results with predictions made using data on species range size (model 1), species occurrence in biomes (model 2) and species occurrence in habitats within the biomes (model 3).Results
We used 1,278 records of eight harvestman and two scorpion species that had specific determination and enough sampling numbers to allow safe identification of habitat specialization. We observed the following: (1) the extension of species occurrence did not influence the strength of species–habitat association (estimated by IndVal), which led us to reject model 1; (2) species habitat specialization derived from occurrences in biomes was 60% coincident with the classification derived from empirical data. This value is not different enough from the value expected by chance for these data, which also led us to reject model 2; and (3) species classification derived from secondary data about the habitats used had a significant coincidence of 80% with the empirical classification, which led us to accept model 3.Main conclusions
For correct classification of species habitat specialization using secondary distributional data, we recommend that future studies consider using the most accurate information available on the habitats used by species. Especially for megadiverse and understudied groups, information about habitats used is not easy to obtain, so it is important for researchers and institutions to register and disseminate this information, which could support many other studies.20.
经过长期破碎化, 荒漠草原原生硬质灰钙土斑块散布在广大沙化土地中, 形成类似“土岛”的土被结构。为揭示土岛生境的群落物种共存机制, 2016年在宁夏盐池县皖记沟村选取大(200-300 m2)、中(约100 m2)、小(约50 m2)土岛各3个开展调查, 采用Jaccard相异系数、物种生态位宽度和生态位重叠度、零模型、Meta分析, 综合计算和分析土岛内部与外部植物群落相似性、物种生态位宽度和生态位重叠、物种共存格局及其影响因子。研究发现, (1)随着破碎化加剧, 土岛内部植物多样性整体呈现下降趋势, 群落优势种从短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)转变为猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)和短花针茅共优种, 土岛内外群落相似性增加。(2)土岛内外绝大多数物种生态位重叠较小, 生态位重叠在土岛内呈集中分布, 而土岛外则呈均匀发散分布。(3)环境过滤为主的生态过程决定了土岛生境群落物种的共存格局, 随着土岛面积减小, 环境因子对群落物种共存的调控强度降低, 关键性环境因子由土壤细砂粒和黏粒转变为粗砂粒, 显著性竞争物种共存格局在小岛出现。综上所述, 土岛生境对于维持草原物种具有重要作用, 环境过滤主导了荒漠草原物种共存格局。随着生境破碎化加剧或土岛面积减小, 物种共存格局及其调控因子发生转变。保护面积在200 m2以上的大土岛对于恢复荒漠草原区草原成分种和其物种多样性机制都十分必要。 相似文献