杉木小孢子囊败育过程中的胼胝质壁和孢粉素的消长

对杉木雄性不育株与可育株在小孢子发生和发育过程中的小孢子囊内各种细胞的胼胝质和孢粉素的变化进行研究。结果表明：杉木雄性不育株的小孢子囊发育迟缓,其败育可分为：无小孢子囊型,减数分裂Ｉ前中层细胞增生型和减数分裂Ｉ后中层细胞增生型等３种;其细胞壁厚薄不均,在其小孢子囊发育过程中,细胞内淀粉粒缺乏或异常;在早期,其胼胝质壁较可育株的薄,发出的荧光较弱;发育后期,则具有胼胝质壁,直至细胞解体。不育株小孢子     

杉木小孢子叶球发育过程中形态结构变化

以扬州地区生长的成年杉木为实验材料,通过采用数码相机拍摄、体视镜、扫描电镜以及半薄切片等方法,对杉木小孢子叶球发育、小孢子囊发育及其散粉规律进行详细观察。结果发现,10月中旬,杉木小孢子叶球形成并着生于新枝顶端。翌年3月中下旬,小孢子叶球成熟,进入散粉期,散粉首先从小孢子叶球基部开始依次向上部扩散。小孢子叶在孢子叶球主轴上螺旋排列,单个小孢子叶通常由3个小孢子囊组成,构成三角形。小孢子囊壁由1层表皮细胞、1~2层中间层细胞和1层绒毡层细胞组成,表皮细胞首先形成,并向内分化出2~3层细胞,分别分化形成中层和绒毡层,最后中层和绒毡层消失。杉木的小孢子囊通过开裂口控制其开裂,20℃室温下整个小孢子叶球散粉时间持续约18 h,单个小孢子叶的散粉时间为8~10 h。以上结果显示,杉木小孢子叶球的发育过程经历了体积增大、鳞片开张及散粉等阶段,这些形态和结构上的变化利于提高散粉效率,这说明杉木在长期的演化过程中,形成了许多有利于风媒传粉的结构特征。     

湿地松雄性不育和可育系小孢子叶球形态和细胞发育动态变化

为了解湿地松‘松泰’小孢子叶球在发育过程形态是否有差异变化,明确其败育过程、败育方式及影响因素,为湿地松雄性不育品种利用和后期开展相关研究提供科学依据。该研究以‘松泰’s10败育系和s9可育系为材料,观察小孢子叶球形态发育变化,并对其小孢子叶球进行石蜡切片,在光学显微镜下观察小孢子发育过程。结果表明:s10败育系和s9可育系在小孢子母细胞减速分裂前无明显差异,小孢子叶球生长趋势也一致;四分体时期,s10小孢子细胞发育异常,小孢子叶球形态发育也出现异常,二者异常发育具有同步性;可育系从四分体到单核小孢子发育阶段的时间为5 d左右,而败育系持续发育长达20 d左右,持续时间为可育系的4倍。在此期间出现小孢子绒毡层细胞发育异常、降解缓慢,小孢子囊壁组织排列紊乱、降解延迟等现象,s10形成异常二核花粉,且无花粉散出。因此,推论s10小孢子败育的原因主要是小孢子囊壁细胞发育异常,其小孢子叶球形态异常,相对应的绒毡层在四分体时期发育异常,不能适时地分泌胼胝质酶来降解围绕着四分体的胼胝质壁,也不能适时地合成输送花粉形成所需能量物质,同时囊壁细胞出现降解延迟和层积,这一系列的异常变化导致不能形成正常四分体,从而使花粉败育。     

越南篦齿苏铁小孢子发生及其系统学意义

运用常规石蜡切片方法,结合显微荧光技术对越南篦齿苏铁Cycas elongata 小孢子发生和花粉个体发育进行了研究。结果表明：其小孢子叶球5月中下旬开始萌动,小孢子囊着生在小孢子叶远轴面,且3-5小孢子囊以辐射状排列方式聚生成聚合囊。小孢子囊壁由6-7层细胞组成,包括表皮、中层及绒毡层。绒毡层来源于成熟造孢组织的外围细胞,其退化形式为分泌型。6月中旬,小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂I,至6月下旬形成四分体。母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂的方式与其他苏铁类植物不同,具有连续型与同时型两种类型。7月中旬,小孢子经过2次有丝分裂后,形成3细胞的成熟花粉粒。7月下旬进入散粉状态。在花粉发育过程中,母细胞内淀粉粒的积累及其壁上胼胝质的沉积均呈现规律性变化。     

羽叶薰衣草雄性不育的细胞学研究

用光镜和电镜观察羽叶薰衣草(Lavandula pinnata L.)雄性不育小孢子发育过程的细胞形态学特征.结果表明:羽叶薰衣草花药4枚,每枚花药通常具4个小孢子囊.花药壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四面体及十字交叉型.小孢子的发育过程可分为造孢细胞期、减数分裂时期、小孢子发育早期、小孢子发育晚期.未观察到二胞花粉期和成熟花粉期.羽叶薰衣草花粉败育主要发生在单核花粉时期,细胞内物质解体并逐渐消失变成空壳花粉或花粉皱缩变形成为各种畸形的败育花粉.在此之前小孢子的发育正常.羽叶薰衣草小孢子不育机制体现在绒毡层过早解体、四分体时期以后各细胞中线粒体结构不正常、胼胝质壁与小孢子母细胞脱离、花药壁细胞中淀粉出现时间异常等. 壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四面体及十字交叉型.小孢子的发育过程可分为造孢细胞期、减数分裂时期、小孢子发育早期、小孢子发育晚期.未观察到二胞花粉期和成熟花粉期.羽叶薰衣草花粉败育主要发生在单核花粉时期,细胞内物质解体并逐渐消失变成空壳花粉或花粉皱缩变形成为各种畸形的败育花粉.在此 前小孢子的发育正常.羽叶薰衣草小孢子不育机制体现在绒毡层过早解体、四分体时期以后各细胞中线粒体结构不正常、胼胝质壁与小孢子母细胞脱离、花药壁细胞中淀粉出现时间异常等. 壁发育为双子叶型,从外向内分为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞.减数分裂形成的四分体为四     

长白落叶松生殖生物学特性研究：I.球花芽分化与早期发育

本文研究了长白落叶松大小孢子叶球的分化及其分布规律。获得如下结果：（１）６月下旬芽鳞形成期终止,７月初进入小孢子叶分化期,７月未至８月上旬小孢子叶分化期结束。８月上旬进入小孢子囊分化期,８月下旬出现造孢细胞,９月中旬形成小孢子母细胞。１０月底小孢子母细胞保持在细线期阶段,小孢子叶球进入冬季休眠期。（２）９月初苞片原基开始形成,９月中旬珠鳞原基形成;１０月上旬出现胚珠原始体,１０月下旬大孢子母细胞形     

侧柏小孢子囊表皮细胞的发育及其功能

利用光镜和扫描电镜研究了侧柏[Plantycladus orientalis(L.)Franco]小孢子囊表皮细胞的发育过程。侧柏的小孢子囊产生于小孢子叶远轴面的基部,小孢子囊的表皮细胞由孢原细胞外面的小孢子叶的表皮细胞垂周分裂产生,小孢子囊发育的前期,表皮细胞的细胞核及大部分的细胞质位于外切向壁一侧,内切向壁一侧被许多大液泡所占据,形成外部的原生质区和内部的液泡区,中层细胞与表皮细胞的紧密结合有利于物质的运输与贮存;小孢子囊发育的后期,表皮细胞的细胞质和细胞核由外侧转移到内侧退化,细胞的内切向壁及径向壁均加厚,而外切向壁保持薄壁状态,同时,首次在裸子植物中发现表皮细胞内产生很多连接内切向壁与外切向壁的柱状体结构-纤维柱（fibrous styloid)。这种结构特点赋予了侧柏小孢子囊表皮细胞以新的功能-如同被子植物花药的纤维层,有助于小孢子囊的开裂。     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子囊发育的电镜研究

杉木雄性不育属“无花粉型”,败育从无孢原细胞到四分体时期,中层细胞增生,压迫小孢子母细胞,使之养分更加缺乏并引起减数分裂异常。其表皮层和药室内壁细胞中具大量蛋白体,影响了绒毡层对小孢子发育的外源蛋白的供应;表皮层具膜状溶酶体,引起淀粉粒缺乏和酶系统代谢异常;绒毡层发育后期,缺少包被小泡、乌氏体及绒毡层膜,内质同少、短而光滑,严重影响了绒毡层对小孢子母细胞或小孢子养分和合成细胞壁物质的供给;线粒体发育异常,能量代谢减弱,导致小孢子母细胞或小孢子一系列生理活动紊乱及其原生质体解体。     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子囊发育的电镜研究

杉木雄性不育属“无花粉型”,败育从无也原细胞押分体时期、中层细胞增生,压迫小孢子母细胞,使之养分更加缺乏并引起减烽分裂异常。其表皮层和药室内壁细胞中具大量蛋白体,影响了绒毡层对小孢子发育的外源蛋白的供应;表皮层具膜状溶酶体,引起淀粉粒缺乏和酶系统代谢异常;绒毡层发育后期,缺少包被小泡,乌氏体及绒毡层膜,内质网少,短而光滑,严重影响了绒毡层对小孢子母细胞或小孢子养分和合成细胞壁物质的供给;     

长白落叶松生殖生物学特性研究──Ⅰ．球花芽分化与早期发育

本文研究了长白落叶松（ＬａｒｉｘｏｌｇｅｎｓｉｓＨｅｎｒｙ）大小孢子叶球的分化及其分布规律．获得如下结果：（１）６月下旬芽鳞形成期终止,７月初进入小孢子叶分化期,７月未至８月上旬小孢子叶分化期结束．８月上旬进入小孢子囊分化期,８月下旬出现造孢细胞,９月中旬形成小孢子母细胞．１０月底小孢子母细胞保持在细线期阶段,小孢子叶球进入冬季休眠期．（２）９月初苞片原基开始形成,９月中旬珠鳞原基形成;１０月上旬出现胚珠原始体,１０月下旬大孢子母细胞形成,１０月底大孢子叶球芽进入冬季休眠．（３）小孢子叶球芽主要分布在树冠的中、下部．数量上远远大于大孢子叶球芽的数量,约为大孢子叶球芽的１９倍。大孢子叶球芽主要集中分布在树冠中部,而且树冠下部多于树冠上部。     

西瓜小孢子囊发育及雄配子体发生的观察

西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)小孢子囊的孢原细胞出现在雄花原基出现后4—6天,孢原细胞数目推测只有一列;初生造孢细胞经过2—3次分裂,形成次生造孢细胞。开花前7—8天,小孢子囊发育健全,小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂期。同一花药不同花粉囊相同一药室,花粉母细胞减数分裂和小孢子的发育,并不是高度同步的。绒毡层为异型细胞,腺质绒毡层。雄配子体的发育开始于开花前6—7天,充分成熟的西瓜花粉已分裂为三细胞花粉。     

MORPHOGENESIS OF CAPITATE GLANDULAR HAIRS OF CANNABIS SATIVA (CANNABACEAE)

The glandular secretory system in Cannabis sativa L. (marihuana) consists of three types of capitate glandular hairs (termed bulbous, capitate-sessile, and capitate-stalked) distinguishable by their morphology, development, and physiology. These gland types occur together in greatest abundance and developmental complexity on the abaxial surface of bracts which ensheath the developing ovary. Bulbous and capitate-sessile glands are initiated on very young bract primordia and attain maturity during early stages of bract growth. Capitate-stalked glands are initiated later in bract growth and undergo development and maturation on medium, to full sized bracts. Glands are epidermal in origin and derived, with one exception, from a single epidermal initial. The capitate-stalked gland is the exception and is of special interest because it possesses a multicellular stalk secondarily derived from surrounding epidermal and subepidermal cells. Glands differentiate early in development into an upper secretory portion and a subtending auxiliary portion. The secretory portion, depending on gland type, may range from a few cells to a large, flattened multicellular disc of secretory cells. The secretory portion produces a membrane-bound resinous product which caps the secretory cells. Capitate-stalked glands are considered to be of particular evolutionary significance because they may represent a gland type secondarily derived from existing capitate-sessile glands.     

Development of groups of male strobili,anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence in Pinus roxburghii

The development of groups of male strobili and effect of temperature and relative humidity on anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence were analysed in Pinus roxburghii at two different altitudes. The study has revealed that the groups of male strobili took over one month for full maturation, whereas the anthesis cycle was completed within two days at lower altitude and after four and a half days at higher altitude. The peak period of anthesis (PPA) and microsporangium dehiscence were between 1200 hr to 1400 hr at both the altitudes. Under experimental conditions, inside a climatic chamber the anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence oscillated sharply by different levels of temperature and relative humidity. A temperature range of 25 C to 28 C was optimal for anthesis, while presence and absence of light did not have any effect on this process.     

MORPHOLOGY OF GLANDULAR HAIRS OF CANNABIS SATIVA FROM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Three distinct types of glandular hairs of increasing morphological complexity which occur on flowering tops of Cannabis sativa L. (marihuana) are described from scanning electron microscopy. These gland types—termed bulbous, capitate-sessile, and capitate-stalked, described from pistillate plants—occur in greatest abundance on the outer surface of bracts ensheathing the ovary. Bulbous and capitate-sessile glands, which arise at an early stage in bract development, are scattered over the bract surface. Mature bulbous glands have a small swollen head on a short stalk, whereas capitate-sessile glands have a large globular head attached directly to the bract surface. Because of their numbers and large size, capitate-sessile glands are the most conspicuous gland type during the early phase of bract development. Capitate-stalked glands, which have a large globular head on a tall, multicellular stalk, differentiate during subsequent bract development. These stalked glands arise first along the bracteal veins and then over the entire bract surface. A voluminous, fluid secretory product accumulates in the glandular head of all three types. These glands are believed to be a primary site of localization of the marihuana hallucinogen, tetrahydrocannabinol.     

罗汉松雄球花及其雄配子体发育的形态结构

该研究采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,观察罗汉松雄球花、小孢子及其配子体发育过程的形态结构特征,以揭示罗汉松小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育规律,为罗汉松的生殖和杂交组合提供胚胎学证据。结果发现：(1)罗汉松花芽于每年的7月开始分化,至次年5月花粉成熟散粉,雄球花由单生的卵圆形转为2～3个葇荑花序并生,小孢子叶螺旋状着生于圆柱状的花序轴上,每一小孢子叶远轴面基部并列着生2个小孢子囊。(2)小孢子囊壁发育过程中由外及里出现各由1层薄壁细胞组成的表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,至散粉前,后两者基本被分解吸收。(3)同一小孢子囊内的造孢细胞发育在时间上存在差异,小孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成的四分体有四面体型和十字交叉型两种排列方式,成熟的雄配子体包括生殖细胞和粉管细胞,发育过程中出现的第一和第二原叶细胞大部分被分解消失。(4)电镜下罗汉松花粉粒为典型的松花型花粉,两侧各具1个气囊,远极面具一萌发沟,花粉粒表面具纹理或皱褶。     

太白红杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育

太白红杉(Larix chinensis Beissn)的雄球花7月初开始分化。小孢子囊壁一般包括5～6层细胞：表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层和绒毡层。绒毡层属于周原质团型。造孢细胞在7月下旬形成,8月上旬形成小孢子母细胞,8月下旬开始减数分裂,于10月上旬进入双线期,并以双线期渡过休眠。翌年3月下旬解除休眠继续进行减数分裂,4月中旬形成四分体,4月下旬到5月初小孢子从四分体内释放出来,小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于5月中旬形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒（雄配子体）并开始散粉。小孢子母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,部分小孢子母细胞在发育过程中出现退化,在小孢子囊内形成空腔。     

谷子不育系及其相应可育系小孢子发育的细胞学观察

以谷子2个品种的不育系及其保持系为材料,对其小孢子发育的细胞形态学进行了观察研究。结果表明:昭盟A花药的外部形态及花粉母细胞的发育过程与昭盟B相似,能形成外观正常的三核花粉,但其花药不能开裂散粉。石炮A表现出了败育时间和方式的多样性,且不育系与保持系间在花药长度上有显著差异。此外,两种不育系的维管束都表现出不同程度的发育不良。不良程度与药囊退化程度相关。     

A NEW SPECIES OF PICEA BASED ON SILICIFIED SEED CONES FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF WASHINGTON

Picea eichhornii n. sp. is described from anatomically preserved seed cones. The fossils are from the Early Oligocene Jansen Creek Member of the Makah Fm. which is exposed along the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The cones are at least 5.5 cm long and up to 3.5 cm in diameter. The cone axis is 4–6 mm in diameter and contains a pith made up of thick-walled parenchyma cells. Resin canals occur in a single ring in the secondary xylem in some specimens but are absent in others. The cortex is mostly parenchymatous and contains numerous large axial resin canals that branch to supply the bract and scale. Vascular traces to each scale and its subtending bract diverge separately from the vascular cylinder of the cone axis. The bract is tongue-shaped and keeled at its base. It is 5 mm wide and up to 9 mm long. The bract trace fades out before entering the bract base while two resin canals extend into the bract base. The ovuliferous scale is about 2.3 cm long and has a thin, probably papery, apex. Resin canals of the scale occur abaxial to the vascular tissue in the scale base, but some bend around the margins of the vascular strand to become adaxial outward. About 20 resin canals occur in the abaxial scale sclerenchyma, and this is the main anatomical feature that distinguishes these cones as a new species. There are less than 14 such canals in cones in a reference collection of 15 modern species and in the two fossil species known from anatomically preserved material. While the new species adds to our knowledge of the diversity of Cenozoic Picea, its affinities within the genus remain undetermined.