广西现代植物分类学研究的发展

广西现代植物分类学研究历史可以区分为３个时期。第一个时期是欧洲、美洲人研究广西植物分类时期。第２个时期开始于２０世纪２０年代,是中国植物学家研究广西植物分类时期。第３个时期是建国以后。在这一时期中,广西植物分类学家在我国兄弟所和同行支持下,做了大量研究工作,包括发表了许多在农、林、医药等方面有重要价值的新种,研究了广西植物区系,出版了广西植物志第一卷等书。有些广西植物学家还参加中国植物志的编著,描述了若干个科的植物。     

南五味子属(五味子科)一些种类的分类学订正

根据对12个国家54个标本馆所收藏的5000余份南五味子属植物标本的研究,结合野外调查和采集,对南五味子属的一些种类作了分类学订正:将仁昌南五味子归并入狭叶南五味子,将菲律宾南五味子和盘柱南五味子归并入异型南五味子,将长梗南五味子、城口南五味子、少齿南五味子、麦克氏南五味子和峨嵋南五味子归并入南五味子,将苏拉威西南五味子归并入南洋南五味子,将史氏南五味子归并入柄果南五味子。在南五味子属中,11个种被确认。     

睡莲目的数量分支分类学研究

本文应用数量分支分类学的Farris-Wagner方法,研究了睡莲目10个已知属的系统发育关系。结果表明,唾莲目可分为3个科:莲科、睡莲科和金鱼藻科。本文还讨论了数量分支分析在植物分类学中的应用问题。     

茜草科分类学史的回顾与展望(综述)

本文回顾了170多年来茜草科植物分类学的研究历史，并结合目前内外学者所开展的相关研究，指出了目前茜草科植物分类学研究面临的问题，并对未来茜草科植物的系统演化研究作了展望。     

五味子属植物的分类学订正

根据对12个国家53个标本馆收藏的5,000余份五味子属Schisandra植物标本的研究,结合野外调查和采集,对世界范围的五味子属种类作了分类学订正。在五味子属中,10个种被确认,22个种、7个亚种、14个变种和1个变型的名称被作为新异名。文中附有分种检索表。     

中国母草科植物分类及地理分布

对国内外关于母草科(Linderniaceae Borsch,Kai Müller&Eberhard Fischer)系统分类学的研究进展进行了综述,整理和总结了中国母草科植物的分类学变动情况。通过收集中国数字植物标本馆、中国国家标本资源平台、《中国植物志》、Flora of China及《中国生物物种名录》物种分布信息,分析了中国母草科植物的分布格局。结果表明,母草科主要由传统玄参科母草族、腭母草族的类群及原苦苣苔科的侧母草属所构成,共22属220余种,中国分布有8属43种,其中15种为中国特有种。在中国,广西与广东分布的母草科植物最为丰富,新疆、青海和宁夏无母草科植物分布。研究更正了中国母草科植物属的范围及地理分布,以期为母草科植物未来的分类学与生物多样性研究提供参考。     

前言

中国科学院院士王文采,是我国著名的植物分类学家,长期从事有花植物分类学研究。王文采院士在毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)、苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、荨麻科(Urticaceae)等植物系统分类学研究中倾注了大量心血,修订了毛茛科翠雀花属(Delphinium)、唐松草属(Thalictrum)、铁线莲属(Clematis)等多个属的分类系统。2019年6月,王文采院士开始对中国银莲花属(Anemone)进行分类学修订,并于2020年7月完成了《中国银莲花属新分类》的整个编写工作。     

五味子科药用植物亲缘学初探

五味子科Schisandraceae隶属于双子叶植物门木兰亚纲Magnoliidae八角目Illiciales, 全球分布约60种, 包括两个属: 五味子属Schisandra和南五味子属Kadsura, 间断分布于亚洲东南部和北美东南部。本文归纳了中国五味子科植物两大类活性成分--木脂素和三萜的分布规律、传统疗效和现代药理活性, 并对中国五味子科的药用植物亲缘学进行了初探。联苯环辛烯类木脂素(I)集中分布于五味子科植物, 可以被认为是五味子科植物的特征性化学成分, 除了传统的保肝作用外, 这类化合物中很多具有潜在的抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗HIV活性, 一些联苯环辛烯类的木脂素, 尤其是在八元环C-6、C-9位上具有羟基或者酯化取代具有更好的抗HIV和抗肿瘤活性; 而螺苯骈呋喃型联苯环辛烯类木脂素(II)绝大多数存在于南五味子属, 其特殊的螺苯骈呋喃环及其钙拮抗、抗凝血和抑制血小板聚集的活性, 不仅初步说明了民间南五味子属药用植物藤茎具有较强活血化瘀药理作用的活性物质基础, 也提示在对南五味子属的药材质量标准研究中, 可以考虑以此类成分作为定性定量指标。五味子科植物中木脂素成分的分布规律提示, 在演化程度上五味子属植物较南五味子属植物更原始。环菠萝蜜烷类三萜在五味子属和南五味子属均有分布, 尤其是A环开环的环菠萝蜜烷类三萜(II)在抗HIV和抗肿瘤活性方面具有很好的潜力, 而结构更进化的7/7/5/6型三萜内酯(IV)显示了很强的细胞毒活性, 目前只在南五味子属的长梗南五味子K. longipedunculata中发现。从五味子属的小花五味子S. micrantha和狭叶五味子S. lancifolia中分离得到的多个成环复杂且高度氧化的类三萜内酯中也发现具有抗肿瘤和抗HIV潜力。     

植物染色体数目变化和植物分类

过去几十年中对于植物分类学很有影响的一个方面。就是应用植物细胞形态到植物分类和演化的研究。由于这种影响,从而形成了一门植物分类学和植物细胞学结合在一起的边缘科学,称为植物细胞分类学。这一学科后来并与植物细胞遗传学交织在一起,利用杂交等实验手段,更丰富了它的内容。而现在的所谓实验分类学,也很多是在植物细胞分类学的基础上发展出来的。到了近年更出现了根据细胞内     

国产五味子科五种植物叶片脉序研究

首次报道了国产五味子科５种植物的叶脉特征,对科、属、种的特征作了描述,编排有分种检索表．通过与八角科叶脉的比较,支持建立五味子科与八角科的观点,认为五味子属的系统位置在南五味子属之后,并讨论了八角目的演化趋势     

Epilepsy patient-participants and genetic research results as "answers"

Better understanding of how research participants with a known condition ascribe meaning to individual genetic results is important to help researchers and institutional review boards evaluate the potential benefits and harms of disclosing results in the context of genotype-driven research recruitment. Based on 29 in-depth interviews with epilepsy patients participating in a genetic study, we found that this population of research subjects anticipated that genetic research results would provide answers to a range of questions about the research process and their condition. Their multi-layered interpretations underscore the need for clear communication about the nature and limitations of results if individual or aggregate genetic results are returned in the process of recruitment for additional research.     

Putting the "landscape" in landscape genetics

Landscape genetics has emerged as a new research area that integrates population genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics. Researchers in this field can combine the high resolution of genetic markers with spatial data and a variety of statistical methods to evaluate the role that landscape variables play in shaping genetic diversity and population structure. While interest in this research area is growing rapidly, our ability to fully utilize landscape data, test explicit hypotheses and truly integrate these diverse disciplines has lagged behind. Part of the current challenge in the development of the field of landscape genetics is bridging the communication and knowledge gap between these highly specific and technical disciplines. The goal of this review is to help bridge this gap by exposing geneticists to terminology, sampling methods and analysis techniques widely used in landscape ecology and spatial statistics but rarely addressed in the genetics literature. We offer a definition for the term "landscape genetics", provide an overview of the landscape genetics literature, give guidelines for appropriate sampling design and useful analysis techniques, and discuss future directions in the field. We hope, this review will stimulate increased dialog and enhance interdisciplinary collaborations advancing this exciting new field.     

Human body mass estimation: a comparison of "morphometric" and "mechanical" methods

In the past, body mass was reconstructed from hominin skeletal remains using both "mechanical" methods which rely on the support of body mass by weight-bearing skeletal elements, and "morphometric" methods which reconstruct body mass through direct assessment of body size and shape. A previous comparison of two such techniques, using femoral head breadth (mechanical) and stature and bi-iliac breadth (morphometric), indicated a good general correspondence between them (Ruff et al. [1997] Nature 387:173-176). However, the two techniques were never systematically compared across a large group of modern humans of diverse body form. This study incorporates skeletal measures taken from 1,173 Holocene adult individuals, representing diverse geographic origins, body sizes, and body shapes. Femoral head breadth, bi-iliac breadth (after pelvic rearticulation), and long bone lengths were measured on each individual. Statures were estimated from long bone lengths using appropriate reference samples. Body masses were calculated using three available femoral head breadth (FH) formulae and the stature/bi-iliac breadth (STBIB) formula, and compared. All methods yielded similar results. Correlations between FH estimates and STBIB estimates are 0.74-0.81. Slight differences in results between the three FH estimates can be attributed to sampling differences in the original reference samples, and in particular, the body-size ranges included in those samples. There is no evidence for systematic differences in results due to differences in body proportions. Since the STBIB method was validated on other samples, and the FH methods produced similar estimates, this argues that either may be applied to skeletal remains with some confidence.     

Demonstration of a cytotoxic activity in the dog due to "K" cells

Among the mononudear cells which participate in the different immunological mechanisms of cell destruction, the "K-cells" can induce in man, rat and mouse a cytotoxicity cell mediated depending on IgG type antibodies. Utilizing methods based on research works in man we were able to detect the presence of this K-cell in the peripheral blood of dogs.     

A "how to" guide for developing a publishable Scholarship of Teaching project

In order for the efforts of scholarly teaching to be recognized, the work must become public and presented to peers for review. Scholarship of Teaching is not only improving instruction and learning but also methodically assessing whether specific teaching interventions have had the desired effect. In this paper, the author presents a step-by-step guide for how to develop a Scholarship of Teaching project that is well thought out and worthy of publication. Factors to consider before performing such pedagogical research include developing a clear research hypothesis for the classroom, reviewing the background literature, obtaining Institutional Review Board (Human Subjects) approval, and determining which methods of assessment may be used. This "how to" guide discusses how to handle all of these factors and prepare the data for publication and introduces the reader to references related to the Scholarship of Teaching and learning as well as educational research and theory.     

A new stage in the development of genetics and term "epigenetics"

Genetics requires verification of the notion of gene. In this article, DNA and DNA parts are proposed to be named progenes, while the term gene refers to the informational products produced on DNA. These are RNA genes, protein genes, and DNA genes (transposable elements). The focus of genetics is thus switched from characters of intraspecies difference to characters of intraspecies similarity. Regulatory genes controlling ontogeny (ontogenes) become the main object of research. These genes can be isolated by methods of both reverse and direct genetics. The properties of ontogene mutations, produced by methods of direct genetics, are described. The problematic of epigenetics is related to the expression of ontogenes. The term epigenetics is not correct because of its ambiguity.     

"Brain reading": achievements, perspectives and ethical problems

The new trend in brain research designated as brain reading is considered. This research deals with decoding the informational content of the brain processing via its physiological parameters. Such studies are based on rather complicated methods of mathematical analysis. Single records rather than averaged data are used to reveal their content. Three main streams of studies are distinguished, i.e. the object classification, the emotion recognition and brainotyping. Particularly, the studies directed to recognizing the type of thinking via EEG spectra, carried out in the author's laboratory, are reviewed. The possible outcome of the brain reading technique is considered. Finally it is argued that in the future, the broad application of this technique needs to be controlled with some ethical rules.     

频差在立体视觉信息加工中的作用 Ⅱ、频差“克服”视差

双眼立体视觉机制至今不很清楚,存在不少争论,研究它具有深远意义。我们的兴趣是从心理物理、电生理和理论模型三方面开展工作,最终目标是试图搞清楚视觉立体信息处理类机制。本文主要利用心理物理学方法研究频差克差视差的问题。我们利用自己研制的一种多功能立体图形发生器产生左边为非均匀条纹、右边为均匀条纹的一系列具有不同视差的立体图对。在感知到“阶梯”后,用三种方法使得“阶梯”感变平:①改变均匀条纹的频率,②改变均匀条纹与被试的距离,③改变非均匀条纹与被试者的距离。从而实现了频差“克服”视差。我们的结果支持用频差来解释双眼倾斜现象,它使我们相信频差是视差在初级视系统中的表象形式。     

频差在立体视觉信息加工中的作用 Ⅱ、频差“克服”视差

双眼立体视觉机制至今不很清楚,存在不少争论,研究它具有深远意义。我们的兴趣是从心理物理、电生理和理论模型三方面开展工作,最终目标是试图搞清楚视觉立体信息处理类机制。本文主要利用心理物理学方法研究频差克差视差的问题。我们利用自己研制的一种多功能立体图形发生器产生左边为非均匀条纹、右边为均匀条纹的一系列具有不同视差的立体图对。在感知到“阶梯”后,用三种方法使得“阶梯”感变平:①改变均匀条纹的频率,②改变均匀条纹与被试的距离,③改变非均匀条纹与被试者的距离。从而实现了频差“克服”视差。我们的结果支持用频差来解释双眼倾斜现象,它使我们相信频差是视差在初级视系统中的表象形式。     

What research participants want to know about genetic research results: the impact of "genetic exceptionalism"

The disclosure of individual genetic results has generated an ongoing debate about which rules should be followed. We aimed to identify factors related to research participants' preferences about learning the results of genomic studies using their donated tissue samples. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 279 patients from the United States and Spain who had volunteered to donate a sample for genomic research. Our results show that 48% of research participants would like to be informed about all individual results from future genomic studies using their donated tissue, especially those from the U.S. (71.4%) and those believing that genetic information poses special risks (69.7%). In addition, 16% of research participants considered genetic information to be riskier than other types of personal medical data. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that a high proportion of participants prefer to be informed about their individual results and that there is a higher preference among those research subjects who perceive their genetic information as riskier than other types of personal medical data.