稻鸭共作系统中主要捕食性天敌的结构及多样性

为了探明稻鸭共作模式对稻田天敌群落的影响,设置稻鸭共作区、常规稻作区和空白区3个处理的田间小区试验,对早稻生长期间稻田主要捕食性天敌群落的结构及多样性特征进行了研究.结果表明:3个处理区主要捕食性天敌的优势种类均为园蛛科、微蛛科、狼蛛科和肖蛸科蜘蛛;稻鸭共作区中园蛛科、微蛛科和狼蛛科的优势度指数高于其他两个处理;在整个调查期间,常规稻作区、稻鸭共作区主要捕食性天敌的总数分别比空白区低1.7%和14.9%;除个别观测时段外,稻鸭共作区主要捕食性天敌的多样性指数均低于其他两个处理,但并不显著;多样性指数的减少以放鸭下田初期较为明显,随水稻的生长,多样性指数呈现持续上升的趋势.     

涝渍害对稻飞虱及其节肢类天敌生态位关系的影响

尝试将生态位理论应用到分析环境条件变异和人类干扰活动对天敌和猎物关系的影响，通过与非涝渍稻田对比分析，发现涝渍害综合作用对稻飞虱及其节肢类天敌的时间生态位，空间生态位以及时间一空间生态位均产生深刻的影响，涝渍害的作用使节肢类天敌和稻飞虱空间生态位宽度普遍缩小，使涝渍地各物种间空间生态位重叠亦普遍减小；使除稻红瓢虫和球腹蛛外的天敌时间生态位宽度扩大；各天敌和中性昆虫与飞虱的空间一时间生态位重叠亦普遍缩小，还讨论了这种影响的机制及改良的生态对策。     

棉蚜及其捕食性天敌时空生态位研究

研究结果表明,棉蚜的时间生态位宽度较小而空间生态位宽度较大,说明棉蚜种群的发生有高峰期明显和全株为害的特点．棉蚜的时动空间生态位宽度与种群密度无相关性,说明棉蚜的为害较复杂．捕食性天敌中草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫的时空生态位宽度较大,说明它们发生期较长、分布范围较广．八斑球腹蛛和龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜的时间生态位重叠度较大,八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛与棉蚜的空间生态位重量度较大．与棉蚜的时间×空间生态位重叠度,八斑球腹蛛＞龟纹瓢虫＞草间小黑蛛＞其它天敌合计＞三色长蝽＞三突花蛛＞小花蝽,这一结果同棉蚜与捕食性天敌数量的关联度大小排序相一致,表明捕食性天敌与棉蚜的时间同步和空间同线性与天敌的捕食作用密切相关．     

稻田主要捕食性天敌的栖境生态位与捕食作用分析

本文进行了稻田捕食性天敌与稻飞虱的栖境生态位调查,并应用正交试验设计、添加试验法和排除试验法研究了?物种的栖境生态位与各天敌捕食作用的关系,结果表明：在5种灭敌与2种害虫共存系统中,天敌对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal捕食量的正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛 Clubiona aponicola、青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes、前齿肖蛸Tetragnatha praedonia、食虫沟瘤蛛 Ummeliata insecticeps,拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus的负主效应值最大(随狼蛛密度增大捕食量下降);对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphlocrcis medinalis Guenee捕食量正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛、肖蛸、青翅蚁形隐翊虫。多物种共存系统中,狼蛛、微蛛、跳蛛主要捕食飞虱;肖蛸主要捕食稻纵卷叶螟;管巢蛛对两种害虫均具有较好的控制作用。这与各物种的生态位宽度值相一致。当飞虱密度在每穴10一30头时,多物种共存系统优良的生物序是拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、青翅蚁形隐翅虫各为l头,棕管巢蛛2头,此时天敌的控制作用最大。添加法和排除法试验结果表明在具-定数量的多物种共存系统中,再增加天敌密度不一定能增加猎物的被捕食数,其直接的生物学原因是种间种内干扰(包括种间种内残杀)     

不同农事操作技术对稻田害虫和天敌种群动态的影响

【目的】通过分析常规稻作田、稻虾共作田和香根草Vetiveria zizanioides诱集田3种农事操作技术对水稻害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响,为湖北地区新型绿色农事操作技术防控田间害虫、天敌保育和稻田有害生物可持续治理策略提供重要依据。【方法】在水稻抽穗期,采用目测法、扫网法、盆拍法、剥查法对3种农事操作稻田(常规稻作田、稻虾共作田和香根草)内害虫(稻飞虱、稻叶蝉、稻螟虫)和天敌进行搜集和统计。【结果】香根草诱集田内稻飞虱种群数量显著低于稻虾共作田(P0.05),常规稻作田间稻叶蝉、稻螟虫种群数量显著高于稻虾共作田和香根草诱集田数量(P0.05);3种农事操作技术下稻田间天敌种类主要以捕食性天敌蜘蛛类、草蛉类、黑肩绿盲蝽Crytorrhinuslividipennis和青翅隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes为主。其中,稻虾共作田和香根草诱集田拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata、拟水狼蛛Piratasubpiraticus和黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis种群数量显著高于常规稻作田(P0.05)。【结论】香根草稻作田间稻叶蝉、稻螟虫种群数量显著低于常规稻作田,稻虾共作田间稻叶蝉、稻飞虱种群数量显著低于常规稻作田;3种农事操作技术下稻田间天敌种类主要以捕食性天敌蜘蛛类、草蛉类、黑肩绿盲蝽为主。     

梨园芳香植物间作区中国梨木虱与其天敌类群的相互作用

为探讨间作芳香植物对梨园中国梨木虱与其天敌类群相互作用的影响,在梨园中设置不同种类的芳香植物间作处理,以清耕区为对照,研究不同芳香植物间作区中国梨木虱及其天敌类群组成、种群消长动态、时间生态位的变化,并进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明,不同处理区中国梨木虱及其天敌类群数量和发生频率、组成及时序特征、时间生态位宽度与重叠存在明显差别。在梨树年生长周期中,薄荷间作区的中国梨木虱的时间生态位宽度明显增大,多数天敌的时间生态位宽度显著增加,中国梨木虱与天敌种群发生量分布较均匀,但发生的高峰不明显,时间生态位重叠指数均较大,表现出时序上的同步性和跟随性。孔雀草间作区、罗勒间作区、自然生草区的中国梨木虱的生态位宽度较薄荷间作区小,有明显的高峰期,天敌的生态位宽度较对照大,无明显的高峰期。一些天敌种群如跳小蜂、丽草蛉、茧蜂、姬蜂与中国梨木虱在时序上同步性较大,跟随现象明显;而龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫等天敌种群与中国梨木虱在时序上同步性较差,跟随现象较弱。灰色关联度分析结果表明,薄荷间作区跳小蜂、孔雀草间作区中华大草蛉、罗勒间作区龟纹瓢虫和中华大草蛉、自然生草区丽草蛉、茧蜂、赤眼蜂对中国梨木虱的影响程度较其它种群大。结果显示,梨园间作芳香植物可能通过改变中国梨木虱及其天敌类群的组成、时序特征和生态位特征等控制中国梨木虱的发生。     

不同稻菜邻作模式对稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及其捕食性天敌的影响

为了探明不同稻菜邻作模式对稻区内主要害虫及其捕食性天敌的影响,对水稻-白瓜、水稻-番茄、水稻-玉米、水稻-苋菜、水稻-菜心和水稻-菠菜等6种稻菜邻作模式下稻区内稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及食虫沟瘤蛛、拟水狼蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、蛸蟏和稻红瓢虫的发生动态及其种群消长规律进行了研究。结果表明:6种稻菜邻作模式均可以显著降低稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱数量;早稻生长期,水稻与白瓜和番茄邻作模式下,稻纵卷叶螟蛾量、虫卵量和稻飞虱数量最大降幅分别达84.3%、38.9%和24.3%;晚稻生长期,水稻与苋菜和菜心邻作模式下,稻纵卷叶螟蛾量、虫卵量和稻飞虱数量最大降幅分别达79.5%、49.8%和13.4%;水稻-白瓜和水稻-菜心邻作模式还可以显著增加捕食性天敌数量。因此,水稻-白瓜和水稻-菜心邻作模式最能发挥稻田控害保益功能。     

夏大豆田主要害虫及天敌生态位研究

研究了7—8月份夏大豆田主要食叶性害虫及其天敌的生态位宽度和生态位重叠度。分析了各昆虫种间的竞争动态,害虫与其天敌在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均较强,为保护利用自然天敌控制夏大豆害虫提供了科学依据。     

山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究Ⅰ——时间与空间生态位

统计分析表明两种叶螨间生态位重叠值较大、各自生态位宽度较大。两种叶螨的时动空间生态位与各自种群消长曲线相一致,显示了它们对资源有相似要求以及“逐步扩散整树危害”的取食危害方式。它们的生态位分离表现在叶片正、反面及叶片反面的某些小“领域”上。苹果全爪螨更喜欢分布在树冠上层和外层。统计和模糊分析都表明草蛉和小花螨与两种叶螨的时间同步和空间同域性较强,捕食螨与叶螨的时间生态位重叠较小,而空间生态位重叠较大。天敌与叶螨间的时空生态位重叠以及天敌食谱生态位宽度结合分析有助于合理评价天敌的控制作用。     

茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护天敌进行假眼小绿叶蝉、通草粉虱、黑刺粉虱和茶蚜的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法,生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法对潜山县茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,评判出害虫的主要天敌,与假眼小绿叶蝉数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;把与假眼小绿叶蝉在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,和最小的即是第一位天敌,其综合排序得出假眼小绿叶蝉的主要捕食性天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛。与通草粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是锥腹肖蛸、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫和八点球腹蛛;时间上是龟纹瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和日本球腹蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和三突花蟹蛛;把与通草粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出通草粉虱的是龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和异色瓢虫。与黑刺粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和鞍型花蟹蛛;时间上是草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸和龟纹瓢虫;把与黑刺粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出黑刺粉虱的是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛。与茶蚜数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛;把与茶蚜在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出茶蚜的是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛。4种害虫种群聚集均数λ均大于2,其聚集是害虫本身原因造成的,天敌的种群聚集均数λ均小于2,其聚集是环境因子所致。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.